Looting Or Missioning

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Looting or Missioning

Author : Egil Mikkelsen
Publisher : Oxbow Books
Page : 444 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2019-09-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781789253191

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Looting or Missioning by Egil Mikkelsen Pdf

Until now insular and continental material, mostly metal-work, found in pagan Viking Age graves in Norway, has been interpreted as looted material from churches and monasteries on the British Isles and the Continent. The raiding Vikings brought these objects back to their homeland where they were often broken up and used as jewellery or got alternative functions. Looting or Missioning looks at the use and functions of these sacred objects in their original Christian contexts. Based on such an analysis the author proposes an alternative interpretation of these objects: they were brought by Christian missionaries from different parts of the British Isles and the Continent to Norway. The objects were either personal (crosses, croziers, portable reliquaries etc.), objects used for baptism (hanging bowls), equipment to officiate a mass (mountings from books or reading equipment, altars or crosses) or to give the communion (pitchers, glass vessels, chalices, paten). We know from contemporary sources (Ansgar in Birka, Sweden in the ninth century) that missionaries brought this sort of equipment on their mission journeys. We also hear that missionaries were robbed, killed or chased off. Mikkelson interprets the sacred objects found in Viking Age pagan graves as objects that originate from the many unsuccessful mission attempts in Norway throughout the Viking Age. They changed function and were integrated in the pagan tradition. The conversion and Christianisation of Norway can thus be seen as a long-lasting process, at least from about 800 (but probably earlier) to the beginning of the eleventh century. As we must assume that the written sources on the subject are incomplete, the archaeological evidences are the main source. In addition to metal work and written sources, the dating and interpretation of stone crosses, rune stones, manuscript fragments and early Christian graves and churches are discussed. The main part of the manuscript regards the context of all these sources, studied in each part of Norway separately: Where do we find concentrations of objects that could support the interpretation of these being the result of mission attempts, and where can we combine archaeological and written sources to tentatively create more complete stories related to mission? One analysis is of special interest to British and Norwegian scholars and even a broader audience. It refers to the chieftain Ohthere from Northern Norway, who visited King Alfred the Great in Winchester in 890. The author finds a link between Alfred´s court and Ohthere´s farm which, it is argued, for was Borg at Vestvågøy, Lofoten, where the biggest Viking Age house in Northern Europe has been excavated. In the hall of this house were found a rare glass beaker with gold cross decorations, a Continental or British made pitcher, pieces of a bronze bowl and an æstel of gold. This last piece is only found in Northern Norway and in England, with Wessex and Mercia as the core areas. “The Alfred Jewel” (Ashmolean Museum) is also an æstel of the same main type, but much more splendid and with an inscription relating it to King Alfred. Mikkelson argues for a bishop being sent from Wessex and Alfred´s court on Ohthere´s ship back to Northern Norway as a missionary.

A Mission under Duress

Author : Suping Lu
Publisher : University Press of America
Page : 395 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2012-07-10
Category : History
ISBN : 9780761851516

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A Mission under Duress by Suping Lu Pdf

Immediately after capturing the Chinese capital, Nanjing, on December 13, 1937, Japanese soldiers committed atrocities such as mass executions, rampant rapes, arson, and looting in and around the city. The carnage went on for weeks. On January 6, 1938, after the worst of the massacre atrocities was over, three American diplomats arrived in Nanjing. Upon their arrival, Third Secretary John Moore Allison, Vice Consul James Espy, and Code Clerk Archibald Alexander McFardyen, Jr. cabled dispatches about the atrocities and other conditions in the city to the Department of State and other U.S. diplomatic posts in China. Often, they dispatched several reports within a day. These atrocity reports, which were largely based on interviews with American missionaries and their own investigations, gave detailed descriptions of Japanese atrocities, property damage, social conditions, relief efforts, diplomatic wrestling, and many other aspects of life in the city during and after the massacre period. The value of these diplomatic dispatches and reports, which were retrieved from the national archives, rests on that they extensively document the American diplomats' role, their observations and attitude toward the situation there, their efforts to help the Chinese and protect the Americans, and their struggles with the Japanese.

Missions

Author : Howard Benjamin Grose
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 744 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 1925
Category : Baptists
ISBN : UOM:39015074647242

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Missions by Howard Benjamin Grose Pdf

Foreign Relations of the United States

Author : United States. Department of State
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 652 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 1938
Category : United States
ISBN : OSU:32435058126871

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Foreign Relations of the United States by United States. Department of State Pdf

MISSION.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 732 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1923
Category : Baptists
ISBN : UIUC:30112109812823

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MISSION. by Anonim Pdf

SEDM Articles of Mission, Form #01.004

Author : Sovereignty Education and Defense Ministry (SEDM)
Publisher : Sovereignty Education and Defense Ministry (SEDM)
Page : 407 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2020-02-06
Category : Law
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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SEDM Articles of Mission, Form #01.004 by Sovereignty Education and Defense Ministry (SEDM) Pdf

Our Mission Statement

The Looting Machine

Author : Tom Burgis
Publisher : PublicAffairs
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2016-05-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9781610397483

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The Looting Machine by Tom Burgis Pdf

One of Financial Times' Books of the Year, 2015 The trade in oil, gas, gems, metals and rare earth minerals wreaks havoc in Africa. During the years when Brazil, India, China and the other "emerging markets" have transformed their economies, Africa's resource states remained tethered to the bottom of the industrial supply chain. While Africa accounts for about 30 per cent of the world's reserves of hydrocarbons and minerals and 14 per cent of the world's population, its share of global manufacturing stood in 2011 exactly where it stood in 2000: at 1 percent. In his first book, The Looting Machine, Tom Burgis exposes the truth about the African development miracle: for the resource states, it's a mirage. The oil, copper, diamonds, gold and coltan deposits attract a global network of traders, bankers, corporate extractors and investors who combine with venal political cabals to loot the states' value. And the vagaries of resource-dependent economies could pitch Africa's new middle class back into destitution just as quickly as they climbed out of it. The ground beneath their feet is as precarious as a Congolese mine shaft; their prosperity could spill away like crude from a busted pipeline. This catastrophic social disintegration is not merely a continuation of Africa's past as a colonial victim. The looting now is accelerating as never before. As global demand for Africa's resources rises, a handful of Africans are becoming legitimately rich but the vast majority, like the continent as a whole, is being fleeced. Outsiders tend to think of Africa as a great drain of philanthropy. But look more closely at the resource industry and the relationship between Africa and the rest of the world looks rather different. In 2010, fuel and mineral exports from Africa were worth 333 billion, more than seven times the value of the aid that went in the opposite direction. But who received the money? For every Frenchwoman who dies in childbirth, 100 die in Niger alone, the former French colony whose uranium fuels France's nuclear reactors. In petro-states like Angola three-quarters of government revenue comes from oil. The government is not funded by the people, and as result it is not beholden to them. A score of African countries whose economies depend on resources are rentier states; their people are largely serfs. The resource curse is not merely some unfortunate economic phenomenon, the product of an intangible force. What is happening in Africa's resource states is systematic looting. Like its victims, its beneficiaries have names.

Discovering Mission Santa Cruz

Author : Sofia Nunes
Publisher : Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2014-08-01
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 9781627130721

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Discovering Mission Santa Cruz by Sofia Nunes Pdf

Learn about the rich history of Mission Santa Cruz: how it started, the people who ran it, the indigenous population, and its legacy today.

The Jiangyin Mission Station

Author : Lawrence D. Kessler
Publisher : UNC Press Books
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2018-06-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781469647715

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The Jiangyin Mission Station by Lawrence D. Kessler Pdf

Lawrence Kessler uses the Jiangyin mission station in the Shanghai region of China to explore Chinese-American cultural interaction in the first half of the twentieth century. He concludes that the Protestant missionary movement was welcomed by the Chinese not because of the religious message it spread but because of the secular benefits it provided. Like other missions, the Jiangyin Station, which was sponsored by the First Presbyterian Church of Wilmington, North Carolina, combined evangelism with social welfare programs and enjoyed a respected position within the local community. By 1930, the station supported a hospital and several schools and engaged in anti-opium campaigns and local peacekeeping efforts. In many ways, however, Christianity was a disruptive force in Chinese society, and Kessler examines Chinese ambivalence toward the mission movement, the relationship between missions and imperialism, and Westerners' response to Chinese nationalism. He also addresses the Jiangyin Station's close ties to, and impact upon, its supporting church in Wilmington.

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States

Author : United States. Department of State
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1050 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 1943
Category : Japan
ISBN : UCBK:C024900230

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Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States by United States. Department of State Pdf

Early Jesuit Missions in Tarahumara

Author : Peter Masten Dunne
Publisher : Univ of California Press
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2022-09-23
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9780520348332

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Early Jesuit Missions in Tarahumara by Peter Masten Dunne Pdf

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1948.

Confronting Colonial Objects

Author : Carsten Stahn
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 593 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2024-01-13
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780192868121

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Confronting Colonial Objects by Carsten Stahn Pdf

The treatment of cultural colonial objects is one of the most debated questions of our time. Calls for a new international cultural order go back to decolonization. However, for decades, the issue has been treated as a matter of comity or been reduced to a Shakespearean dilemma: to return or not to return. Confronting Colonial Objects seeks to go beyond these classic dichotomies and argues that contemporary practices are at a tipping point. The book shows that cultural takings were material to the colonial project throughout different periods and went far beyond looting. It presents micro histories and object biographies to trace recurring justifications and contestations of takings and returns while outlining the complicity of anthropology, racial science, and professional networks that enabled colonial collecting. The book demonstrates the dual role of law and cultural heritage regulation in facilitating colonial injustices and mobilizing resistance thereto. Drawing on the interplay between justice, ethics, and human rights, Stahn develops principles of relational cultural justice. He challenges the argument that takings were acceptable according to the standards of the time and outlines how future engagement requires a re-invention of knowledge systems and relations towards objects, including new forms of consent, provenance research, and partnership, and a re-thinking of the role of museums themselves. Following the life story and transformation of cultural objects, this book provides a fresh perspective on international law and colonial history that appeals to audiences across a variety of disciplines. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on the Oxford Academic platform and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.

Conflicting Missions

Author : Piero Gleijeses
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
Page : 564 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0807826472

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Conflicting Missions by Piero Gleijeses Pdf

This is a compelling and dramatic account of Cuban policy in Africa from 1959 to 1976 and of its escalating clash with U.S. policy toward the continent. Piero Gleijeses's fast-paced narrative takes the reader from Cuba's first steps to assist Algerian reb