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The Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and the Shaping of New Testament Thought by Benjamin E. Reynolds,Loren T. Stuckenbruck Pdf
The contemporary study of Jewish apocalypticism today recognizes the wealth and diversity of ancient traditions concerned with the “unveiling” of heavenly matters‒‒understood to involve revealed wisdom, the revealed resolution of time, and revealed cosmology‒‒in marked contrast to an earlier focus on eschatology as such. The shift in focus has had a more direct impact on the study of ancient “pseudepigraphic” literature, however, than in New Testament studies, where the narrower focus on eschatological expectation remains dominant. In this Companion, an international team of scholars draws out the implications of the newest scholarship for the variety of New Testament writings. Each entry presses the boundaries of current discussion regarding the nature of apocalypticism in application to a particular New Testament author. The cumulative effect is to reveal, as never before, early Christianity, its Christology, cosmology, and eschatology, as expressions of tendencies in Second Temple Judaism.
The final book of the Bible, Revelation prophesies the ultimate judgement of mankind in a series of allegorical visions, grisly images and numerological predictions. According to these, empires will fall, the "Beast" will be destroyed and Christ will rule a new Jerusalem. With an introduction by Will Self.
John Among the Apocalypses by Benjamin E. Reynolds Pdf
John among the Apocalypses explains John's distinctive narrative of Jesus's life by comparing it to Jewish apocalypses and highlighting the central place of revelation in the Gospel. By engaging with modern genre theory, Reynolds reveals surprising similarities of form, content, and function between John's Gospel and Jewish apocalypses.
A Commentary on the Apocalypse of John by Edmondo Lupieri Pdf
Edmondo Lupieri's main goal in A Commentary on the Apocalypse of John is to introduce readers to the mental and spiritual world of John as both a first-century Jew and a follower of Jesus. The fruit of over ten years of research, a constructive response to postmodern criticism, and an academic best-seller in its Italian edition, Lupieri's commentary offers both new proposals and traditional interpretations to shed light on this complex coda to the biblical message. In an illuminating preface Lupieri discusses the strange world of the Apocalypse and promises an open commentary, full of original treatments of knotty interpretive problems. Maintaining a strong historical perspective throughout, he examines the text of the Apocalypse line by line, paying careful attention to the Greek text, offering a new translation, making wide use of apocryphal, pseudepigraphal, and Qumran literature, and often analyzing John's Apocalypse as compared to other Jewish apocalypses. Thoughtful, thorough, and nonsectarian, Lupieri's Commentary on the Apocalypse of John will appeal to anyone with a serious interest in the meaning of the biblical text.
John among the Apocalypses by Benjamin E. Reynolds Pdf
The Gospel of John has long been recognized as being distinct from the Synoptic Gospels. John among the Apocalypses explains John's distinctive narrative of Jesus's life by comparing it to Jewish apocalypses and highlighting the central place of revelation in the Gospel. While some scholars have noted a connection between the Gospel of John and Jewish apocalypses, Reynolds makes the first extensive comparison of the Gospel with the standard definition of the apocalypse genre. Engaging with modern genre theory, this comparison indicates surprising similarities of form, content, and function between John's Gospel and Jewish apocalypses. Even though the Gospel of John reflects similarities with the genre of apocalypse, John is not an apocalypse, but in genre theory terms, John may be described as a gospel in kind and an apocalypse in mode. John's narrative of Jesus's life has been qualified and shaped by the genre of apocalypse, such that it may be called an 'apocalyptic' gospel. In the final two chapters, Reynolds explores the implications of this conclusion for Johannine Studies and New Testament scholarship more broadly. John among the Apocalypses considers how viewing the Fourth Gospel as apocalyptic Gospel aids in the interpretation of John's appeal to Israel's Scriptures and Mosaic authority, and examines the Gospel's relationship with the book of Revelation and the history of reception concerning their writing. An examination of Byzantine iconographic traditions highlights how reception history may offer a possible explanation for reading John as apocalyptic Gospel.
The Apocalyptic Imagination by John J. Collins Pdf
One of the most widely praised studies of Jewish apocalyptic literature ever written, The Apocalyptic Imagination by John J. Collins has served for over thirty years as a helpful, relevant, comprehensive survey of the apocalyptic literary genre. After an initial overview of things apocalyptic, Collins proceeds to deal with individual apocalyptic texts — the early Enoch literature, the book of Daniel, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and others — concluding with an examination of apocalypticism in early Christianity. Collins has updated this third edition throughout to account for the recent profusion of studies germane to ancient Jewish apocalypticism, and he has also substantially revised and updated the bibliography.
John's Gospel and Intimations of Apocalyptic by Catrin H. Williams,Christopher Rowland Pdf
John's Gospel has traditionally been regarded as the least apocalyptic document in the New Testament. This exciting new collection redresses the balance by exploring the ways in which the apocalyptic literature of Second Temple Judaism has contributed to the theology and outlook of John's Gospel. Given that John, like the Jewish apocalyptic texts, is primarily concerned with the theme of revelation, the contributors examine how apocalyptic ideas can help to explain the Johannine portrayal of Jesus as the messenger sent from heaven to reveal the divine mysteries, as well as the Gospel's presentation of the activity of the Spirit, its understanding of evil, and the intended effects of this 'apocalypse in reverse' on its readers and hearers. The highly distinguished contributors include, John Ashton, Christopher Rowland, April DeConick, Judith Lieu and Jorg Frey.
Apocalypse Against Empire by Anathea E. Portier-Young Pdf
A fresh and daring take on ancient apocalyptic books. The year 167 b.c.e. marked the beginning of a period of intense persecution for the people of Judea, as Seleucid emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted -- forcibly and brutally -- to eradicate traditional Jewish religious practices. In Apocalypse against Empire Anathea Portier-Young reconstructs the historical events and key players in this traumatic episode in Jewish history and provides a sophisticated treatment of resistance in early Judaism. Building on a solid contextual foundation, Portier-Young argues that the first Jewish apocalypses emerged as a literature of resistance to Hellenistic imperial rule. She makes a sturdy case for this argument by examining three extant apocalypses, giving careful attention to the interplay between social theory, history, textual studies, and theological analysis. In particular, Portier-Young contends, the book of Daniel, the Apocalypse of Weeks, and the Book of Dreams were written to supply an oppressed people with a potent antidote to the destructive propaganda of the empire -- renewing their faith in the God of the covenant and answering state terror with radical visions of hope..
Apocalyptic Thinking in Early Judaism by Cecilia Wassen,Sidnie White Crawford Pdf
In Apocalyptic Thinking leading experts critically engage with John Collins’ seminal study The Apocalyptic Imagination and advance the debate on ancient Jewish apocalyptic with articles on current topics with a special focus on the Dead Sea Scrolls.
The Apocalypse of St. John by Henry Barclay Swete Pdf
Excerpt from The Apocalypse of St. John: The Greek Text, With Introduction, Notes and Indices The publication in the present year of Dr Hort's lecture-notes upon the Apocalypse has rendered necessary a few additions both to the introduction and to the notes Of this volume. Until my first edition had been published I was not aware that Dr Hort had lectured upon the subject, and the announcement that his notes were being prepared for the press came as a further and welcome surprise. Their value has been justly estimated by Dr Sanday in his preface to the work, and I need only add the hope that all readers of the present book may be able to consult Dr Hort's fresh and suggestive pages. In regard to the unity Of the Apocalypse I am rejoiced to find that I have the support of his great authority. On the other hand he inclines decidedly to the earlier date, and upon some important points Of exegesis his conclusions differ from those to which I had come. To the latter it has been impossible to do more than refer; upon the date of the book I have added a postscript to the chapter of my intro duction which deals with that question, briefly stating the grounds upon which I am unable to abandon the traditional view. Besides these additions a few corrections, supplied by reviews or received from private friends, have been made in this edition, and the pagination has undergone some necessary changes. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
THE APOCALYPSE OF ST. JOHN by HENRY BARCLAY SWETE, D.D. Pdf
H.B. Swete’s Commentary on the Apocalypse of John receives the following comment from Don Carson in his New Testament Commentary Survey: Swete is normally stodgy and often dull, but although he never shakes of his pedestrianism, in this commentary there is some really useful and thorough material that helps the reader to see the depth of the book, page 162. No book of the New Testament has suffered so severely, as regards general reading and homiletic use, as the Apocalypse. The reason is quickly found. So long as the traditional views of inspiration and the canon stood intact, the very strangeness of the book made it fascinating. Taken not only as a divine philosophy of history, but as a philosophy of history packed with exact prediction of the unfolding future, it exercised an irresistible influence on the Christian consciousness. But, the doctrine of inspiration and the conception of the canon being in process of restatement, the elements in the book which are foreign to our taste stand out in bold relief. A part of its imagery belongs to a world, social and political, from which we are remote. Its continuous mystical use of numbers goes against our grain. The coloring is not always to our natural liking. And, deeper than all, the mighty grip of the conception of evolution on our minds and wills puts us out of instinctive sympathy with that highly visualized view of the kingdom of God which seems to bring it down into history with a plunge. So the Apocalypse has paid heavy taxes to criticism. But the times are ripe for a deeper appreciation. We possess a rapidly growing body of knowledge pertaining to the first century and to the life of the Christian church within that century. This enables us to place the Apocalypse in intimate and quickening relations with the Roman Empire on the one side and on the other with the inner mind, with the interior labor of the church viewed as an aggressive and heroic community devoted to supreme moral and spiritual ends. We may therefore look for increasing study of the Apocalypse. Ramsay's Letters to the Seven Churches (1905) and the book before us are in evidence. Swete's Commentary has already gone into a second edition. For a commentary which is in the best sense scholarly, in which the homiletical element, while strong, is controlled, this is a notable success. It is due in part to the fact that it is the first thoroughly critical commentary done in English. But in part it is due to the high merits of the book itself. The author takes a conservative position on the question of the unity of the Apocalypse. It is a natural and wholesome protest against the 73 74 THE BIBLICAL WORLD results of documentary analysis as practiced since the appearance of V61- ter's book in 1885. These results, whether imaginary or real, are tainted by a preconception in favor of documentary analysis borrowed from the Old Testament critic. The New Testament critic, while assuming the possibility of documentary strata, should hold his judgment in suspense until a long and patient study has brought all the qualities and idioms of the book to light. And beyond question, in some modern instances, the brilliancy of documentary analysis has been disproportional to the depth and thoroughness of exegetical knowledge. Swete emphasizes the literary unity of the Apocalypse, and the operation clear through it of a creative imagination of the highest order. He recognizes the possibility of "fragments" of an older book (e. g., ii: i and i7: io). But regarding the Apocalypse as it lies before us, he is a thoroughgoing believer in its unity. One cannot but feel that he does not do full justice to the fact of corporate authorship in the first century. The heroic age of Christianity was brief. The creative imagination of the new prophetism soon lost its vigor. But during its prime it may well have had power to stamp upon the members of an apocalyptic brotherhood or "school" a degree of unity in conception and literary workmanship, to which modern standards present a very poor parallel. Swete also holds firmly to the traditional view that the Apostle John is the author of the Apocalypse, while regarding the Fourth Gospel he admits (p. civ) that the Johannine authorship "is open and perhaps will always be open to doubt." His position marks an interesting milestone in the progress of conservative English opinion. At this important point it adopts in large degree the opinion of Baur, against which for a long time it strongly and almost fiercely protested. He does not face or handle the Johannine problem in its entirety. In the present state of knowledge and opinion, that may not be possible. Perhaps it is not even desirable. Our greatest need in the New Testament field is the thorough monographing of individual books. We have had enough and more than enough of constructive generalization. Yet the argument for the Johannine authorship of the Apocalypse would have stood on solider ground, if he had given more space to the Johannine question as a whole. Regarding the date he is very positive, in favor of the reign of Domitian. As far as the choice between the Neronian date and the Domitian date is concerned, his certainty is within bounds. Our growing knowledge of the first century goes to the support of the early tradition which dated the book from Domitian's reign. But here again Swete pays too little BOOK REVIEWS 75 attention to the possible results of corporate authorship. The Apocalypse may have undergone a second edition in the reign of Trajan. The principle of interpretation adopted is an attempt at a compromise between the "futurists," or those who find a body of prediction in the book, and the "preterists," or those who take the book to be a religious philosophy of accomplished events (pp. ccxvi-ccxviii). But when we come to the application of the principle to specific exegesis, it may be doubted whether we find enough "futurism" to make the term worth while. If, for example, the comment on 6: 15 ("Not only officials will be terror-struck by the signs of an approaching end, but all classes of society; wealth and physical strength will afford no security") be "futurism," then the strictest "preterist" of an earlier day was also a "futurist." The "futurism" of Swete's interpretation comes close to being a negligible quantity. The question at stake between the two schools had its whole point here. Does the Apocalypse contain a body of specific tradition ? Put the question in this way and Swete answers no (p. ccxvi). To call what is left "preterism" and to put the result forward as a comprehensive principle doing justice to both of the schools, is a procedure that is not likely to contribute to clearness of thought or exactness in terminology. Swete does ample justice to the Caesar-cult both as an occasioning cause in the publication of the Apocalypse and as a continuous element in its thinking. He does not, however, do full justice to the heathen side of the great debate. He speaks (p. xc) of the refusal, on the part of Christians, to offer incense to the emperor's image, as exposing them "to the charge of disloyalty both to the provincial authority and to the emperor." As a matter of fact, the heathen were right in their charge. No matter how high the motive of the Christian was, it was an action that every levelheaded and deep-minded heathen must perforce regard as disloyalty. The worship of the emperor was an inevitable and instinctive action on the part of the empire. State and church being one, and religion being what it was, this was the only way in which the state could insure, in terms of religion, the public peace and common welfare. Although the movement began in Asia Minor, in the first century Italy was as far on as the provinces. Mau's fine book on Pompeii shows how large a part the worship of the Caesars played in an Italian town of possibly 20,000 people. It was the inevitable action of the whole empire. Christians, in refusing to share it, were actually guilty of high treason. The commentary abounds in happy and pregnant interpretations. Combining the standards of the general reader and the New Testament critic, it may be safely said to be the best commentary of our time upon 76 THE BIBLICAL WORLD the Apocalypse. But it has one serious defect. It does not, by its distribution of emphasis and book-space, bring out fully the genius of the book. The books of Scripture should be treated according to their kind. The Johannine Apocalypse belongs to the class of great poems. Under qualifications, it should be studied as the Prometheus of Aeschylus is studied. Swete says with truth (Preface, p. ix) "that the Apocalypse offers to the pastors of the Christian church an unrivaled store of materials for Christian teaching." But the true way to bring the Apocalypse once more close to the heart of Christians is to study it as the expression of the creative imagination serving the creative moralizing will. The will and the imagination are inseparable. It is through the imagination that the will asserts its right of way through history. The emphasis should therefore fall upon the imagination. But Swete, in the distribution and economy of his space, keeps within the conventional lines and bounds of exegesis. For example, more space is given to the question of the Nicolaitans than to the incomparable imagery of 12: I ff. In more than one place we look for an imaginative interpretation of a supreme imagination and find, in its stead, accurate archaeology. But no amount of archaeology will render the Apocalypse, what it must become in order to be appreciated, inevitable, as all great poetry is inevitable. HENRY S. NASH CAMBRIDGE, MASS
Reading Revelation in Context brings together short, accessible essays that compare and contrast the visions and apocalyptic imagery of the book of Revelation with various texts from Second Temple Jewish literature. Going beyond an introduction that merely surveys historical events and theological themes, Reading Revelation in Context examines individual passages in Second Temple Jewish literature in order to illuminate the context of Revelation's theology and the meaning and potency of John's visions. Following the narrative progression of Revelation, each chapter (1) pairs a major unit of the Apocalypse with one or more sections of a thematically related Jewish text, (2) introduces and explores the historical and theological nuances of the comparator text, and (3) shows how the ideas in the comparator text illuminate those expressed in Revelation. In addition to the focused comparison provided in the essays, the book contains other student-friendly features that will help them engage broader discussions, including an introductory chapter that familiarizes students with the world and texts of Second Temple Judaism, a glossary of important terms, and a brief appendix suggesting what tools students might use to undertake their own comparative studies. At the end of each chapter there a list of other thematically relevant Second Temple Jewish texts recommended for additional study and a focused bibliography pointing students to critical editions and higher-level discussions in scholarly literature. Reading Revelation in Context brings together an international team of over 20 New Testament experts including Jamie Davies, David A. deSilva, Michael J. Gorman, Dana M. Harris, Ronald Herms, Edith M. Humphrey, Jonathan A. Moo, Elizabeth E. Shively, Cynthia Long Westfall, Archie T. Wright, and more.
A Commentary on the Apocalypse of John by Edmondo F. Lupieri Pdf
Edmondo Lupieri's main goal in A Commentary on the Apocalypse of John is to introduce readers to the mental and spiritual world of John as both a first-century Jew and a follower of Jesus. The fruit of over ten years of research, a constructive response to postmodern criticism, and an academic best-seller in its Italian edition, Lupieri's commentary offers both new proposals and traditional interpretations to shed light on this complex coda to the biblical message. In an illuminating preface Lupieri discusses the strange world of the Apocalypse and promises an open commentary, full of original treatments of knotty interpretive problems. Maintaining a strong historical perspective throughout, he examines the text of the Apocalypse line by line, paying careful attention to the Greek text, offering a new translation, making wide use of apocryphal, pseudepigraphal, and Qumran literature, and often analyzing John's Apocalypse as compared to other Jewish apocalypses. Thoughtful, thorough, and nonsectarian, Lupieri's Commentary on the Apocalypse of John will appeal to anyone with a serious interest in the meaning of the biblical text.