Japan S Decision For War In 1941

Author : Dr. Jeffrey Record
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
Page : 74 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2015-11-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9781786252968

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Japan’s Decision For War In 1941: Some Enduring Lessons by Dr. Jeffrey Record Pdf

Japan’s decision to attack the United States in 1941 is widely regarded as irrational to the point of suicidal. How could Japan hope to survive a war with, much less defeat, an enemy possessing an invulnerable homeland and an industrial base 10 times that of Japan? The Pacific War was one that Japan was always going to lose, so how does one explain Tokyo’s decision? Did the Japanese recognize the odds against them? Did they have a concept of victory, or at least of avoiding defeat? Or did the Japanese prefer a lost war to an unacceptable peace? Dr. Jeffrey Record takes a fresh look at Japan’s decision for war, and concludes that it was dictated by Japanese pride and the threatened economic destruction of Japan by the United States. He believes that Japanese aggression in East Asia was the root cause of the Pacific War, but argues that the road to war in 1941 was built on American as well as Japanese miscalculations and that both sides suffered from cultural ignorance and racial arrogance. Record finds that the Americans underestimated the role of fear and honor in Japanese calculations and overestimated the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a deterrent to war, whereas the Japanese underestimated the cohesion and resolve of an aroused American society and overestimated their own martial prowess as a means of defeating U.S. material superiority. He believes that the failure of deterrence was mutual, and that the descent of the United States and Japan into war contains lessons of great and continuing relevance to American foreign policy and defense decision-makers.

Author : Jeffrey Record
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Japan
ISBN : UOM:39015075650229

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Japan's Decision for War in 1941 by Jeffrey Record Pdf

Author : Jeffrey Record,Strategic Studies Institute
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2009-02-27
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1461107881

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Japan's Decision for War in 1941 by Jeffrey Record,Strategic Studies Institute Pdf

The Japanese decision to initiate war against the United States in 1941 continues to perplex. Did the Japanese recognize the odds against them? How did they expect to defeat the United States? The presumption of irrationality is natural, given Japan's acute imperial overstretch in 1941 and America's overwhelming industrial might and latent military power. The Japanese decision for war, however, must be seen in the light of the available alternatives in the fall of 1941, which were either national economic suffocation or surrender of Tokyo's empire on the Asian mainland. Though Japanese aggression in East Asia was the root cause of the Pacific War, the road to Pearl Harbor was built on American as well as Japanese miscalculations, most of them mired in mutual cultural ignorance and racial arrogance. Japan's aggression in China, military alliance with Hitler, and proclamation of a "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere" that included resource-rich Southeast Asia were major milestones along the road to war, but the proximate cause was Japan's occupation of southern French Indochina in July 1941, which placed Japanese forces in a position to grab Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies. Japan's threatened conquest of Southeast Asia, which in turn would threaten Great Britain's ability to resist Nazi aggression in Europe, prompted the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt to sanction Japan by imposing an embargo on U.S. oil exports upon which the Japanese economy was critically dependent. Yet the embargo, far from deterring further Japanese aggression, prompted a Tokyo decision to invade Southeast Asia. By mid-1941 Japanese leaders believed that war with the United States was inevitable and that it was imperative to seize the Dutch East Indies, which offered a substitute for dependency on American oil. The attack on Pearl Harbor was essentially a flanking raid in support of the main event, which was the conquest of Malaya, Singapore, the Indies, and the Philippines, Japan's decision for war rested on several assumptions, some realistic, others not. The first was that time was working against Japan-i.e., the longer they took to initiate war with the United States, the dimmer its prospects for success. The Japanese also assumed they had little chance of winning a protracted war with the United States but hoped they could force the Americans into a murderous, island-by-island slog across the Central and Southwestern Pacific that would eventually exhaust American will to fight on to total victory. The Japanese believed they were racially and spiritually superior to the Americans, whom they regarded as an effete, creature-comforted people divided by political factionalism and racial and class strife. U.S. attempts to deter Japanese expansion into the Southwestern Pacific via the imposition of harsh economic sanctions, redeployment of the U.S. Fleet from southern California to Pearl Harbor, and the dispatch of B-17 long-range bombers to the Philippines all failed because the United States insisted that Japan evacuate both Indochina and China as the price for a restoration of U.S. trade. The United States demanded, in effect, that Japan abandon its empire, and by extension its aspiration to become a great power, and submit to the economic dominion of the United States-something no self-respecting Japanese leader could accept.

Author : Nobutaka Ike
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 342 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 1967
Category : History
ISBN : 0804703051

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Japan’s Decision for War by Nobutaka Ike Pdf

Records of fifty-seven liason conferences held in Tokyo between March and December 1941 by leaders of the Japanese Army and Navy and the Cabinet.

Author : U. S. Army
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2017-08-11
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1522075259

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Japan's Decision for War In 1941: by U. S. Army Pdf

Japan's decision to attack the United States in 1941 iswidely regarded as irrational to the point of suicidal. Howcould Japan hope to survive a war with, much less defeat, anenemy possessing an invulnerable homeland and an industrialbase 10 times that of Japan? The Pacific War was one that Japanwas always going to lose, so how does one explain Tokyo'sdecision? Did the Japanese recognize the odds against them?Did they have a concept of victory, or at least of avoidingdefeat? Or did the Japanese prefer a lost war to an unacceptablepeace? 第二次大戦

Author : Louis Morton
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 1990
Category : Japan
ISBN : UIUC:30112041200244

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Japan's Decision for War by Louis Morton Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : HISTORY
ISBN : 1503622657

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Japan's Decision for War by Anonim Pdf

Author : Louis Morton
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1960
Category : Japan
ISBN : OCLC:23467416

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Japan's Decision for War by Louis Morton Pdf

Author : Akira Iriye
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
Page : 258 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : History
ISBN : 0312218184

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Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War by Akira Iriye Pdf

Assembling more than thirty primary documents - including proposals, memoranda, decrypted messages, and imperial conference reports - Iriye presents diplomatic exchanges from both American and Japanese perspectives to determine how and why the United States and Japan went to war in 1941. A detailed introduction provides background on Japanese aggression in China and Southeast Asia during the 1930s and economic unrest and isolationism in the United States. Readings add an interpretive dimension, placing Pearl Harbor in global context with essays from American, Japanese, Chinese, Soviet, German, British, and Indonesian perspectives that explain how various countries applied pressure, offered assistance, exacerbated rifts, and significantly affected negotiations and Japan's ultimate decision for war.

Author : Eri Hotta
Publisher : Vintage
Page : 370 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2014-08-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9780307739742

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Japan 1941 by Eri Hotta Pdf

A Kirkus Reviews Best Nonfiction Book of the Year A groundbreaking history that considers the attack on Pearl Harbor from the Japanese perspective and is certain to revolutionize how we think of the war in the Pacific. When Japan attacked the United States in 1941, its leaders, in large part, understood they were entering a war they were almost certain to lose. In a groundbreaking history that considers Pearl Harbor from the Japanese perspective, certain to revolutionize how we think of the war in the Pacific, Eri Hotta poses essential questions overlooked for the last seventy years: Why did these men—military men, civilian politicians, diplomats, the emperor—put their country and its citizens in harm's way? Why did they make a decision that was doomed from the start? Introducing us to the doubters, bluffers, and schemers who led their nation into this conflagration, Hotta brilliantly shows us a hidden Japan—eager to avoid war but fraught with tensions with the West, deluded by reckless militarism, tempted by the gambler’s dream of scoring the biggest win against impossible odds and nearly escaping disaster before it finally proved inevitable.

Author : Jeffrey Record
Publisher : Potomac Books, Inc.
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9781597975766

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A War It Was Always Going to Lose by Jeffrey Record Pdf

Makes sense of Japan's seemingly incomprehensible decision to go to war against the United States.

Author : Stephen S. Large
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : History
ISBN : 0415143217

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Shōwa Japan: 1941-1952 by Stephen S. Large Pdf

Author : Bernd Martin
Publisher : Berghahn Books
Page : 334 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2005-12
Category : History
ISBN : 1845450477

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Japan and Germany in the Modern World by Bernd Martin Pdf

First study of the fascinating parallelism that characterizes developments in Japan and Germany by one of Germany's leading Japan specialists. With the founding of their respective national states, the Meiji Empire in 1869 and the German Reich in 1871, Japan and Germany entered world politics. Since then both countries have developed in strikingly similar ways, and it is not surprising that these two became close allies during the Second World War, although in the end this proved a "fatal attraction."

Author : Kazuo Yagami
Publisher : McFarland
Page : 199 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2006-02-16
Category : History
ISBN : 9780786422425

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Konoe Fumimaro and the Failure of Peace in Japan, 1937-1941 by Kazuo Yagami Pdf

The blame for a country's mistakes often falls on its leaders. In some cases, however, a leader's greatest mistake is to promote the mistaken goals of his people. Was this the case in World War II Japan? This book considers that question in the story of Konoe Fumimaro, who served as Japan's prime minister during one of the most difficult periods of the country's history. This historical biography is a balanced account of Konoe and his service as prime minister before and during World War II. Governing from 1937 to 1941, Konoe played a key role in the struggle to develop Japanese foreign policy. Beginning with Konoe's education and political training, the author then explores the general mood of 1930s Japan and traces Konoe's rise through the political ranks, including his first term as prime minister, his decision to step down, and his eventual comeback. Especially emphasized is how the man himself affected this period of Japanese history. In his relentless work regarding Japanese-American diplomacy, he attempted to change the destructive course on which Japan was bent. Defeated in essence by his own military and its growing autonomy, Konoe nevertheless took the Japanese defeat to heart. The final chapter examines Konoe's war experience and its aftermath, which culminated in his suicide.

Author : Peter Wetzler
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
Page : 310 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1998-02-01
Category : History
ISBN : 9780824862855

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Hirohito and War by Peter Wetzler Pdf

The debate over Emperor Hirohito's accountability for government decisions and military operations up to the end of the World War II began before the end of the war and has continued even after his death. This book documents this controversy while providing insights into the Showa emperor's role in military planning in imperial Japan. It argues that Hirohito both knew of and participated in such planning and offers evidence that he was informed well in advance of the planned attack on Pearl Harbor. Using Japanese primary sources, this text aims to show that Hirohito's participation in the decision-making process was entirely consistent with his intellectual background and his passionate belief in the significance of the imperial tradition for the Japanese polity (kokutai) in prewar Japan.