Invertebrate Learning

Author : William Corning
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781468430066

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Invertebrate Learning by William Corning Pdf

Since the publication of the second volume of Comparative Psychology by Warden, Warner, and Jenkins (1940), there has not been a comprehensive review of invertebrate learning capacities. Some high-quality reviews have appeared in various journals, texts, and symposia, but they have been, of necessity, incomplete and selective either in terms of the phyla covered or the phenomena which were reviewed. Although this lack has served as a stimulus for the present series, the primary justification is to be found in the resurgence of theoretical and empirical interests in learning capacities and mechanisms in simpler systems of widely different phylogenetic origin. Intensive research on the physiological basis of learning and memory clearly entails exploration of the correlations between levels of nervous system organization and be havioral plasticity. Furthermore, the presence of structural-functional differ entiation in ganglionated systems, the existence of giant, easily identifiable cells, and the reduced complexity of structure and behavior repertoires are among the advantages of the "simple systems" strategy which have caused many neuroscientists to abandon their cats, rats, and monkeys in favor of mollusks, leeches, planaria, crayfish, protozoa, and other invertebrate preparations. Behavioral research continues to reveal remarkable capacities in these simple organisms and encourages us to believe that the confluence of the invertebrate learning data with the more voluminous vertebrate litera ture will contribute substantially to the enrichment of all of the neurobe havioral sciences.

Author : W. C. Corning,J. A. Dyal,A. O. D. Willows
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 227 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2013-04-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781468430127

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Invertebrate Learning by W. C. Corning,J. A. Dyal,A. O. D. Willows Pdf

Author : Randolf Menzel,Paul Benjamin
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 603 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780123982605

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Randolf Menzel,Paul Benjamin Pdf

Understanding how memories are induced and maintained is one of the major outstanding questions in modern neuroscience. This is difficult to address in the mammalian brain due to its enormous complexity, and invertebrates offer major advantages for learning and memory studies because of their relative simplicity. Many important discoveries made in invertebrates have been found to be generally applicable to higher organisms, and the overarching theme of the proposed will be to integrate information from different levels of neural organization to help generate a complete account of learning and memory. Edited by two leaders in the field, Invertebrate Learning and Memory will offer a current and comprehensive review, with chapters authored by experts in each topic. The volume will take a multidisciplinary approach, exploring behavioral, cellular, genetic, molecular, and computational investigations of memory. Coverage will include comparative cognition at the behavioral and mechanistic level, developments in concepts and methodologies that will underlie future advancements, and mechanistic examples from the most important vertebrate systems (nematodes, molluscs, and insects). Neuroscience researchers and graduate students with an interest in the neural control of cognitive behavior will benefit, as will as will those in the field of invertebrate learning. Presents an overview of invertebrate studies at the molecular / cellular / neural levels and correlates findings to mammalian behavioral investigations Linking multidisciplinary approaches allows for full understanding of how molecular changes in neurons and circuits underpin behavioral plasticity Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field around the globe – the broadest, most expert coverage available Comprehensive coverage synthesizes widely dispersed research, serving as one-stop shopping for comparative learning and memory researchers

Author : Piero Amodio,Graziano Fiorito
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071717

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Piero Amodio,Graziano Fiorito Pdf

Octopus is an invertebrate well-known for the extreme richness of its behavioral repertoire and plasticity. Recent field observations including mimicry, communicative skills, and tool use capabilities have further supported this view. This chapter briefly reviews the most recent knowledge on octopus learning capabilities, focusing on its capability to learn by observation of conspecifics. Social learning is classically conceived as a behavioral trait shown by gregarious and long-lived animals. However, it has recently been considered to occur in solitary vertebrate and invertebrate species. This chapter provides an update on the experimental evidence for observational learning in the octopus and discusses the constraints and peculiarities of social learning and the potential evolutionary meanings of this capability in this cephalopod mollusk.

Author : Douglas A. Baxter,Enrico Cataldo,John H. Byrne
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071557

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Douglas A. Baxter,Enrico Cataldo,John H. Byrne Pdf

Mathematical models and computer simulations play important roles in developing a better understanding of learning and memory mechanisms. Models provide a means for representing, integrating, and manipulating diverse and complex empirical data. This chapter provides an overview of computational studies of learning and memory in invertebrates, including gene regulatory networks, signal transduction cascades, single neurons, and neural networks. These computational studies are helping to link specific component processes (e.g., changes in protein levels and phosphorylation, modulation of membrane conductances, synaptic plasticity, and network architecture) to features of nonassociative and associative learning. Moreover, these computational studies highlight mechanistic features that are common among different animals and common to multiple forms of learning and memory. Thus, computational analyses provide insights into the relationships among simple and complex forms of learning.

Author : Martin Giurfa,Randolf Menzel
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071519

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Martin Giurfa,Randolf Menzel Pdf

The behavior of insects transcends elementary forms of adaptive responding to environmental changes. We discuss examples of exploration, instrumental and observational learning, expectation, learning in a social context, and planning of future actions. We show that learning about sensory cues allows insects to transfer flexibly their responses to novel stimuli attaining thereby different levels of complexity, from basic generalization to categorization and concept learning consistent with rule extraction. We argue that updating of existing memories requires multiple forms of memory processing. A key element in these processes is working memory, an active form of memory considered to allow evaluation of actions on the basis of expected outcome. We discuss which of these cognitive faculties can be traced to specific neural processes and how they relate to the overall organization of the insect brain.

Author : Elizabeth A. Tibbetts,Michael J. Sheehan
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071908

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Elizabeth A. Tibbetts,Michael J. Sheehan Pdf

Individual recognition is often considered a cognitively challenging form of recognition because it requires flexible learning and memory. Because Polistes paper wasps are one of the few invertebrates known to have individual recognition, they provide a good model for exploring how individual recognition shapes cognitive evolution. Here, we review previous work on individual recognition in paper wasps with a particular focus on learning and memory. In this review, we (1) explore the evolution of individual recognition in paper wasps, including the selective pressures thought to shape the origin and maintenance of individual recognition; (2) discuss the extent of memory for specific individuals during paper wasp social interactions; (3) describe a negative reinforcement training method that can be used for comparative learning research in wasps and other invertebrates; and (4) explain how individual recognition has shaped the evolution of specialized visual learning in paper wasps.

Author : Hiroyuki Sasakura,Ikue Mori
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071595

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Hiroyuki Sasakura,Ikue Mori Pdf

Thermotaxis of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a suitable behavior for the study of neural plasticity. The simple neural circuit for thermotaxis provides the guideline for information processing. Recently developed techniques for optically manipulating neuronal activity and neural imaging have facilitated the dissection of such neural processing. Thermosensory neurons remember sensed temperatures. Part of highly sophisticated and complicated information flow between sensory neurons and interneurons has also been revealed. Recent finding have revealed that evolutionally conserved molecules such as insulin, monoamines, and neuropeptides are required for the plasticity. We propose the functional analogy between the thermotaxis neural circuit and human brain structure, which may help elucidation of the in-depth circuit operation of human brain.

Author : Barbara Webb
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071564

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Barbara Webb Pdf

A robot that senses and interacts autonomously with the real world can be used to embody specific hypotheses about the mechanisms of learning in invertebrates. Several models of olfactory learning circuits in the mushroom body of flies have been proposed. To use this to control a robot, it is crucial to understand not only when and how changes in synaptic strength occur but also how those synaptic changes fit within a circuit that produces ongoing behavior. Considering this problem from a robotic perspective reveals some conflicting assumptions made in current research that need to be resolved.

Author : Riccardo Mozzachiodi,Douglas A. Baxter,John H. Byrne
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071632

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Riccardo Mozzachiodi,Douglas A. Baxter,John H. Byrne Pdf

Although classical and operant conditioning are operationally distinct, it is unclear to what extent they are mechanistically similar or different. Feeding behavior in the mollusk Aplysia californica is a useful model system to analyze these two ubiquitous forms of associative learning and compare the underlying neuronal mechanisms. Here, we review studies that have analyzed and compared the mechanisms underlying classical and operant conditioning at the circuit, single-cell, and molecular levels. These analyses reveal similarities and intriguing differences. Both forms of learning lead to increased biting in vivo and fictive ingestion in vitro and also share a common reinforcement pathway, which uses dopamine as the reinforcement transmitter. Although the identified neuron B51 is a locus of plasticity common to both classical and operant conditioning, its activity is altered in opposite ways by these two forms of learning. B51 excitability is increased by operant conditioning, whereas it is decreased by classical conditioning.

Author : Binyamin Hochner,Tal Shomrat
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071724

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Binyamin Hochner,Tal Shomrat Pdf

Cephalopod mollusks such as octopus, cuttlefish, and squid (coleoids) are of special interest for studying the evolution and function of learning and memory mechanisms at the system level. They are believed to have the most advanced cognitive behaviors of all invertebrates, rivaling the abilities of many vertebrates. The phylum Mollusca shows the most diversified range of behavioral complexity among the invertebrates, with behavioral complexity correlating roughly with the size of the nervous system (a few thousand vs. half a billion neurons) and its morphological organization (centralized vs. distributed). The mollusks therefore provide an excellent opportunity for assessing conservation and convergent processes in the evolution and development of learning and memory systems subserving complex behaviors. The pioneering work of J. Z. Young, M. J. Wells, and colleagues confirmed that a specific structure in the brain of the modern cephalopods, the vertical lobe, is involved in their highly sophisticated behaviors. This chapter summarizes recent neurophysiological research in the octopus and cuttlefish vertical lobe system that, for the first time, allows a functional and computational approach to the evolution of learning and memory systems.

Author : Ludovic Dickel,Anne-Sophie Darmaillacq,Christelle Jozet-Alves,Cécile Bellanger
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071731

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Ludovic Dickel,Anne-Sophie Darmaillacq,Christelle Jozet-Alves,Cécile Bellanger Pdf

This chapter summarizes the literature on the anatomical and functional organization of the cuttlefish brain, with a focus on the structures involved in learning and memory processes (namely the vertical lobe system and optic lobes). Also, different learning paradigms that are commonly used in Sepia officinalis are described with, when possible, their neural correlates. Recent work on the early development of brain and memory is also reviewed. Some research directions to follow in the field of neurobiology of learning and memory in cuttlefish are suggested to better understand the extraordinary behavioral plasticity of these sophisticated invertebrates.

Author : Dorothea Eisenhardt
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071816

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Dorothea Eisenhardt Pdf

The behavioral phenomenon of extinction resembles the decrease of a conditioned behavior when animals experience the presentation of a previously reinforced stimulus. In honeybees, extinction is studied in an appetitive learning paradigm, the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response. Here, I describe recent work on extinction in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and its underlying molecular mechanisms. I demonstrate that extinction in honeybees shares behavioral and molecular similarities with extinction in vertebrates, and I discuss whether these similarities might indicate that extinction is a phylogenetically old mechanism.

Author : Thomas Riemensperger,André Fiala
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071540

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Thomas Riemensperger,André Fiala Pdf

Localizing and determining biochemical and physiological mechanisms in the brain that are causally related to experience-dependent changes of behavior (i.e., learning) can be accomplished by combining different experimental approaches. First, disabling neuronal structure and function, such as by mutations leading to ablation of neurons or reversibly blocking of synaptic transmission, can provide information about which neuronal structures and processes are required for learning. Second, monitoring neuronal activity during and after learning informs about changes in neuronal processing that correlate with learning, memory formation, and retrieval. Third, artificial induction of neuronal activity can be used to mimic learning-induced changes in neuronal function. Advances in the development of molecular tools to optically monitor correlates of neuronal activity and to manipulate neuronal activity through light or temperature increase have substantially expanded the toolkit for such approaches. In this chapter, we review applications of these techniques for analyzing neuronal mechanisms underlying associative olfactory learning in Drosophila melanogaster.

Author : Alan Gelperin
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128071700

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Invertebrate Learning and Memory by Alan Gelperin Pdf

Terrestrial slugs and snails are particularly favorable subjects for studies of comparative cognition. Chemosensation is their dominant distance sense for locating food, mates, predators, and nest sites. A variety of conditioning phenomena have been demonstrated using odors as conditioned stimuli, including higher order conditioning such as second-order conditioning and blocking. Learning has been evaluated by measuring local reflexes and whole body orientation to odors. Behaviors with learned components involve homeostatic mechanisms for water, temperature, nutrition, and circadian activity. Cellular substrates and neural correlates for plasticity in odor processing have focused on a unique brain region, the procerebral lobe, which is necessary and sufficient for learning about odor stimuli. The rich set of learning phenomena displayed by terrestrial slugs and snails emphasize the importance of seeking evidence for complex cognitive tasks by asking experimental questions appropriate to the Ümwelt of the animal. In general, invertebrates can implement most vertebrate learned logic operations.