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Alexandria's Freedmen's Cemetery: A Legacy of Freedom by Char McCargo Bah, Edited by Mumini M. Bah Pdf
"At the beginning of the Civil War, Federal troops secured Alexandria as Union territory. Former slaves, called contrabands, poured in to obtain protection from their former masters. Due to overcrowding, mortality rates were high. Authorities seized an undeveloped parcel of land on South Washington Street, and by March 1864, it had been opened as a cemetery for African Americans. Between 1864 and 1868, more than 1,700 contrabands and freedmen were buried there. For nearly eighty years, the cemetery lay undisturbed and was eventually forgotten. Rediscovered in 1996, it has now been preserved as a monument to the courage and sacrifice of those buried within. Author and researcher Char McCargo Bah recounts the stories of those men and women and the search for their descendants."-- back cover.
The Legacy of Demetrius of Alexandria 189-232 CE by Maged Mikhail Pdf
This is the first full-length study of Demetrius of Alexandria (189–232 ce), who generated a neglected, yet remarkable hagiographic program that secured him a positive legacy throughout the Middle Ages and the modern era. Drawing upon Patristic, Coptic, and Arabic sources spanning a millennium, the analysis contextualizes the Demetrian corpus at its various stages of composition and presents the totality of his hagiographic corpus in translation. This volume constitutes a definitive study of Demetrius, but more broadly, it provides a clearly delineated hagiographic program and charts its evolution against a backdrop of political developments and intercommunal interactions. This fascinating study is a useful resource for students of Demetrius and the Church in Egypt in this period, but also for anyone working on Early Christianity and hagiography more generally.
Hypatia of Alexandria by Dawn LaValle Norman,Alex Petkas Pdf
Sixteen hundred years after her death (d. 415 CE), the legacy of Hypatia of Alexandria's life, teaching, and especially her violent demise, continue to influence modern culture. Through a series of focused articles, this volume takes a fresh look at the most well-known ancient female philosopher under three aspects: first, through the evidence provided by her most famous pupil, Synesius of Cyrene; next, by placing her in her late antique cultural context, and, finally, through analysis of her reception both ancient and modern. Though the sources are meager, Hypatia's influence on her students and wider culture guaranteed that she remained an important figure throughout the centuries, albeit one ranging from chaste Neoplatonist to conniving witch. Along with its eleven new essays, this volume also includes a new translation of all the principal ancient sources touching on Hypatia.
The Library of Alexandria by Charles River Charles River Editors Pdf
*Includes pictures depicting important people, places, and events. *Includes ancient accounts about the Library of Alexandria and its destruction. *Includes a bibliography for further reading. "When I wrote 'The Alexandria Link,' I discovered that we are only aware of about 10 percent of the knowledge of the ancient world. In the ancient world, most of the knowledge was destroyed." - Steve Berry In the modern world, libraries are taken for granted by most people, perhaps because their presence is ubiquitous. Every school has a library, large libraries can be found in every major city, and even most small towns have public libraries. However, the omnipresent nature of libraries is a fairly recent historical phenomenon, because libraries were still few and far between before the 19th century. For centuries in the Western world, during what is known as the Middle Ages, written knowledge was guarded closely and hidden away in private repositories, usually by the religious classes, and hidden away in private repositories. The lack of libraries in the West has helped contribute to the popular imagination of the ancient Library at Alexandria, and all the myths and legends that have come to be associated with it, but the Library of Alexandria deserves its reputation. Before the Middle Ages, Greek scholars carefully collected and inventoried books and other written materials in the Library of Alexandria, which truly made it a sort of precursor to all modern libraries. In fact, the Library of Alexandria proved to be one of the greatest institutions created in the ancient world because it influenced the minds of countless people in profound ways for centuries. The Library not only inspired the imaginations of artists but gave birth to new research methods, which proved to provide the basis for many considered common-place today. The Library of Alexandria was one of the few libraries in the ancient Greek world, which helped ensure that mathematicians, scientists and other scholars from across the Mediterranean traveled to Egypt to study there, and it was so impressive in its size and influence that it left an indelible mark on the world that still reverberates today. While the exact nature of the Library remains murky, it functioned for at least several centuries and is believed to have housed hundreds of thousands of books, most written as scrolls on papyrus, and it essentially became the culmination of two ancient literary and cultural traditions converging: the Greek and Egyptian. Of course, the most controversial aspect of the Library of Alexandria is its destruction, which is still a topic of debate today. Several ancient historians attributed its destruction to the Roman conquest of Egypt during the 1st century B.C., with some like Plutarch specifically citing Julius Caesar's soldiers as the ultimate cause of its destruction. The Roman writer Seneca wrote that 40,000 books were lost in the fire. However, other ancient historians claimed to have gone to the Library of Alexandria after Caesar stayed in the city, and all of these claims might be muddled by the fact that there was more than one library in the area. It's possible that the Library of Alexandria or some version of it survived until the 7th century A.D., but either way, the destruction of the library is often viewed as one of the reasons the Middle Ages were "Dark". Nobody knows for sure how much knowledge was lost in the Library, nor how it affected what Western societies knew and didn't during medieval times. The Library of Alexandria: The History and Legacy of the Ancient World's Most Famous Library looks at the history of the library in an attempt to separate fact and fiction. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Library of Alexandria like never before.
The secrets of the pyramids have been lost for two thousand years. While Agog courts the Parthians, Heron plans to build the largest pyramid the world has ever seen to fulfill Alexander the Great's legacy. As Parthia's demands grow increasingly arduous, Heron's endeavors unleash hidden forces determined to destroy the fledgling pyramid and isolate the fragile city-state from gathering allies against Rome. Alexandrian Saga Book 1 - Fires of Alexandria Book 2 - Heirs of Alexandria Book 3 - Legacy of Alexandria Book 4 - Warmachines of Alexandria Book 5 - Empire of Alexandria Book 6 - Voyage of Alexandria Book 7 - Goddess of Alexandria Keywords: history, alternate history, historical mystery, woman sleuth, strong female lead, invention, egypt, roman empire, alexandria, alexander the great, pyramids, archimedes, rome, battles, war, ancient history, great library, lighthouse of pharos, great pyramids, egyptian mythology, roman mythology, code Similar Authors: Dan Brown, Harry Turtledove, Harry Harrison, Phillip K. Dick, Nisi Shawl, Michael Chabon, Bernard Cornwell, Ken Follett, Diana Gabaldon, Kate Quinn, Walter Scott, Hilary Mantel, James Patterson
Rice reviews the splendour and majesty of the history of Ancient Egypt, drawing upon Jungian psychology to explain the allure of the period and arguing that characteristic Egyptian institutions underlie the accepted norms of Western civilisation
From the New York Times bestselling author, an ambitious and explosive international thriller with an unexpected historical twist A hidden treasure. A forgotten truth. Cotton Malone is in trouble. His son has been kidnapped and his bookshop in Copenhagen attacked, all because he is the only man alive who knows the whereabouts of the Alexandria link - the means of locating the most important cache of ancient knowledge ever assembled: the legendary Library of Alexandria, which vanished without trace fifteen hundred years ago. Now, Malone is forced to join the search for a forgotten truth hidden within that vast literary treasure - a truth that, if revealed, will have grave consequences, not only for Malone, but for the balance of world power . . .
The first part of Nicaea and its Legacy offers a narrative of the fourth-century trinitarian controversy. It does not assume that the controversy begins with Arius, but with tensions among existing theological strategies. Lewis Ayres argues that, just as we cannot speak of one `Arian' theology, so we cannot speak of one `Nicene' theology either, in 325 or in 381. The second part of the book offers an account of the theological practices and assumptions within whichpro-Nicene theologians assumed their short formulae and creeds were to be understood. Ayres also argues that there is no fundamental division between eastern and western trinitarian theologies at the end of the fourth century. The last section of the book challenges modern post-Hegelian trinitarian theology toengage with Nicaea more deeply.
The Rise and Fall of Alexandria by Justin Pollard,Howard Reid Pdf
A short history of nearly everything classical. The foundations of the modern world were laid in Alexandria of Egypt at the turn of the first millennium. In this compulsively readable narrative, Justin Pollard and Howard Reid bring one of history's most fascinating and prolific cities to life, creating a treasure trove of our intellectual and cultural origins. Famous for its lighthouse, its library-the greatest in antiquity-and its fertile intellectual and spiritual life--it was here that Christianity and Islam came to prominence as world religions--Alexandria now takes its rightful place alongside Greece and Rome as a titan of the ancient world. Sparkling with fresh insights on science, philosophy, culture, and invention, this is an irresistible, eye- opening delight.
The Lighthouse of Alexandria by Charles River Charles River Editors Pdf
*Includes pictures. *Includes historic accounts that describe the Lighthouse. *Explains the debates over how the lighthouse was built and operated, and how it was destroyed. *Includes a bibliography for further reading. "At the harbor of Alexandria stands the tower called Pharos, the first wonder. It is held together by glass and lead and is 600 yards high" - Epiphanius the Monk "The Pharos today is composed of four stages. The first, of a rectangular design, is remarkably built in rectangular cut stones, of which the joints are so well concealed that the whole seems to be formed of a single block of stone, remaining insensible to the ravages of time." - Al Bakri, a medieval traveler and writer. Over 2,000 years ago, two ancient writers named Antipater of Sidon and Philo of Byzantium authored antiquity''s most well known tour guides. After the two Greeks had traveled around the Mediterranean, they wrote of what they considered to be the classical world''s greatest construction projects. While there is still some question as to who actually authored the text attributed to Philo and when it was authored, their lists ended up comprising the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, igniting interest in the ones they chose and inspiring subsequent generations to identify their own era''s Seven Wonders. The youngest of the Wonders also turned out to be the most practical and one of the longest-lived, surviving into the late Middle Ages. It was a lighthouse built on the northern coast of Egypt in Africa, at the Greek city founded in Alexander''s name. It was the Pharos, the Great Lighthouse of Alexandria. Among antiquity''s wonders, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was fairly unique both in terms of its purpose and its secular nature. While pyramids and statues served religious purposes in Egypt and Greece, and others were impressive works of art, the origins of the Lighthouse were not even as a lighthouse at all. Instead, the large formation on the island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria was originally meant to help sailors identify the location of the city during the day, and some speculate it was not until later that Alexandrians decided to make it a true lighthouse that would serve sailors at night. Julius Caesar himself noted the Lighthouse''s other practical use in his commentaries about Rome''s civil wars: "Now because of the narrowness of the strait there can be no access by ship to the harbour without the consent of those who hold the Pharos. In view of this, Caesar took the precaution of landing his troops while the enemy was preoccupied with fighting, seized the Pharos and posted a garrison there. The result was that safe access was secured for his...supplies and reinforcements." It''s easy to understand Caesar''s point, because while there is still debate over its height, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was unquestionably one of the tallest man-made structures in the world at the time, if not the tallest. While ancient accounts often exaggerated its height, medieval Arab sources often claimed it was somewhere around 300-350 feet tall, with an incredibly wide base, and those sources wrote at a time where it had already required repairs due to earthquake damage. Efforts to repair it kept going until the 14th century, when the damage was so extensive that it was mostly left in ruins, the last of which were taken for other building projects and/or slipped underneath the Mediterranean. Fortunately, due to descriptions of the lighthouse and archaeological remains, modern scholars are able to understand this wonder better than most, and there may even be future attempts to build a replica and bring it back to life. The Lighthouse of Alexandria covers the ancient wonder''s history and the mysteries surrounding it, including the debate over how it was built, operated, and destroyed. Along with pictures and a bibliography, you will learn about the Lighthouse of Alexandria like never before.
Twisted Tour Guide Northern Virginia: Alexandria-Fredericksburg-Richmond by Marques Vickers Pdf
Evade the Tourist Herds and Enter Into An Insider’s Guide to Northern Virginia. Known and unknown history, hidden delights and fascinating stories pervade the history of Northern Virginia. This kaleidoscope of discovery, personalities, egos, scandals, conflict framed by sheer beauty creates a vivid tapestry defining over three centuries. This guide transports you to the precise famous and infamous locations where history occurred. The scenes may sometimes appear ordinary, weird, but often illuminate the physical background and descriptions behind events. Many of the narratives defy believability, yet they are true. This Twisted Tour Guide is your alternative to conventional travel. It accommodates the restless visitor, tourist and resident seeking a unique and different perspective to traditional tourism. Northern Virginia remains one of the most beguiling, historic and enchanting regions of the United States. Arlington Preserving the Declaration of Independence, Arlington National Cemetery, Actress Pola Negri’s Lovenest, Watergate’s Deep Throat, Serial Kill Timothy Spencer, Vincent Foster’s Suicide, Spy Aldrich Ames, 9/11 Memorial and Congressman William Jefferson. General Rochambeau, Alexandria Margaret Brent, George Lincoln Rockwell, George Washington and Mount Vernon, Cameron, John Carlyle, Duvall’s Tavern, Colonial Michael Swope, Lee-Fendall House, Pineapple Symbolism, Potts-Fitzhugh House, St. Mary’s and Contrabands Cemetery, Yates Gardens, Malpractice Killing of George Washington, Dr. Elisha Dick, Colross Estate, Alexandria’s Shameful Surrender, Female Stranger Gravestone, Devil Bat, Fire of 1827, Slave Trader Sites, Lyceum Theatre, Alexandria Canal, Windmill Hill Park, Oscar The Manaquin Guard, Wilkes Street Tunnel, Floating Brothels, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, Forts Ellsworth, Williams, Hunt and Willard, Bank of Alexandria Building, Battery Rodgers, Black Diamond Catastrophe, Burned Bride, Confederate Funeral Markers, Shiloh Baptist Church, Benjamin Thomas Lynching, Homicidal Clem, Silent Sentinels Trial, Sergeant Elton Hummer, Washington Masonic Memorial, Civil Rights Sit-In, Gerald Ford, U2 Pilot Gary Powers, Loving versus Virginia, Murders of Donita Cutts, Carol Ann Dodd, Constance Mellon, Betty Ayele, and Elizabeth Elliot, Police Officer Charles Hall, Purple Heart Trail Origins, Serial Killer Charles Severance, Ship Excavations, Congressman Steve Scalise Shooting and Appomattox Monument Removal. Fairfax Battle of Fairfax Courthouse, Execution of James Lewis, Motorcycle Gang Madness, The Christmas Tree Lady’s Puzzling Suicide, Spy Robert Hanssen and Mayor Scott Silverthorne. Fredericksburg St. George Episcopal Church, Mary Washington, George Carter’s Gambling Losses, Battle of Fredericksburg, Chatham Manor, Confederate Treasury Embezzlement, John Washington, Freedom of Religion Monument, Serial Killers Melvin Rees, John Muhammad, Steven Briel and Lee Malvo, Police Burglary Ring and Pre-Pay Funeral Scandal. Richmond Patrick Henry, John Marshall, Theatre Fire, Confederate White House and Civil War Museum, Canal Walk, Hollywood Cemetery, William Grant House, Union Spy Elizabeth Van Lew, Belle Isle, Samuel Putney House, Civil War Abandonment, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis and Ulysses S. Grant, Stewart-Lee House, Church Hill and Monte Maria Academy and WRVA Complex, Washington Monument, Collectible Trading Cards, Former City Hall Building, Valentine Museum, Main Street Train Depot, Edgar Allen Poe Shrine, Public Bath Houses, First National Bank Building, State and Local Politic Scandals, Oliver Hill, Tobacco Row, Richmond’s Gay Godfather, Golden Years Serial Killer(s), Baron Otto von Bressensdorf, School Board Eviction and Removal of Confederate Civil War Monuments.
Polybius and His Legacy by Nikos Miltsios,Melina Tamiolaki Pdf
Although scholars continue to address old questions about Polybius, it is clear that they are also turning their attention to aspects of his history that have been inadequately dealt with in the past or have even gone largely unnoticed. Polybius' history is increasingly treated not just as a source of valuable information on the impressive expansion of Roman rule in the Mediterranean world, but also as a complex and nuanced narrative with its own interests and purposes. Moreover, since (apart from Livy's use of Polybius, which has been thoroughly discussed) most studies of Polybius' reception focus on the modern world, especially in relation to the theory of mixed constitutions, finding out more about Polybius' impact on ancient Greek and Roman authors remains a major desideratum. This volume brings together contributions which, in either posing new questions or reformulating old ones, attest both to the ardent scholarly interest currently directed toward Polybius and to the variety of hermeneutical issues raised by his work. Subjects discussed include Polybius' historical ideas, his methods of composition, his views on the role of the historian, his representation of cultural difference, his intertextual affinities, and his reception and influence. Taken together, the papers in this collection attempt to promote a deeper understanding of the qualities and peculiarities of Polybius' history, as well as to offer fresh insights into the interpretation of this important work.
The Life & Legacy of W.E. Gladstone by John Morley Pdf
This book is a 3-volume record of life and work of one of Britain's greatest leaders of all times William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898). Gladstone was a British statesman and Liberal politician who, in a career lasting over 60 years, served for 12 years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four terms beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times, serving over 12 years. Gladstone's own political doctrine – which emphasized equality of opportunity and opposition to trade protectionism – came to be known as Gladstonian liberalism. His popularity amongst the working-class earned him the sobriquet "The People's William". In 1868, Gladstone became Prime Minister for the first time. Many reforms were passed during his first ministry, including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland and the introduction of secret voting. After electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party. After the 1880 general election, Gladstone formed his second ministry (1880-1885), which saw the passage of the Third Reform Act as well as crises in Egypt and Ireland, where his government passed repressive measures but also improved the legal rights of Irish tenant farmers. Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed home rule for Ireland but was defeated in the House of Commons. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep them out of office – with one short break – for 20 years. Gladstone formed his last government in 1892, at the age of 82. The Government of Ireland Bill 1893 passed through the Commons but was defeated in the House of Lords in 1893. Gladstone left office in March 1894, aged 84, as both the oldest person to serve as Prime Minister and the only Prime Minister to have served four terms.