Militias States And Violence Against Civilians

Author : Paul Lorenzo Johnson,William Wittels
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 186 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2023-04-21
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781000870503

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Militias, States and Violence against Civilians by Paul Lorenzo Johnson,William Wittels Pdf

This book examines the conditions under which the presence and use of militias result in an increase or a decrease in violence against civilians in intra-state conflicts. Showcasing the breadth and diversity of modern militias in the context of violence against civilians, the volume addresses the predation and repression that many such groups are infamous for, as well as increasingly important efforts by other militias at civilian protection in war-torn settings. The chapters examine militias from around the world, drawing on both qualitative and quantitative methods as they cover groups as varied as gangs, death squads, grassroots community-defense groups, official state militias, and party-sponsored armies – groups on the "civic vice" side, the "civic virtue" side, and the wide and mixed in-between space where most cases fall. Taken as a cohesive unit, the work lays the foundation for an encompassing theory and interrogation of the causal chain between militia type and operating context and the levels of violence against civilians. It provides path-breaking theory-building and empirical scholarship. Policymakers and national security practitioners dealing with issues relating to armed groups will also benefit from the practical issues covered here, such as how different forms of sponsorship and training affect militia behavior. This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, political violence, counterinsurgency, civil-military relations, and security studies in general.

Author : Paul Rexton Kan
Publisher : Springer
Page : 133 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2019-02-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783030130169

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The Global Challenge of Militias and Paramilitary Violence by Paul Rexton Kan Pdf

This book describes militias as significant and prevalent actors in today’s international security environment. To separate them from other types of violent non-state groups, such as terrorists, guerrillas and insurgents, the author describes militias as local guardians that use violence to fill a variety of political, social and security gaps, which have created vulnerabilities for their particular constituencies. Although militias are local in orientation, their effects are not contained to particular countries and have only added to the instability in the international system. This book explores how militias contribute to international security issues by furthering state fragility, undermining human rights and democratization, enabling illicit trafficking, prolonging internal conflicts and fostering proxy wars.

Author : Heike Krieger,Jan Willms
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 577 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2015-09-18
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781107102057

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Inducing Compliance with International Humanitarian Law by Heike Krieger,Jan Willms Pdf

Evaluates various means of inducing compliance with international humanitarian law by state and non-state actors.

Author : Corinna Jentzsch
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2022
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1108941087

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Violent Resistance by Corinna Jentzsch Pdf

Why do communities form militias to defend themselves against violence during civil war? Using original interviews with former combatants and civilians and archival material from extensive fieldwork in Mozambique, Corinna Jentzsch's Violent Resistance explains the timing, location and process through which communities form militias. Jentzsch shows that local military stalemates characterized by ongoing violence allow civilians to form militias that fight alongside the government against rebels. Militias spread only to communities in which elites are relatively unified, preventing elites from coopting militias for private gains. Crucially, militias that build on preexisting social conventions are able to resonate with the people and empower them to regain agency over their lives. Jentzsch's innovative study brings conceptual clarity to the militia phenomenon and helps us understand how wartime civilian agency, violent resistance, and the rise of third actors beyond governments and rebels affect the dynamics of civil war, on the African continent and beyond.

Author : Ana Arjona,Nelson Kasfir,Zachariah Mampilly
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2015-10-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781316432389

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Rebel Governance in Civil War by Ana Arjona,Nelson Kasfir,Zachariah Mampilly Pdf

This is the first book to examine and compare how rebels govern civilians during civil wars in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Europe. Drawing from a variety of disciplinary traditions, including political science, sociology, and anthropology, the book provides in-depth case studies of specific conflicts as well as comparative studies of multiple conflicts. Among other themes, the book examines why and how some rebels establish both structures and practices of rule, the role of ideology, cultural, and material factors affecting rebel governance strategies, the impact of governance on the rebel/civilian relationship, civilian responses to rebel rule, the comparison between modes of state and non-state governance to rebel attempts to establish political order, the political economy of rebel governance, and the decline and demise of rebel governance attempts.

Author : Corinna Jentzsch
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 245 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2022-01-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781108837453

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Violent Resistance by Corinna Jentzsch Pdf

Using original fieldwork, Violent Resistance explains when, where, and how communities form militias to defend themselves in civil wars.

Author : David Backer,Ravinder Bhavnani,Paul Huth
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2017-11-08
Category : Reference
ISBN : 9781351211642

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Peace and Conflict 2017 by David Backer,Ravinder Bhavnani,Paul Huth Pdf

An authoritative source of information on violent conflicts and peacebuilding processes around the world, Peace and Conflict is an annual publication of the University of Maryland’s Center for International Development and Conflict Management and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva). The contents of the 2017 edition are divided into three sections: » Global Patterns and Trends provides an overview of recent advances in scholarly research on various aspects of conflict and peace, as well as chapters on armed conflict, violence against civilians, characteristics of rebel and state forces, sexual violence, democracy and civil war, terrorism, human rights conditions, and the results of the updated Peace & Conflict Instability Ledger, which ranks the status and progress of more than 160 countries based on their forecasted risk of future instability (adverse regime change, internal war, state mass killing, non-state mass killing). » Special Feature spotlights work on the relationship between refugees and the diffusion of armed conflict. » Profiles surveys developments in instances of civil wars, peacekeeping missions, and international criminal justice proceedings that were active around the world during 2015. Frequent visualizations of data in full-color, large-format tables, graphs, and maps bring the analysis to life and amplify crucial developments in real-world events and the latest findings in research. The contributors include many leading scholars in the field from the US and Europe.

Author : Rear Admiral Joseph H. Miller,Mrs. Cathy Miller R.N. CNRN
Publisher : AuthorHouse
Page : 183 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2019-02-28
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781728300740

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Citizen Militia by Rear Admiral Joseph H. Miller,Mrs. Cathy Miller R.N. CNRN Pdf

History is filled with wars. We dream the victories and defeats, great and small, and note how they have shaped our world. Wars and social movements have made our civilization as we know it. Man’s religion and past wars gives us an understanding of the present. In 1075, a militia loyal to the crown was used against the Norman rebellion. A militia in 1285, and later a Law of Trusts, reorganized the militia. In 1471, with the aid of the militia, towns in Sweden returned to reforms. The University of Uppsala was founded (1477) and printing was introduced. The civic humanist ideal of the militia was spread through Europe by the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli. The militiaman in times of crisis left his civilian duties and became a soldier. When the emergency was over, he returned to his civilian status. Militias continued in England, Italy, Germany, and the United States through the Middle Ages. The first US militia was in Boston. Militias soon followed in the Colonies. Militias were valuable in the American Revolution, the War of 1812, Mexican War, and both sides of the Civil War. There was further growth into the 1900’s and on into the Present. “Thou art also victory and law When empty terrors overawe.” (Wordsworth)

Author : William Plowright
Publisher : Routledge Studies in Civil Wars and Intra-State Conflict
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2022-08-29
Category : Child soldiers
ISBN : 036764939X

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Armed Groups and International Legitimacy by William Plowright Pdf

This book analyses the issue of child soldiers in order to understand how armed groups engage with international organizations to gain international legitimacy. The work examines why some armed groups 'follow the rules' of international humanitarian law and others do not. It argues that armed groups in conflicts around the world engage with international organizations in order to gain international legitimacy and to show they are following the laws of war. By examining the issue of child soldiers in contemporary armed conflict, the volume establishes a typology of which groups will engage with international actors and follow the laws of war - and which will not. The main aim of the book is to understand the rationality of even the most violent of actors, and to understand when and how armed groups can be encouraged to follow the laws of war. The work draws from extensive primary research conducted among armed groups in Syria and Myanmar, including al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the many small ethnic insurgent groups of Myanmar. This book will be of much interest to students of war and conflict studies, security studies, international humanitarian law, and International Relations.

Author : Edward Newman
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 217 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2014-04-24
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781134715350

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Understanding Civil Wars by Edward Newman Pdf

This volume explores the nature of civil war in the modern world and in historical perspective. Civil wars represent the principal form of armed conflict since the end of the Second World War, and certainly in the contemporary era. The nature and impact of civil wars suggests that these conflicts reflect and are also a driving force for major societal change. In this sense, Understanding Civil Wars: Continuity and change in intrastate conflict argues that the nature of civil war is not fundamentally changing in nature. The book includes a thorough consideration of patterns and types of intrastate conflict and debates relating to the causes, impact, and ‘changing nature’ of war. A key focus is on the political and social driving forces of such conflict and its societal meanings, significance and consequences. The author also explores methodological and epistemological challenges related to studying and understanding intrastate war. A range of questions and debates are addressed. What is the current knowledge regarding the causes and nature of armed intrastate conflict? Is it possible to produce general, cross-national theories on civil war which have broad explanatory relevance? Is the concept of ‘civil wars’ empirically meaningful in an era of globalization and transnational war? Has intrastate conflict fundamentally changed in nature? Are there historical patterns in different types of intrastate conflict? What are the most interesting methodological trends and debates in the study of armed intrastate conflict? How are narratives about the causes and nature of civil wars constructed around ideas such as ethnic conflict, separatist conflict and resource conflict? This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intrastate conflict, security studies and international relations in general.

Author : David J. Francis
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781351951227

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Civil Militia by David J. Francis Pdf

This volume critically engages with the phenomenon of civil militias in Africa, especially the nature of threats and challenges they pose to national and human security. It questions why the African political scene is increasingly inundated with the activities of civil militias, examines the socio-political and economic conditions that trigger and/or encourage and sustain the operations of civil militias, and investigates the dominant motivations of African civil militias. In the face of this complex security emergency, the volume conceptualizes and theorizes the phenomenon of civil militias; focuses the academic debate and policy on the links between civil militias and the growing cycle of state failure, instability, collapse and fragmentation in Africa; broadly and critically explores and expounds the short-term security consequences of the operations of civil militias; and articulates a corpus of policy-relevant knowledge. The book is ideally suited to courses on African studies, security and peace studies and military studies but would also be of interest to practitioners.

Author : Uğur Ümit Üngör
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2020-07-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9780192558985

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Paramilitarism by Uğur Ümit Üngör Pdf

From the deserts of Sudan to the jungles of Colombia, and from the streets of Belfast to the mountains of Kurdistan, paramilitaries have appeared in violent conflicts in very different settings. Paramilitaries are generally depicted as irregular armed organizations that carry out acts of violence against civilians on behalf of a state. In doing so, they undermine the state's monopoly of legitimate violence, while at the same time creating a breeding ground for criminal activities. Why do governments with functioning police forces and armies use paramilitary groups? This study tackles this question through the prism of the interpenetration of paramilitaries and the state. The author interprets paramilitarism as the ability of the state to successfully outsource mass political violence against civilians that transforms and traumatizes societies. It analyses how paramilitarism can be understood in global context, and how paramilitarism is connected to transformations of warfare and state-society relations. By comparing a broad range of cases, it looks at how paramilitarism has made a profound impact in a large number of countries that were different, but nevertheless shared a history of pro-government militia activity. A thorough understanding of paramilitarism can clarify the direction and intensity of violence in wartime and peacetime. The volume examines the issues of international involvement, institutional support, organized crime, party politics, and personal ties.

Author : Damien Kingsbury,Costas Laoutides
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2015-03-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781317631385

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Territorial Separatism in Global Politics by Damien Kingsbury,Costas Laoutides Pdf

This volume examines the various aspects of territorial separatism, focusing on how and why separatist movements arise. Featuring essays by leading scholars from different disciplinary perspectives, the book aims to situate the question of separatism within the broader socio-political context of the international system, arguing that a set of historical events as well as local, regional, and global dynamics have converged to provide the catalysts that often trigger separatist conflicts. In addition, the book marks progress towards a new conceptual framework for the study of territorial separatism, by linking the survival of communities in international politics with the effective control of territory and the consequent creation of new polities. Separatist conflicts challenge conventional wisdom concerning conflict resolution within the context of international relations by unpacking a number of questions with regard to conflict transformation. Through the use of case studies, including Cyprus, the Rakhine state in Myanmar, the Shia separatism in Iraq, the Uighurs in China and the case of East Timor, the volume addresses key issues including the role of democracy, international law, intervention, post-conflict peacebuilding and the creation of new political entities. The book will be of much interest to students of Intra-StateConflict, Conflict Resolution, International Law, Security Studies and International Relations.

Author : Stathis N. Kalyvas
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 20 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2006-05-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781139456920

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The Logic of Violence in Civil War by Stathis N. Kalyvas Pdf

By analytically decoupling war and violence, this book explores the causes and dynamics of violence in civil war. Against the prevailing view that such violence is an instance of impenetrable madness, the book demonstrates that there is logic to it and that it has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, and cultures than currently believed. Kalyvas specifies a novel theory of selective violence: it is jointly produced by political actors seeking information and individual civilians trying to avoid the worst but also grabbing what opportunities their predicament affords them. Violence, he finds, is never a simple reflection of the optimal strategy of its users; its profoundly interactive character defeats simple maximization logics while producing surprising outcomes, such as relative nonviolence in the 'frontlines' of civil war.

Author : Jean-Paul Azam,Anke Hoeffler
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Civil war
ISBN : MSU:31293021157650

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Violence Against Civilians in Civil Wars by Jean-Paul Azam,Anke Hoeffler Pdf