Methods Measures And Theories In Eyewitness Identification Tasks
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Andrew M. Smith,Michael P. Toglia,James Michael Lampinen
Author : Andrew M. Smith,Michael P. Toglia,James Michael Lampinen Publisher : Routledge Page : 381 pages File Size : 41,9 Mb Release : 2021-02-25 Category : Law ISBN : 9781000334371
Methods, Measures, and Theories in Eyewitness Identification Tasks by Andrew M. Smith,Michael P. Toglia,James Michael Lampinen Pdf
Methods, Measures, and Theories in Eyewitness Recognition Tasks provides a comprehensive review of the fundamental issues surrounding eyewitness recognition phenomena alongside suggestions for developing a more methodologically rigorous eyewitness science. Over the past 40 years, the field of eyewitness science has seen substantial advancement in eyewitness identification procedures, yet theoretical and methodological developments have fallen behind. Featuring contributions from prominent international scholars, this book examines methodological and theoretical limitations and explores important topics, including how to increase the accuracy of identifying perpetrators when using CCTV images, how to create more identifiable facial composites, and the differences in accuracy between younger and older eyewitnesses. Providing in-depth discussion on the limitations of traditional lineups, eyewitness memory fallibility, and the complications that arise when using laboratory simulations, along with suggestions for new methods, this book will be an invaluable resource for researchers in eyewitness recognition, lawyers, players in the criminal justice system, members of innocence commissions, and researchers with interests in cognitive psychology.
National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Law and Justice,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Committee on Scientific Approaches to Understanding and Maximizing the Validity and Reliability of Eyewitness Identification in Law Enforcement and the Courts
Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Law and Justice,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Committee on Scientific Approaches to Understanding and Maximizing the Validity and Reliability of Eyewitness Identification in Law Enforcement and the Courts Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 170 pages File Size : 53,6 Mb Release : 2015-01-16 Category : Law ISBN : 9780309310628
Identifying the Culprit by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Law and Justice,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Committee on Scientific Approaches to Understanding and Maximizing the Validity and Reliability of Eyewitness Identification in Law Enforcement and the Courts Pdf
Eyewitnesses play an important role in criminal cases when they can identify culprits. Estimates suggest that tens of thousands of eyewitnesses make identifications in criminal investigations each year. Research on factors that affect the accuracy of eyewitness identification procedures has given us an increasingly clear picture of how identifications are made, and more importantly, an improved understanding of the principled limits on vision and memory that can lead to failure of identification. Factors such as viewing conditions, duress, elevated emotions, and biases influence the visual perception experience. Perceptual experiences are stored by a system of memory that is highly malleable and continuously evolving, neither retaining nor divulging content in an informational vacuum. As such, the fidelity of our memories to actual events may be compromised by many factors at all stages of processing, from encoding to storage and retrieval. Unknown to the individual, memories are forgotten, reconstructed, updated, and distorted. Complicating the process further, policies governing law enforcement procedures for conducting and recording identifications are not standard, and policies and practices to address the issue of misidentification vary widely. These limitations can produce mistaken identifications with significant consequences. What can we do to make certain that eyewitness identification convicts the guilty and exonerates the innocent? Identifying the Culprit makes the case that better data collection and research on eyewitness identification, new law enforcement training protocols, standardized procedures for administering line-ups, and improvements in the handling of eyewitness identification in court can increase the chances that accurate identifications are made. This report explains the science that has emerged during the past 30 years on eyewitness identifications and identifies best practices in eyewitness procedures for the law enforcement community and in the presentation of eyewitness evidence in the courtroom. In order to continue the advancement of eyewitness identification research, the report recommends a focused research agenda. Identifying the Culprit will be an essential resource to assist the law enforcement and legal communities as they seek to understand the value and the limitations of eyewitness identification and make improvements to procedures.
Author : Tim Valentine,Josh P Davis Publisher : John Wiley & Sons Page : 374 pages File Size : 40,6 Mb Release : 2015-06-22 Category : Psychology ISBN : 9781118469118
Forensic Facial Identification by Tim Valentine,Josh P Davis Pdf
Forensic Facial Identification “A broad view of contemporary eyewitness research in both traditional and emerging areas. The international cast of contributors particularly highlights the interplay between law and research across countries — with lessons for all.” Steven D. Penrod, Distinguished Professor, John Jay College of Criminal Justice “At an age where we are relying more than ever on facial identification to ensure public safety, this volume represents an important milestone in ensuring our decisions are informed by the latest developments in technology and science. International experts provide practitioners with an exhaustive review of the tools needed to identify and investigate cases relying on facial identification, be they terror suspects or victims of disaster. What is unique about this book is that experts are encouraged to learn from mistakes made in the past and to equip themselves with theory and science to enable them to best use identification evidence to avoid miscarriages of justice. An outstanding contribution to the field.” Amina Memon, Professor of Psychology Royal Holloway, University of London Forensic Facial Identification provides an up-to-date set of best practices for professionals using eyewitness identification to solve crimes of all kinds. The book brings together a prominent group of contributors to discuss the latest scientific and technical advancements and their implications for practice. The contributors review current procedures for various facial identification methods and discuss their use and reliability. The chapters examine traditional forms of eyewitness identification, such as mugshots and line-ups, but also delve into newer technologies, such as facial identification using CCTV images and computerized automatic face recognition systems. Detailed case studies help put the latest research and technology in the proper legal context. Bridging the fields of psychology, criminology, and law, this essential volume, part of the Wiley Series in Crime, Policing and Law, is for those wishing to stay at the cutting-edge of this expanding and changing field.
The Impact of Technology on the Criminal Justice System by Emily Pica,David Ross,Joanna Pozzulo Pdf
This comprehensive volume explores the impact of emerging technologies designed to fight crime and terrorism. It first reviews the latest advances in detecting deception, interrogation, and crime scene investigation, before then transitioning to the role of technology in collecting and evaluating evidence from lay witnesses, police body cameras, and super-recognizers. Finally it explores the role of technology in the courtroom with a particular focus social media, citizen crime sleuths, virtual court, and child witnesses. It shines light on emerging issues, such as whether new norms have been created in the emergence of new technologies and how human behaviour has shifted in response. Based on a global range of contributions, this volume provides an overview of the technological explosion in the field of law enforcement and discusses its successes and failures in fighting crime. It is valuable reading for advanced students in forensic or legal psychology and for practitioners, researchers, and scholars in law, criminal justice, and criminology.
Forensic Psychology by David A. Crighton,Graham J. Towl Pdf
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Explore the theory, research, and practice of forensic psychology with this collection of resources from recognized leaders in the field The newly revised Third Edition of Forensic Psychology delivers insightful coverage of the theory and applications of forensic psychology. The book combines authoritative scholarship with an unprecedented breadth of international coverage and constitutes an essential resource for all aspects of contemporary forensic and criminal psychology. The new edition addresses issues of equality, diversity, and inclusion in each section, as well as the uses and abuses of power in forensic contexts. The book takes a constructively critical approach to the dominant theories, policy, and practices of today, as opposed to being merely descriptive, and considers new and developing areas, like the prevention of sexual violence at universities. Forensic Psychology comprehensively addresses the application of modern forensic techniques and practices to the civil and criminal justice systems in the United Kingdom. Each chapter concludes with some specific suggestions for further reading. Additionally, readers will enjoy the inclusion of a wide variety of topics, like: A thorough discussion of investigative and clinical practice, including the politics of forensic psychology, offender profiling, eyewitness testimony, and jury decision making An examination of clinical and risk assessments, including reviews of the key legal issues and principles involved in risk assessments, the role of structured instruments and protocols, and coverage of actuarial and structured clinical methods Discussions of working with criminalized populations in prisons and forensic mental health facilities A treatment of psychology in the courts with an emphasis on the courts of England and Wales Perfect for graduate level students in forensic psychology courses, Forensic Psychology will also earn a place in the libraries of qualified forensic psychologist practitioners and postgraduate students seeking to improve their understanding of forensic psychology with a high-quality international textbook underpinned by considerations of human rights and ethical standards.
Advances in Psychology and Law by Brian H. Bornstein,Monica K. Miller,David DeMatteo Pdf
This edited volume presents nine new state-of-the-science chapters covering topics relevant to psychology and law, from established and emerging researchers in the field. Relevant to researchers, clinical practitioners, and policy makers, topics include discussions of rape and sexual assault, eyewitness identification, body-worn cameras, forensic gait analysis, evaluations and assessments, veteran’s experiences, therapeutic animals and wrongful convictions.
Human faces are unique biological structures that convey a complex variety of important social messages. Even strangers can tell things from our faces – our feelings, our locus of attention, something of what we are saying, our age, sex, and ethnic group, whether they find us attractive or approachable. Face Perception, second edition, has been thoroughly updated throughout, providing an up-to-date, integrative summary by two authors who have helped to develop and shape the field. The book begins with the foundations of face perception before considering what is known about how we see different things in faces. It concludes with a discussion of how face perception relates to wider questions involving interpersonal perception and re-examines the question of what makes faces ‘special’. The importance of integrating different research perspectives and asking critical theoretical questions is emphasised throughout, to develop a distinctive point of view of the area. Written in a clear and accessible style, this is invaluable reading for all students and researchers interested in studying face perception and social cognition.
James Michael Lampinen,Jeffrey S. Neuschatz,Andrew D. Cling
Author : James Michael Lampinen,Jeffrey S. Neuschatz,Andrew D. Cling Publisher : Taylor & Francis Page : 348 pages File Size : 54,5 Mb Release : 2012-04-27 Category : Psychology ISBN : 9781136247125
The Psychology of Eyewitness Identification by James Michael Lampinen,Jeffrey S. Neuschatz,Andrew D. Cling Pdf
This volume provides a tutorial review and evaluation of scientific research on the accuracy and reliability of eyewitness identification. The book starts with the perspective that there are a variety of conceptual and empirical problems with eyewitness identification as a form of forensic evidence, just as there are a variety of problems with other forms of forensic evidence. There is then an examination of the important results in the study of eyewitness memory and the implications of this research for psychological theory and for social and legal policy. The volume takes the perspective that research on eyewitness identification can be seen as the paradigmatic example of how psychological science can be successfully applied to real-world problems.
Author : Brian L. Cutler,Steven D. Penrod Publisher : Cambridge University Press Page : 306 pages File Size : 50,9 Mb Release : 1995-08-25 Category : Law ISBN : 0521445728
Psychological Issues in Eyewitness Identification by Siegfried L. Sporer,Roy S. Malpass,Guenter Koehnken Pdf
Why do police officers, investigators, prosecutors, judges, and others with an interest in eliciting accurate memory-based testimony need to inform themselves of the research literature in experimental psychology that addresses the question of witness memory? The answer is straightforward, from the perspective of a simple cost/benefit analysis. As with so many matters in the administration of public funds, effectiveness holds important rewards. Those who investigate crimes and decide which line of investigation to pursue and which line to postpone or set aside, necessarily make judgments about the likely guilt of suspects based on the information at hand. If they can make these judgments with a high degree of accuracy, everyone benefits. For many cases eyewitness identification is an important component of evidence, prosecution, and plea negotiation. If witness identification is correctly implemented, investigators and prosecutors can make their judgments effectively, and focus their resources more efficiently. A major component of effectiveness requires avoiding expending scarce resources on erroneous prosecutions. It is in everyone's interest to make the best use of the memory of witnesses: to preserve it without changing it; to render it maximally accessible; to provide an environment in which witnesses feel free to report their recollections; and to accurately assess the probable validity of the witness's report, regardless of the witness's certainty or doubts about its accuracy. This volume gathers evidence from various research domains on eyewitness testimony. Although many of the studies discussed deal with eyewitness identification, it is noteworthy that many of them also touch upon other areas of concern to eyewitness researchers, including chapters on: *voice recognition by humans and computers, with particularly detailed instructions on conducting voice "lineup," *differential aspects of recognition memory in children, *elderly eyewitness' memory, *problems of cross-racial identification, *psychological aspects of facial image reconstruction techniques, *person descriptions, *particular benefits of reinstating context as a means to improve eyewitness memory, *problems associated with various research paradigms in the eyewitness arena, and *recommendations on how to conduct lineups and photospreads and their proper evaluation. Differentiated from other literature on this topic by its non-technical language and accessibility to non-professionals, this volume covers a great deal of ground, raises a host of questions, settles some others, and points the way to more effective use and evaluation of what eyewitnesses have to say.
Roger L. Terry grew up in Danbury, Connecticut; and after a year at Danbury High School, he transferred to Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts and graduated in 1954. He started his training in psychology at Yale University, receiving his bachelor of arts degree in 1962. He earned his master of science degree in psychology in 1964 at Auburn University where he spent a year as a graduate assistant teaching introductory psychology. Moving on to the social psychology program at the University of Missouri at Columbia, he was a part-time research assistant and full-time research associate in the Center for Research in Social Behavior, primarily responsible for the collection of survey data from samples of public school teachers in the United States, England, New Zealand, and Australia. His teaching experience included more courses in introductory psychology and conducting the correspondence course in social psychology. He was awarded his doctor of philosophy degree in social psychology in 1968. Upon receiving his doctorate, he joined the psychology faculty of Hanover College in Indiana where he spent the entirety of his postdoctoral career. During that time, he advanced through the academic ranks from assistant professor to associate professor to professor of psychology, including multiple stints as chair of the department of psychology. His primary teaching responsibilities included social psychology; cognitive psychology; social research methods; learning, motivation, and personality theory; and, of course, introductory psychology. He also taught courses in life span development, human sexuality, social conflict, research controversies, and educational psychology and learning disabilities. Periodically, he taught off-campus classes in social psychology, child psychology, educational psychology, and abnormal psychology for Purdue University and Indiana University. All of these courses dealt with the gamut of behavior generally while social psychology covered such specific issues of eyewitness identification as person perception (e.g., impression formation), social judgment (e.g., attribution of responsibility), attitude change (e.g., testimonial persuasiveness), and group dynamics (e.g., jury deliberation); and cognitive psychology dealt extensively with the nature of human memory and forgetting (e.g., face recognition). With respect to postdoctoral research experiences, part of his teaching responsibilities included baccalaureate thesis supervision. Over the years, he consulted and supervised more than one hundred undergraduate research theses on all sorts of behavioral science topics, mostly inspired by the students themselves. He is the sole author or coauthor of more than fifty professional conference presentations at the state, regional, national, and international levels; about seventy-five publications in scientific journals; and countless classroom projects, pretests, and pilot studies. The overwhelming majority of published articles report original research investigations; a few articles are nonempirical without statistical analyses of original data (e.g., literature and book reviews, theoretical statements, etc.). The articles appeared in more than forty different periodicals in the United States and abroad. While most of this research dealt with topics of social and cognitive psychology generally, such specific issues of eyewitness testimony as social perception, impression formation, effects of disguises on face recognition, and lineup bias were covered. These interests can be seen in a sample of a halfdozen references: "Contextual similarities in subjective probabilities of rape and other events" (Journal of Social Psychology 113 [1981]: 293 294), "Social and personality effects of vision correctives" (Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 5 [1990]: 683 695), "How wearing eyeglasses affects facial recognition" (Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social 12 [1993]: 151 162), "
Evaluating Eyewitness Identification by Brian Cutler,Brian L. Cutler,Margaret Bull Kovera Pdf
This volume deals with the issues involved in evaluating eyewitness testimony. In making recommendations for best practice, authors consider empirical support, legal relevance, and consistency with ethical and professional standards.
Familiarity and Conviction in the Criminal Justice System by Joanna Pozzulo,Emily Pica,Chelsea Sheahan Pdf
Eyewitness research has focused mainly on stranger identification, but identification is also critical for the "familiar stranger", and understanding how variability in an eyewitness's familiarity with the perpetrator may influence recall and recognition accuracy will facilitate swifter and more just resolutions to crime. Familiarity and Conviction in the Criminal Justice System examines the notion of familiarity between an eyewitness/victim and a perpetrator, ranging from complete unfamiliarity (as with a total stranger) to a very familiar other. Authors Joanna Pozzulo, Emily Pica, and Chelsea Sheahan define what is meant by "familiarity" in an eyewitness context and how it has been operationalized and manipulated, exploring factors that may interact with familiarity and examining jurors' perceptions of it. The first half of the book draws on various sub-areas of psychology to understand familiarity against the backdrop of eyewitness identification: social psychology theories of how familiarity is established; cognitive psychology and its theories of recognition; face processing literature; and eyewitness literature. The second half of the book surveys system and estimator variables that influence identification, such as lineup procedures, interviewing techniques, the role of age, race, and more; as well as how familiarity is weighed in juror decision-making. A final chapter issues a call for continuing research examining the notion of familiarity and its impact on the criminal justice system.
Protecting Children from Violence by James Michael Lampinen,Kathy Sexton-Radek Pdf
Providing an evidence-based understanding of the causes and consequences of violence against children, experts in the field examine the best practices used to help protect children from violence. Various types of violence are reviewed including physical and sexual abuse, (cyber-)bullying, human trafficking, online predators, abductions, and war. In addition, it reviews the various perpetrators of such violence including parents and relatives, strangers, other children, and societal institutions. The possible outcomes of such violence including physical injuries, death, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders, and damage to the social fabric of the local community are also explored. To enhance accessibility, each contributor addresses common themes: Opening case studies dramatically illustrate the human cost of abuse and neglect Empirically driven estimates of the scope of problem to better understand who is at risk and why Empirically driven testing of interventions to maximize effectiveness of programs How current research compares to public perception and the impact on public policy The worldwide problem of violence against children Evidence-based recommendations for reducing violence against children. The book opens with a review of the history of the problem, the methodological approaches used to study it, and current "best practice" prevention strategies. The methods used to identify peer victims are then explored. Next child eyewitness memory is examined including the most effective techniques for maximizing the retrieval of information. This is followed by the research on missing and abducted children including the effectiveness of recovery programs such as supermarket campaigns and forensic age profiles. Next how the Internet is used in the victimization of children is explored including tips to help protect children online. Public attitudes toward sex offender registration laws are then reviewed followed by vulnerabilities that include genetic, neuropsychological, temperamental, cognitive, perceptual and social factors. International perspectives on protecting children from violence and global health inequities are then addressed. The book concludes with recommendations for future research. Contributors are noted scholars from a broad range of disciplines. As such, the book appeals to researchers and advanced students in developmental, counseling, clinical, cognitive, evolutionary, and social psychology, as well as sociology, social work, criminal justice, education, and law enforcement.
Rod C. L. Lindsay,David F. Ross,J. Don Read,Michael P. Toglia
Author : Rod C. L. Lindsay,David F. Ross,J. Don Read,Michael P. Toglia Publisher : Psychology Press Page : 760 pages File Size : 48,7 Mb Release : 2014-05-12 Category : Psychology ISBN : 9781317777823
Handbook Of Eyewitness Psychology 2 Volume Set by Rod C. L. Lindsay,David F. Ross,J. Don Read,Michael P. Toglia Pdf
The Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology presents a survey of research and legal opinions from international experts on the rapidly expanding scientific literature addressing the accuracy and limitations of eyewitnesses as a source of evidence for the courts. For the first time, extensive reviews of factors influencing witnesses of all ages – children, adults, and the elderly – are compiled in a single pair of volumes. The disparate research currently being conducted in eyewitness memory in psychology, criminal justice, and legal studies is coherently presented in this work. Volume 1 covers memory for events. Volume 2 cover memory for people.
