Levodopa Pharmacokinetics From Stomach To Brain

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Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain

Author : Maria Nord
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
Page : 72 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-01-07
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789176855577

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Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain by Maria Nord Pdf

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and it is caused by a loss of dopamine (DA) producing neurons in the basal ganglia in the brain. The PD patient suffers from motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity and treatment with levodopa (LD), the precursor of DA, has positive effects on these symptoms. Several factors affect the availability of orally given LD. Gastric emptying (GE) is one factor and it has been shown to be delayed in PD patients resulting in impaired levodopa uptake. Different enzymes metabolize LD on its way from the gut to the brain resulting in less LD available in the brain and more side effects from the metabolites. By adding dopa decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa or benserazide) or COMT-inhibitors (e.g. entacapone) the bioavailability of LD increases significantly and more LD can pass the blood-brain-barrier and be converted to DA in the brain. It has been considered of importance to avoid high levodopa peaks in the brain because this seems to induce changes in postsynaptic dopaminergic neurons causing disabling motor complications in PD patients. More continuously given LD, e.g. duodenal or intravenous (IV) infusions, has been shown to improve these motor complications. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) has also been proven to improve motor complications and to make it possible to reduce the LD dosage in PD patients. In this doctoral thesis the main purpose is to study the pharmacokinetics of LD in patients with PD and motor complications; in blood and subcutaneous tissue and study the effect of GE and PD stage on LD uptake and the effect of continuously given LD (CDS) on LD uptake and GE; in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when adding the peripheral enzyme inhibitors entacapone and carbidopa to LD infusion IV; in brain during STN DBSand during oral or IV LD treatment. To conclude, LD uptake is more favorable in PD patients with less severe disease and GE is delayed in PD patients. No obvious relation between LD uptake and GE or between GE and PD stage is seen and CDS decreases the LD levels. Entacapone increases the maximal concentration of LD in blood and CSF. This is more evident with additional carbidopa and important to consider in avoiding high LD peaks in brain during PD treatment. LD in brain increases during both oral and IV LD treatment and the DA levels follows LD well indicating that PD patients still have capacity to metabolize LD to DA despite probable pronounced nigral degeneration. STN DBS seems to increase putaminal DA levels and together with IV LD treatment also increases LD in brain possibly explaining why it is possible to decrease LD medication after STN DBS surgery. Parkinsons sjukdom (PS) är en av de vanligaste s.k. neurodegenerativasjukdomarna och orsakas av förlust av dopamin(DA)producerande nervceller i hjärnan. Detta orsakar motoriska symptom såsom skakningar, stelhet och förlångsammade rörelser. Levodopa (LD) är ett ämne, som kan omvandlas till DA i hjärnan och ge symptomlindring och det är oftast förstahandsval vid behandling av patienter med PS. Flera faktorer påverkar tillgängligheten av LD, bl.a. den hastighet som magsäcken tömmer sig med och denna verkar förlångsammad hos personer med PS vilket ger sämre tillgänglighet av LD i blodet och därmed i hjärnan. LD bryts även ner i hög grad av olika enzym ute i kroppen vilket leder till mindre mängd LD som hamnar i hjärnan och till fler nedbrytningsprodukter som orsakar biverkningar. Tillägg av enzymhämmare leder till ökad mängd LD som kan nå hjärnan och omvandlas till DA. Det anses viktigt att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan då dessa verkar bidra till utvecklandet av besvärliga motoriska komplikationer hos patienter med PS. Om LD ges mer kontinuerligt, exempelvis som en kontinuerlig infusion in i tarmen eller i blodet, så minskar dessa motoriska komplikationer. Inopererande av stimulatorer i vissa delar av hjärnan (DBS) har också visat sig minska dessa motoriska komplikationer och även resultera i att man kan minska LD-dosen. Huvudsyftet med den här avhandlingen är att studera LD hos patienter med PS; i blod och fettvävnad då LD ges i tablettform och se om det finns något samband med LD-upptag och hastigheten på magsäckstömningen (MT) och om kontinuerligt given LD påverkar LD-upptaget eller MT; i blod och i ryggmärgsvätska då enzymhämmarna entakapon och karbidopa tillsätts LD; i hjärna vid behandling med DBS och då LD ges både som tablett och som infusion i blodet. Sammanfattningsvis kan vi se att LD-upptaget är mer gynnsamt hos patienter med PS i tidigare skede av sjukdomens komplikationsfas. MT är förlångsammad hos patienter med PS och det är inget tydligt samband mellan LD-upptag och MT eller mellan MT och sjukdomsgrad. Kontinuerligt given LD minskar LDnivåerna. Enzymhämmaren entakapon ökar den maximala koncentrationen av LD i blod och ryggmärgsvätska och effekten är mer tydlig vid tillägg av karbidopa vilket är viktigt att ta i beaktande vid behandling av PS för att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan. LD ökar i hjärnan då man behandlar med LD i tablettform och som infusion i blodet och DA-nivåerna i hjärnan följer LD väl vilket visar på att patienter med PS fortfarande kan omvandla LD till DA trots trolig uttalad brist av de DA-producerande nervcellerna i hjärnan. DBS verkar öka DA i vissa områden i hjärnan och tillsammans med LD-infusion i blodet verkar det även öka LD i hjärnan och det kan förklara varför man kan sänka LDdosen efter DBS-operation.

Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

Author : K. Ray Chaudhuri,Eduardo Tolosa,Anthony H. V. Schapira,Werner Poewe
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 517 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199684243

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Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease by K. Ray Chaudhuri,Eduardo Tolosa,Anthony H. V. Schapira,Werner Poewe Pdf

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are known to suffer from motor symptoms of the disease, but they also experience non-motor symptoms (NMS) that are often present before diagnosis or that inevitably emerge with disease progression. The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease have been extensively researched, and effective clinical tools for their assessment and treatment have been developed and are readily available. In contrast, researchers have only recently begun to focus on the NMS of Parkinson's Disease, which are poorly recognized and inadequately treated by clinicians. The NMS of PD have a significant impact on patient quality of life and mortality and include neuropsychiatric, sleep-related, autonomic, gastrointestinal, and sensory symptoms. While some NMS can be improved with currently available treatments, others may be more refractory and will require research into novel (non-dopaminergic) drug therapies for the future. Edited by members of the UK Parkinson's Disease Non-Motor Group (PD-NMG) and with contributions from international experts, this new edition summarizes the current understanding of NMS symptoms in Parkinson's disease and points the way towards future research.

Parkinsons's Disease

Author : Peter Lewitt,Wolfgang H Oertel
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 1999-05-30
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1853173797

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Parkinsons's Disease by Peter Lewitt,Wolfgang H Oertel Pdf

With the general population becoming increasingly aware of new developments for the diagnosis and treatment of certain neurological disorders throught increased media coverage in the popular press and on television and with celebrities being affected, the clinician must be aware of all the latest developments inthe diagnosis and treatment of disease. Parkinson's disease is no different. Peter LeWitt and Wolfgang Oertel have assembled an international team of contributors to write on their particular areas of expertise to produce a work which will help the practising clinician. This book captures all the latest information: the most important developments in the research of Parkinson's disease in recent years and the many different approaches to the treatment of the disease. These are exciting times for the study of Parkinson's disease, and this book condenses the wealth of available information into a practical text.

Parkinson's Disease

Author : Ronald F. Pfeiffer,Zbigniew K. Wszolek,Manuchair Ebadi
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 1319 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2012-10-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781439807156

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Parkinson's Disease by Ronald F. Pfeiffer,Zbigniew K. Wszolek,Manuchair Ebadi Pdf

In recent years, considerable advances have been made in our knowledge and understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, there has been an explosion of information regarding genetic contributions to the etiology of PD and an increased awareness of the importance of the non-motor features of the disease. Theories regarding the pathogenes

The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book

Author : J. Eric Ahlskog, PhD, MD
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 544 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2015-08-03
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9780190231880

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The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book by J. Eric Ahlskog, PhD, MD Pdf

The fundamental guide to the most effective treatments for Parkinson's Disease, from a Mayo Clinic doctor with thirty years of clinical and research experience. In this second edition follow-up to the extremely successful first edition, Dr. Ahlskog draws on thirty years of clinical experience to present the definitive guide to dealing with all aspects of Parkinson's Disease, from treatment options and side effects to the impact of the disease on caregivers and family. Dr. Ahlskog's goal is to educate patients so that they can better team up with their doctors to do battle with the disease, streamlining the decision-making process and enhancing their treatment. To do this, Dr. Ahlskog offers a gold mine of information, distilled from his years of experience treating people with Parkinson's at the Mayo Clinic. In addition to providing a comprehensive account of Parkinson's medications, this book also examines additional aspects of treatment, such as the role of nutrition, exercise, and physical therapy. Although many commendable texts have been written on the subject of Parkinson's Disease, their discussions of treatment have not been in depth. Dr. Ahlskog sifts through aspects of the disease in order to give the reader a comprehensive sense of Parkinson's and the best available treatment options. With a broader understanding of the disease and the available options, patients are able to make more informed choices, and doctors are able to provide more tailored care. This book delivers hopeful, helpful, and extensive information to all parties concerned: patients, caregivers, and doctors. The ultimate guide to symptoms and treatment, this thoroughly updated second edition is the first place patients should turn for reliable, easy-to-grasp information on Parkinson's Disease.

Oral Drug Absorption

Author : Jennifer B. Dressman,Christos Reppas
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2016-04-19
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781420077346

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Oral Drug Absorption by Jennifer B. Dressman,Christos Reppas Pdf

Oral Drug Absorption, Second Edition thoroughly examines the special equipment and methods used to test whether drugs are released adequately when administered orally. The contributors discuss methods for accurately establishing and validating in vitro/in vivo correlations for both MR and IR formulations, as well as alternative approaches for MR an

Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation

Author : Peter L. Bonate
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 618 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2011-07-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781441994851

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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation by Peter L. Bonate Pdf

This is a second edition to the original published by Springer in 2006. The comprehensive volume takes a textbook approach systematically developing the field by starting from linear models and then moving up to generalized linear and non-linear mixed effects models. Since the first edition was published the field has grown considerably in terms of maturity and technicality. The second edition of the book therefore considerably expands with the addition of three new chapters relating to Bayesian models, Generalized linear and nonlinear mixed effects models, and Principles of simulation. In addition, many of the other chapters have been expanded and updated.

NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy

Author : Peter Riederer,Gerd Laux,Toshiharu Nagatsu,Weidong Le,Christian Riederer
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 4652 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2022-11-04
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030620592

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NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy by Peter Riederer,Gerd Laux,Toshiharu Nagatsu,Weidong Le,Christian Riederer Pdf

This book provides a reference guide describing the current status of medication in all major psychiatric and neurological indications, together with comparisons of pharmacological treatment strategies in clinical settings in Europe, USA, Japan and China. In addition, it highlights herbal medicine as used in China and Japan, as well as complementary medicine and nutritional aspects. This novel approach offers international readers a global approach in a single dedicated publication and is also a valuable resource for anyone interested in comparing treatments for psychiatric disorders in three different cultural areas. There are three volumes devoted to Basic Principles and General Aspects, offering a general overview of psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 1); Classes, Drugs and Special Aspects covering the role of psychotropic drugs in the field of psychiatry and neurology (Vol. 2) and Applied Psychopharmacotherapy focusing on applied psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 3). These books are invaluable to psychiatrists, neurologists, neuroscientists, medical practitioners and clinical psychologists.

Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction

Author : Ronald F. Pfeiffer,ivan Bodis-Wollner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 419 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-02
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781607614296

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Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction by Ronald F. Pfeiffer,ivan Bodis-Wollner Pdf

The first edition of Parkinson’s Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction was published in 2005 to provide a source of detailed information that could be readily accessed by the practicing physician. The widely praised first edition described and explained these nonmotor features that had at that point received insufficient attention both in the medical and in the lay literature. Since the publication of the first edition, awareness and knowledge of the nonmotor features of PD has dramatically expanded, calling for a new edition of this important title. Timely, fully updated and expanded, Parkinson’s Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction, Second Edition, offers a state-of-the-art overview of the topic from the same talented group of experienced researchers and clinicians who were the driving force behind the first edition. Importantly, a range of additional aspects of nonmotor dysfunction in PD -- such as dermatological, vestibular, and dental dysfunction -- have been included in this second edition, which remains subdivided into five diverse domains: Behavioral abnormalities, autonomic dysfunction, sleep-related dysfunction, sensory dysfunction, and other aspects of PD such as oculomotor dysfunction, fatigue, and maxillofacial issues. An invaluable contribution to the literature in movement disorders, this revised and expanded collection of contributions by an even larger contingent of superbly knowledgeable authors will further increase awareness of the manifold contributions that nonmotor features may make to the collective clinical picture experienced by the patient with PD.

Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction

Author : Ronald F. Pfeiffer,ivan Bodis-Wollner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2007-11-10
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781592598595

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Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction by Ronald F. Pfeiffer,ivan Bodis-Wollner Pdf

Parkinson’s Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction fills a major gap in the current rapidly growing body of knowledge concerning Parkinson’s disease. Drs. Pfeiffer and Bodis-Wollner have correctly perceived that many nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease are given insufficient attention in the medical literature. Unfortunately, they are often also given insufficient attention by the practicing neurologists who see these patients. As recently pointed out, there is clearly much more to Parkinson’s disease than depletion of the nigrostriatal dopamine system (1). Parkinson’s disease (not just m- tiple system atrophy) is a multisystem disorder, both pathologically and in its clinical manifestations. This is clearly true for the various motor system abnormalities, which are not fully corrected by dopamine replacement therapy strategies, but also for the nonmotor system abnormalities that are the subject of this volume. Although recently there has been increased awareness of the cognitive, psychiatric, and sleep disorders commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease, many of their manifestations remain under-recognized and their importance in managing patients is underestimated. Even less attention is paid to the myriad of other nonmotor disturbances that plague these patients. For example, among the autonomic disorders, although orthostatic hypotension is well recognized, it is usually attributed to dopaminergic medications rather than to effects of the underlying disease. Urologic disorders are also very familiar in these patients, but may not be properly understood or well managed.

Patient-Centered Pharmacology

Author : William N. Tindall,Mona Sedrak,John M. Boltri
Publisher : F.A. Davis
Page : 575 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2013-08-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780803640702

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Patient-Centered Pharmacology by William N. Tindall,Mona Sedrak,John M. Boltri Pdf

Using an integrated approach, this singular text focuses on patient first, helping you consider each patient as a unique individual with specific health concerns and characteristics that affect therapeutic decision making and drug efficacy. Organized by disease state, this book will introduce you to general drug classifications and the medicinal agents most likely to be encountered in primary care settings. It encompasses the pharmacological principals, dosing, patient education, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic parameters and indications for commonly prescribed drugs.

Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Author : Derek G. Waller,Anthony Sampson,Andrew Hitchings
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 755 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2021-10-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780702081606

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Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Derek G. Waller,Anthony Sampson,Andrew Hitchings Pdf

Medical Pharmacology & Therapeutics provides all the information medical and healthcare students need throughout their degree programme and beyond, including for professional qualifications such as the PSA. This all-round textbook covers basic pharmacology through to drug prescribing in clinical contexts, covering the pathogenic mechanisms of disease; drug actions, side effects, and the therapeutic principles of drug use. It takes a helpful systems-based approach that orders information according to body systems and disease areas, rather than by drug class. Now in its sixth edition, the book has been fully updated to include latest scientific understanding of drug action and administration and current best practice in prescribing medications, informed by the latest national guidelines. A clinical focus throughout – suitable for medical, nursing and other healthcare students throughout their training Thorough update of clinically-relevant medicines to ensure best practice Information aligned with the British National Formulary (BNF), NICE guidelines and relevant professional benchmarks Comprehensive drug compendia allow all drugs to be identified and placed within their respective classes Extensive self-assessment questions to support learning and revision New to this edition Expanded discussion of the pathophysiology and management of shock Revised discussion of the management of chronic pain Consideration of treatment of Covid-19 Expanded discussion of the pathophysiology and management of shock Revised discussion of the management of chronic pain Consideration of treatment of Covid-19

Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction

Author : Ronald Pfeiffer,Ivan Bodis-Wollner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 303 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2005-03-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781588293169

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Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction by Ronald Pfeiffer,Ivan Bodis-Wollner Pdf

This collection of review articles provides detailed clinical descriptions and treatment recommendations for the important, but often unrecognized, nonmotor dysfunctions of Parkinson's disease. Topics range from behavioral abnormalities and autonomic dysfunction to sleep-related and sensory dysfunction, and include depression and anxiety, dementia, psychosis, obsessionality, gastric and intestinal dysfunction, impaired sexual function, insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep apnea. The authors review what is known about each type of dysfunction, discussing clinical features, methods of diagnosis, and treatment.

Pharmacology for Health Professionals - eBook

Author : Kathleen Knights,Andrew Rowland,Shaunagh Darroch
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 1069 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2018-09-26
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780729586719

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Pharmacology for Health Professionals - eBook by Kathleen Knights,Andrew Rowland,Shaunagh Darroch Pdf

All content revised and updated with more succinct chapters reduced by approximately 15% A suite of animations support readers’ understanding of common drug interactions Key Points boxes provide a snapshot of important information to reinforce readers’ learning Updated drug names to align with international harmonisation of medicines information and recommendations by the Therapeutic Goods Administration National and international guidelines are referenced Expanded ‘Mechanism of Action’ for some drugs and drug classes Update of therapeutic areas with new drug classes, e.g. cancer chemotherapy, antivirals and cardiac drugs New information on clinically relevant drug interactions Now includes an eBook with all print purchases

Pharmacology and the Nursing Process E-Book

Author : Linda Lane Lilley,Shelly Rainforth Rainforth Collins,Julie S. Snyder
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 954 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2019-01-04
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780323550468

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Pharmacology and the Nursing Process E-Book by Linda Lane Lilley,Shelly Rainforth Rainforth Collins,Julie S. Snyder Pdf

Get the perfect blend of pharmacology, prioritization, and nursing process information. As one of the best-selling nursing pharmacology books on the market, Pharmacology and the Nursing Process focuses on the key information you need to safely and effectively administer medications. The 9th Edition features clearly written updated drug content reflecting the latest FDA drug approvals, withdrawals, and therapeutic uses. Hundreds of full-color illustrations detail how drugs work in the body and depict key steps in administration. As in previous editions, the text includes thoughtful learning strategies, simple language, a wealth of student-friendly features and innovative learning aids, and QSEN callouts. Along with its integrated NCLEX® preparation and instructor resources, you won’t find a more complete pharmacology text on the market!