Morality For Humans

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Morality for Humans

Mark Johnson
Morality for Humans Book PDF

Author : Mark Johnson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2015-09-04
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780226113548

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Morality for Humans by Mark Johnson Pdf

“A welcome renewal and defense of John Dewey's ethical naturalism, which Johnson claims is the only morality ‘fit for actual human beings.’” —Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews What is the difference between right and wrong? This is no easy question to answer, yet we constantly try to make it so, frequently appealing to absolutes, whether drawn from God, universal reason, or societal authority. Combining cognitive science with a pragmatist philosophical framework, Mark Johnson argues that appealing solely to absolute principles is not only scientifically unsound but even morally suspect. He shows that the standards for the kinds of people we should be and how we should treat one another are frequently subject to change. Taking context into consideration, he offers a nuanced, naturalistic view of ethics that sees us creatively adapt our standards according to given needs, emerging problems, and social interactions. Ethical naturalism is not just a revamped form of relativism. Indeed, Johnson attempts to overcome the absolutist-versus-relativist impasse that has been one of the most intractable problems in the history of philosophy. Much of our moral thought, he shows, is automatic and intuitive, gut feelings that we attempt to justify with rational analysis and argument. However, good moral deliberation is not limited to intuitive judgments supported after the fact by reasoning. Johnson points out a crucial third element: we imagine how our decisions will play out, how we or the world would change with each action we might take. Plumbing this imaginative dimension of moral reasoning, he provides a psychologically sophisticated view of moral problem solving, one perfectly suited for the embodied, culturally embedded, and ever-developing human creatures that we are.

The Epistemology and Morality of Human Kinds

Marion Godman
The Epistemology and Morality of Human Kinds Book PDF

Author : Marion Godman
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 157 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2020-11-25
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781351748032

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The Epistemology and Morality of Human Kinds by Marion Godman Pdf

Natural kinds is a widely used and pivotal concept in philosophy – the idea being that the classifications and taxonomies employed by science correspond to the real kinds in nature. Natural kinds are often opposed to the idea of kinds in the human and social sciences, which are typically seen as social constructions, characterised by changing norms and resisting scientific reduction. Yet human beings are also a subject of scientific study.Does this mean humans fall into corresponding kinds of their own? In The Epistemology and Morality of Human Kinds Marion Godman defends the idea of human kinds. She first examines the scientific use and nature of human kinds, considering the arguments of key philosophers whose work bears upon human kinds, such as Ian Hacking, John Searle, Richard Boyd and Ruth Millikan. Using the examples of gender, ethnic minorities and Buddhism she then argues that human kinds are a result of ongoing historical reproduction, chiefly due to pre-existing cultural models and social learning. Her novel argument shifts the focus away from the reductionism characteristic of research about human kinds. Instead, sheargues that they are “multiply projectable” and deserving of scientific study not in spite of, but because of their role in explaining our identity, injusticeand the emergence of group rights.

Human Morality

Samuel Scheffler
Human Morality Book PDF

Author : Samuel Scheffler
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 161 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1992
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780195085648

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Human Morality by Samuel Scheffler Pdf

'An immensely rich book.... The book is extremely careful, resourceful, and reasonable. It is essential reading for everyone interested in ethics.' -Mind

Morality and Human Nature

Robert Mcshea
Morality and Human Nature Book PDF

Author : Robert Mcshea
Publisher : Temple University Press
Page : 301 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 1990-12-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780877227359

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Morality and Human Nature by Robert Mcshea Pdf

Plato asked, "How shall a man live?" In this volume, Robert J. McShea offers an important, serious, and controversial answer to that perennial question. In this inquiry into the origins of human values, the author argues that values are based on emotions rather than on reason. The human ability to recall the past, to imagine future consequences of actions, and to be aware simultaneously of present, past, and probable future feelings form the basis of moral judgments. What is truly valuable to humans is a consequence of their species nature; thus, moral theory is the study of that nature. This is what McShea calls the human nature tradition, from "know thyself": to "the noblest study of man is man." Using ethology (studies of animal behavior), the author seeks to remind the reader of the significance of species being to the understanding of all creatures, and thus of ourselves. In viewing moral values as arising from human nature, McShea challenges a number of influential theories-notably, the belief that values are products of culture. Written out of a growing sense that our society finds itself in a moral and social limbo, Morality and Human Nature aurges that we start afresh and calls us to a continual reassessment of mores and social practices in the light of their adaptability to human feeling.

Morality for Humans

Mark Johnson
Morality for Humans Book PDF

Author : Mark Johnson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2015-09-11
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 022632494X

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Morality for Humans by Mark Johnson Pdf

What is the difference between right and wrong? This is no easy question to answer, yet we constantly try to make it so, frequently appealing to some hidden cache of cut-and-dried absolutes, whether drawn from God, universal reason, or societal authority. Combining cognitive science with a pragmatist philosophical framework in Morality for Humans: Ethical Understanding from the Perspective of Cognitive Science, Mark Johnson argues that appealing solely to absolute principles and values is not only scientifically unsound but even morally suspect. He shows that the standards for the kinds of people we should be and how we should treat one another—which we often think of as universal—are in fact frequently subject to change. And we should be okay with that. Taking context into consideration, he offers a remarkably nuanced, naturalistic view of ethics that sees us creatively adapt our standards according to given needs, emerging problems, and social interactions. Ethical naturalism is not just a revamped form of relativism. Indeed, Johnson attempts to overcome the absolutist-versus-relativist impasse that has been one of the most intractable problems in the history of philosophy. He does so through a careful and inclusive look at the many ways we reason about right and wrong. Much of our moral thought, he shows, is automatic and intuitive, gut feelings that we follow up and attempt to justify with rational analysis and argument. However, good moral deliberation is not limited merely to intuitive judgments supported after the fact by reasoning. Johnson points out a crucial third element: we imagine how our decisions will play out, how we or the world would change with each action we might take. Plumbing this imaginative dimension of moral reasoning, he provides a psychologically sophisticated view of moral problem solving, one perfectly suited for the embodied, culturally embedded, and ever-developing human creatures that we are.

The Moral Landscape

Sam Harris
The Moral Landscape Book PDF

Author : Sam Harris
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 322 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2011-09-13
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781439171226

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The Moral Landscape by Sam Harris Pdf

Sam Harris dismantles the most common justification for religious faith--that a moral system cannot be based on science.

The Ethical Primate

Mary Midgley
The Ethical Primate Book PDF

Author : Mary Midgley
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 220 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2002-01-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781134826940

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The Ethical Primate by Mary Midgley Pdf

In The Ethical Primate, Mary Midgley, 'one of the sharpest critical pens in the West' according to the Times Literary Supplement, addresses the fundamental question of human freedom. Scientists and philosophers have found it difficult to understand how each human-being can be a living part of the natural world and still be free. Midgley explores their responses to this seeming paradox and argues that our evolutionary origin explains both why and how human freedom and morality have come about.

Moral Imagination

Mark Johnson
Moral Imagination Book PDF

Author : Mark Johnson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2014-12-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780226223230

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Moral Imagination by Mark Johnson Pdf

Using path-breaking discoveries of cognitive science, Mark Johnson argues that humans are fundamentally imaginative moral animals, challenging the view that morality is simply a system of universal laws dictated by reason. According to the Western moral tradition, we make ethical decisions by applying universal laws to concrete situations. But Johnson shows how research in cognitive science undermines this view and reveals that imagination has an essential role in ethical deliberation. Expanding his innovative studies of human reason in Metaphors We Live By and The Body in the Mind, Johnson provides the tools for more practical, realistic, and constructive moral reflection.

A Natural History of Human Morality

Michael Tomasello
A Natural History of Human Morality Book PDF

Author : Michael Tomasello
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2016-01-04
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780674915879

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A Natural History of Human Morality by Michael Tomasello Pdf

Michael Tomasello offers the most detailed account to date of the evolution of human moral psychology. Based on experimental data comparing great apes and human children, he reconstructs two key evolutionary steps whereby early humans gradually became an ultra-cooperative and, eventually, a moral species capable of acting as a plural agent “we”.

Morality by Design

Rowland Wade
Morality by Design Book PDF

Author : Rowland Wade
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 127 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Moral realism
ISBN : 1789381258

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Morality by Design by Rowland Wade Pdf

The eleven short, linked essays in Morality by Design represent a culmination of two decades of research and writing on the topic of moral realism. Wade Rowland first introduces readers to the basic ideas of leading moral thinkers from Plato to Leibniz to Putnam, and then, he explores the subject through today's political, economic, and environmental conundrums.

In the Light of Evolution

National Academy of Sciences
In the Light of Evolution Book PDF

Author : National Academy of Sciences
Publisher : Sackler Colloquium
Page : 388 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Science
ISBN : UOM:39015073872999

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In the Light of Evolution by National Academy of Sciences Pdf

The Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia of the National Academy of Sciences address scientific topics of broad and current interest, cutting across the boundaries of traditional disciplines. Each year, four or five such colloquia are scheduled, typically two days in length and international in scope. Colloquia are organized by a member of the Academy, often with the assistance of an organizing committee, and feature presentations by leading scientists in the field and discussions with a hundred or more researchers with an interest in the topic. Colloquia presentations are recorded and posted on the National Academy of Sciences Sackler colloquia website and published on CD-ROM. These Colloquia are made possible by a generous gift from Mrs. Jill Sackler, in memory of her husband, Arthur M. Sackler.

Animal Rights & Human Morality

Bernard E. Rollin
Animal Rights Human Morality Book PDF

Author : Bernard E. Rollin
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 1992
Category : Animal rights
ISBN : 0879757892

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Animal Rights & Human Morality by Bernard E. Rollin Pdf

Discusses the theoretical and practical issues related to animals and morality, focusing on the problems of research animals and pets, and looking at the breach between animal advocates and the scientific and medical community.

Moral Engines

Cheryl Mattingly,Rasmus Dyring,Maria Louw,Thomas Schwarz Wentzer
Moral Engines Book PDF

Author : Cheryl Mattingly,Rasmus Dyring,Maria Louw,Thomas Schwarz Wentzer
Publisher : Berghahn Books
Page : 266 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2017-10-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781785336942

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Moral Engines by Cheryl Mattingly,Rasmus Dyring,Maria Louw,Thomas Schwarz Wentzer Pdf

In the past fifteen years, there has been a virtual explosion of anthropological literature arguing that morality should be considered central to human practice. Out of this explosion new and invigorating conversations have emerged between anthropologists and philosophers. Moral Engines: Exploring the Ethical Drives in Human Life includes essays from some of the foremost voices in the anthropology of morality, offering unique interdisciplinary conversations between anthropologists and philosophers about the moral engines of ethical life, addressing the question: What propels humans to act in light of ethical ideals?

The Moral Equality of Humans and Animals

Mark H Bernstein
The Moral Equality of Humans and Animals Book PDF

Author : Mark H Bernstein
Publisher : Springer
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2015-09-15
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781137315250

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The Moral Equality of Humans and Animals by Mark H Bernstein Pdf

Received opinion has it that humans are morally superior to non-human animals; human interests matter more than the like interests of animals and the value of human lives is alleged to be greater than the value of nonhuman animal lives. Since this belief causes mayhem and murder, its de-mythologizing requires urgent attention.

Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality: Evolution, Culture, and Wisdom (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)

Darcia Narvaez
Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality Evolution Culture and Wisdom Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology Book PDF

Author : Darcia Narvaez
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2014-10-20
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780393709674

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Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality: Evolution, Culture, and Wisdom (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) by Darcia Narvaez Pdf

Winner of the Inaugural Expanded Reason Award: A wide-ranging exploration of the role of childhood experiences in adult morality. Moral development has traditionally been considered a matter of reasoning—of learning and acting in accordance with abstract rules. On this model, largely taken for granted in modern societies, acts of selfishness, aggression, and ecological mindlessness are failures of will, moral problems that can be solved by acting in accordance with a higher rationality. But both ancient philosophy and recent scientific scholarship emphasize implicit systems, such as action schemas and perceptual filters that guide behavior and shape human development. In this integrative book, Darcia Narvaez argues that morality goes “all the way down” into our neurobiological and emotional development, and that a person’s moral architecture is largely established early on in life. Moral rationality and virtue emerge “bottom up” from lived experience, so it matters what that experience is. Bringing together deep anthropological history, ethical philosophy, and contemporary neurobiological science, she demonstrates where modern industrialized societies have fallen away from the cultural practices that made us human in the first place. Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality advances the field of developmental moral psychology in three key ways. First, it provides an evolutionary framework for early childhood experience grounded in developmental systems theory, encompassing not only genes but a wide array of environmental and epigenetic factors. Second, it proposes a neurobiological basis for the development of moral sensibilities and cognition, describing ethical functioning at multiple levels of complexity and context before turning to a theory of the emergence of wisdom. Finally, it embraces the sociocultural orientations of our ancestors and cousins in small-band hunter-gatherer societies—the norm for 99% of human history—for a re-envisioning of moral life, from the way we value and organize child raising to how we might frame a response to human-made global ecological collapse. Integrating the latest scholarship in clinical sciences and positive psychology, Narvaez proposes a developmentally informed ecological and ethical sensibility as a way to self-author and revise the ways we think about parenting and sociality. The techniques she describes point towards an alternative vision of moral development and flourishing, one that synthesizes traditional models of executive, top-down wisdom with “primal” wisdom built by multiple systems of biological and cultural influence from the ground up.