Nanoparticles And Plant Microbe Interactions

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Nanoparticles and Plant-Microbe Interactions

Sahadevan Seena,Akhilesh Rai,Santosh Kumar
Nanoparticles and Plant Microbe Interactions Book PDF

Author : Sahadevan Seena,Akhilesh Rai,Santosh Kumar
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 452 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2023-04-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780323908320

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Nanoparticles and Plant-Microbe Interactions by Sahadevan Seena,Akhilesh Rai,Santosh Kumar Pdf

Nanoparticles and Plant-Microbe Interactions: An Environmental Perspective, Volume Seven in the Nanomaterial-Plant Interactions series, provides comprehensive coverage on how nanoparticles can impact plant-microbe interactions. Key themes include nanoparticle synthesis, nano-phytoremediation, nano-farming, the negative impacts of nanoparticles, and nanomaterials in mitigating stress. This will be an essential read for any scientist or researcher looking to assess and understand the potential toxicological risks associated with plant nanotechnology, with particular focus on plant-microbe interactions. Nanotechnology is an emerging field with a vast range of nano-based products for commercial exploitation. The interactions of nanoparticles, plants and microbes can be harnessed in several applications, including alleviating environmental pollution. In addition to the aforementioned content, the book also explores concerns surrounding the toxicity of nanoparticles themselves, an important aspect to be aware, along with potential negative effects. Discusses the latest advances in the use of nanotechnology in plants and plant-microbe interactions Considers the potential negative impacts of nanotechnology on the environment Presents the applications of nanomaterials, including their role in stress mitigation

Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems

Pardeep Singh,Rishikesh Singh,Pramit Verma,Rahul Bhadouria,Ajay Kumar,Mahima Kaushik
Plant Microbes Engineered Nano particles PM ENPs Nexus in Agro Ecosystems Book PDF

Author : Pardeep Singh,Rishikesh Singh,Pramit Verma,Rahul Bhadouria,Ajay Kumar,Mahima Kaushik
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 215 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2021-03-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030669560

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Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems by Pardeep Singh,Rishikesh Singh,Pramit Verma,Rahul Bhadouria,Ajay Kumar,Mahima Kaushik Pdf

This book presents a collection of cross-disciplinary research, with contributions addressing all key features of the plant/microbe/ENP nexus in agro-ecosystems. The uptake, transport and transformation of nanoparticles in plants have attracted more and more attention in the past several years. Especially, the impact of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) on bioprocesses; low-, medium- and high-level dose responses in the microbial community of soil; and long-, medium- and short-term exposure responses, particularly microbial nitrogen transformations, are just a few of the aspects involved. Since ENPs are used in many industries, including cosmetics, agriculture, medicine, food technology and waste management, their transport through biogeochemical cycles is an important focus of many studies today. Specifically, ENP–microbe interaction has been analysed with regard to disease treatment for plants; it plays a vital role in disease inhibition by releasing metal ions that act through many pathways – e.g. reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA transformation and disruption of the cell cycle – to stop cell growth in the pathogen. Due to these properties, ENPs are also used as slow release or delayed release pesticides and fungicides, and as carrier systems for growth-promoting hormones. Despite their multiple uses in various industries, the negative effects of ENPs are still a major concern for the scientific community and consumers alike. For example, their transport to various food chains has been reported to have adverse effects. This raises a degree of doubt concerning a rapidly growing scientific field with major applications in many industries. From a sustainable development perspective and particularly to ensure food security in light of the uncertainty accompanying climate change, it is imperative to address this divergence by focusing on the plant/microbe/ENP nexus.

Interfaces Between Nanomaterials and Microbes

Munishwar Nath Gupta,Sunil Kumar Khare,Rajeshwari Sinha
Interfaces Between Nanomaterials and Microbes Book PDF

Author : Munishwar Nath Gupta,Sunil Kumar Khare,Rajeshwari Sinha
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 287 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2021-06-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000345018

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Interfaces Between Nanomaterials and Microbes by Munishwar Nath Gupta,Sunil Kumar Khare,Rajeshwari Sinha Pdf

Nanomaterials are becoming ubiquitous; microbes similarly are everywhere. This book focuses on various ways the diverse nanomaterials interact with microbial communities and implications of such interactions. Both toxicity and beneficial effects of nanomaterial-microbe interactions have been covered. This includes areas such as fate and bioavailability of nanomaterials in environments, microbial synthesis of nanomaterials and antimicrobial action of nanomaterials. Fairly comprehensive but with narrow focus, the book provides useful insights into these interactions which need to be factored in while designing nanoscience based new technologies.

Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems

Pardeep Singh,Rishikesh Singh,Pramit Verma,Rahul Bhadouria,Ajay Kumar,Mahima Kaushik
Plant Microbes Engineered Nano particles PM ENPs Nexus in Agro Ecosystems Book PDF

Author : Pardeep Singh,Rishikesh Singh,Pramit Verma,Rahul Bhadouria,Ajay Kumar,Mahima Kaushik
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 3030669572

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Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems by Pardeep Singh,Rishikesh Singh,Pramit Verma,Rahul Bhadouria,Ajay Kumar,Mahima Kaushik Pdf

This book presents a collection of cross-disciplinary research, with contributions addressing all key features of the plant/microbe/ENP nexus in agro-ecosystems. The uptake, transport and transformation of nanoparticles in plants have attracted more and more attention in the past several years. Especially, the impact of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) on bioprocesses; low-, medium- and high-level dose responses in the microbial community of soil; and long-, medium- and short-term exposure responses, particularly microbial nitrogen transformations, are just a few of the aspects involved. Since ENPs are used in many industries, including cosmetics, agriculture, medicine, food technology and waste management, their transport through biogeochemical cycles is an important focus of many studies today. Specifically, ENP-microbe interaction has been analysed with regard to disease treatment for plants; it plays a vital role in disease inhibition by releasing metal ions that act through many pathways - e.g. reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA transformation and disruption of the cell cycle - to stop cell growth in the pathogen. Due to these properties, ENPs are also used as slow release or delayed release pesticides and fungicides, and as carrier systems for growth-promoting hormones. Despite their multiple uses in various industries, the negative effects of ENPs are still a major concern for the scientific community and consumers alike. For example, their transport to various food chains has been reported to have adverse effects. This raises a degree of doubt concerning a rapidly growing scientific field with major applications in many industries. From a sustainable development perspective and particularly to ensure food security in light of the uncertainty accompanying climate change, it is imperative to address this divergence by focusing on the plant/microbe/ENP nexus.

Nanomaterials in Plants, Algae and Microorganisms

Durgesh Kumar Tripathi,Parvaiz Ahmad,Shivesh Sharma,Devendra Kumar Chauhan,Nawal Kishore Dubey
Nanomaterials in Plants Algae and Microorganisms Book PDF

Author : Durgesh Kumar Tripathi,Parvaiz Ahmad,Shivesh Sharma,Devendra Kumar Chauhan,Nawal Kishore Dubey
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 382 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2018-09-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780128116456

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Nanomaterials in Plants, Algae and Microorganisms by Durgesh Kumar Tripathi,Parvaiz Ahmad,Shivesh Sharma,Devendra Kumar Chauhan,Nawal Kishore Dubey Pdf

Nanomaterials in Plants, Algae and Microorganisms: Concepts and Controversies: Volume 2 not only covers all the new technologies used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, it also tests their response on plants, algae and micro-organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Unlike most works in the field, the book doesn’t focus exclusively on the higher organisms. Instead, it explores the smaller life forms on which they feed. Topics include the impacts of plant development, how different nanoparticles are absorbed by biota, the impact different metals—including silver and rare earth metals—have on living organisms, and the effects nanoparticles have on aquatic ecosystems as a whole. As nanotechnology based products have become a trillion-dollar industry, there is a need to understand the implications to the health of our biota and ecosystems as the earth is increasingly inundated with these materials. Covers the issues of nanoparticles on more simple organisms and their ecosystems Draws upon global experts to help increase understanding of the interface mechanisms at the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and even genomic and proteomic level between ENPs and biological systems Provides a critical assessment of the progress taking place on this topic Sheds light on future research needs and scientific challenges that still exist in nanoparticle and living organism interactions

Microbiome and Nano-Cross-Talk

Kanchan Vishwakarma,Nitin Kumar,Agbaje Lateef
Microbiome and Nano Cross Talk Book PDF

Author : Kanchan Vishwakarma,Nitin Kumar,Agbaje Lateef
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2024-06-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780443188237

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Microbiome and Nano-Cross-Talk by Kanchan Vishwakarma,Nitin Kumar,Agbaje Lateef Pdf

Microbiome Nano-Cross-Talk presents a comprehensive overview of the functional aspects of multiphasic microbial and nanotechnological interactions within and between plants and their ecosystem. Recognizing that beneficial microbes are involved in plant growth promotion, this book highlights their mechanism and regulation to enhance plant’s yield and development even under stressed conditions. The merging of nanotechnology with microbiology is an essential aspect of this book. Various nanomaterials, their synthesis approaches as well as applications in agriculture have been studied extensively in past years. However, there is still a lack of information available on the synergism between nanomaterials and microbes towards increased plant growth as well as reducing stress. Microbiome Nano-Cross-Talk, provides detailed insights into these environmental and agricultural perspectives of plant-microbe-nano interaction. With a focus on focus the morphological, anatomical, biochemical, molecular and gene expression levels of plant growth promotion, the book is the first of its kind to enable scientists to unravel the different pathways and signaling cascades involved in response to this interaction and to understanding how nanomaterials regulate the plant-microbe associations. It critically examines the role of beneficial microbes in conjunction with nanoparticles in plants and the mechanisms adopted by the plants at the biochemical and molecular levels to enhance plant growth and mitigate various stresses. ???Presents a logistic approach to nanotechnology and microbiology in the plant sciences Explores multiple nanomaterials and their interactions for improved plant health and yield Enables the reader to devise strategies for engineering stress-tolerant plants and increased plant productivity

Microbial Nanobionics

Ram Prasad
Microbial Nanobionics Book PDF

Author : Ram Prasad
Publisher : Springer
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2019-06-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030165345

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Microbial Nanobionics by Ram Prasad Pdf

Microbial Nanobionics: Volume 2, Basic Research Applications continues the important discussion of microbial nanoparticle synthesis with a focus on the mechanistic approach of biosynthesis towards nanobionics. This volume also explores the toxicity of nanomaterials in microbes and their effect on human health and the environment. Special Emphasis is given to the use of polymeric nanomaterials in smart packing for the food industry and agricultural sector. The future of nanomaterials for detection of soil microbes and their interactions and tools for environmental remedies is also comprehensively covered. The rich biodiversity of microbes make them excellent candidates for potential nanoparticle synthesis biofactories. Through a better understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of the microbial biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, the rate of synthesis can be better developed and the monodispersity of the product can be enhanced. The characteristics of nanoparticles can be controlled via optimization of important parameters, such as temperature, pH, concentration and pressure, which regulate microbe growth conditions and cellular and enzymatic activities. Large scale microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is a sustainable method due to the non-hazardous, non-toxic and economical nature of these processes. The applications of microbial synthesis of nanoparticles are wide and varied, spanning the industrial, biomedical and environmental fields. Biomedical applications include improved and more targeted antimicrobials, biosensing, imaging and drug delivery. In the environmental fields, nanoparticles are used for bioremediation of diverse contaminants, water treatment, catalysis and production of clean energy. With the expected growth of microbial nanotechnology, this volume will serve as a comprehensive and timely reference.

Plant Nanobionics

Ram Prasad
Plant Nanobionics Book PDF

Author : Ram Prasad
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 488 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-09-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030163792

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Plant Nanobionics by Ram Prasad Pdf

Plant Nanobionics, Volume 2 continues the important discussion of nanotechnology in plants, but focuses with a focus on biosynthesis and toxicity. This book discusses novel approaches to biosynthesis of nanoparticles for the increase of plant production systems, controlled release of agrochemicals and management of plant biotic stress. Green biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles from bee propolis, artificial photosynthesis and hybrid structures are presented. Although engineered nanoparticles have great potential for solving many agricultural and societal problems, their consequences on the ecosystems and environment must be responsibly considered. This volume aims to contribute to the limited literature on this topic through its comprehensive examination of nanoparticle toxicity on plants, microbes and human health. Environmental risks with recent data are discussed as well as risks associated with the transfer of nanoparticles through the food chain. This volume highlights the study of a mechanistic approach and the study of nanoparticles towards nanobionics. The application of polymeric materials for smart packing in the food industry and agriculture sector as well as the future of nanomaterials in detecting soil microbes for environmental remediation are also included.

Plant-Microbe Interactions

Jagajjit Sahu,Anukool Vaishnav,Harikesh Bahadur Singh
Plant Microbe Interactions Book PDF

Author : Jagajjit Sahu,Anukool Vaishnav,Harikesh Bahadur Singh
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 324 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2022-07-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781000613940

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Plant-Microbe Interactions by Jagajjit Sahu,Anukool Vaishnav,Harikesh Bahadur Singh Pdf

A constant research effort to understand plant-microbe interactions makes it indispensable to keep abreast of the latest research developments. Researchers from a range of disciplines have used multiple approaches to infer this field. With the advent of next-generation techniques, both molecular and computational, the field has entered a new phase. These approaches often result in massive information, which is sometimes tangled and in need of further analysis. These types of analyses also require cutting-edge data analytics as well as efficient statistical models. Plant-Microbe Interactions: Harnessing Next-Generation Molecular Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture provides a comprehensive picture of the modern-day analytics and approaches being used to provide insights into the interactions between plant and microbe. A wide range of technologies are explored along with practical guides toward these techniques. A detailed understanding of omics data in various areas could be obtained from this compilation. Key Features: • Crosstalk between plant and microbe • Overview of advanced molecular techniques used to study plant-microbe interaction • Practical guide to technologies such as NGS • Omics data analysis used to study plant-microbe interaction • Role of soil metagenomics • Advanced technologies such as nanotechnology and CRISPR serving to study plant-microbe interaction This book will serve as a great reference to various next-generation techniques in the field of plant-microbe interaction, thereby helping to better understand the mechanism. This will also help budding researchers to shape their research in similar areas.

Role of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Nanotechnology

Ajay Kumar,Amit Kishore Singh,Krishna Kumar Choudhary
Role of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Nanotechnology Book PDF

Author : Ajay Kumar,Amit Kishore Singh,Krishna Kumar Choudhary
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2019-06-20
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128170052

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Role of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Nanotechnology by Ajay Kumar,Amit Kishore Singh,Krishna Kumar Choudhary Pdf

Role of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Nanotechnology explores PGPMs (actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria) and their multidimensional roles in agriculture, including their increasing applications in sustainable agriculture. In addition to their traditional understanding and applications in agriculture, PGPMs are increasingly known as a source of nano-particles production that are gaining significant interest in their ability to provide more economically, environmentally friendly and safe technologies to crop growers. The book considers new concepts and current developments in plant growth, thus promoting microorganisms research and evaluating its implications for sustainable productivity. Users will find this to be an invaluable resource for researchers in applied microbial biotechnology, soil science, nano-technology of microbial strains, and industry personnel in these areas. Presents basic and applied aspects of sustainable agriculture, including nano-technology in sustainable agriculture Identifies molecular tools/omics approaches for enhancing plant growth promoting microorganisms Discusses plant growth promoting microorganisms in bioactive compounds production, and as a source of nano-particles

Microbial Interactions at Nanobiotechnology Interfaces

R. Navanietha Krishnaraj,Rajesh K. Sani
Microbial Interactions at Nanobiotechnology Interfaces Book PDF

Author : R. Navanietha Krishnaraj,Rajesh K. Sani
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2021-10-26
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119617174

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Microbial Interactions at Nanobiotechnology Interfaces by R. Navanietha Krishnaraj,Rajesh K. Sani Pdf

MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS AT NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY INTERFACES This book covers a wide range of topics including synthesis of nanomaterials with specific size, shape, and properties, structure-function relationships, tailoring the surface of nanomaterials for improving the properties, interaction of nanomaterials with proteins/microorganism/eukaryotic cells, and applications in different sectors. This book also provides a strong foundation for researchers who are interested to venture into developing functionalized nanomaterials for any biological applications in their research. Practical concepts such as modelling nanomaterials, and simulating the molecular interactions with biomolecules, transcriptomic or genomic approaches, advanced imaging techniques to investigate the functionalization of nanomaterials/interaction of nanomaterials with biomolecules and microorganisms are some of the chapters that offer significant benefits to the researchers.

Plant-Microbial Interactions and Smart Agricultural Biotechnology

Swati Tyagi,Robin Kumar,Baljeet Saharan,Ashok Kumar Nadda
Plant Microbial Interactions and Smart Agricultural Biotechnology Book PDF

Author : Swati Tyagi,Robin Kumar,Baljeet Saharan,Ashok Kumar Nadda
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2021-09-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000453737

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Plant-Microbial Interactions and Smart Agricultural Biotechnology by Swati Tyagi,Robin Kumar,Baljeet Saharan,Ashok Kumar Nadda Pdf

Considering the ever-increasing global population and finite arable land, technology and sustainable agricultural practices are required to improve crop yield. This book examines the interaction between plants and microbes and considers the use of advanced techniques such as genetic engineering, revolutionary gene editing technologies, and their applications to understand how plants and microbes help or harm each other at the molecular level. Understanding plant-microbe interactions and related gene editing technologies will provide new possibilities for sustainable agriculture. The book will be extremely useful for researchers working in the fields of plant science, molecular plant biology, plant-microbe interactions, plant engineering technology, agricultural microbiology, and related fields. It will be useful for upper-level students and instructors specifically in the field of biotechnology, microbiology, biochemistry, and agricultural science. Features: Examines the most advanced approaches for genetic engineering of agriculture (CRISPR, TALAN, ZFN, etc.). Discusses the microbiological control of various plant diseases. Explores future perspectives for research in microbiological plant science. Plant-Microbial Interactions and Smart Agricultural Biotechnology will serve as a useful source of cutting-edge information for researchers and innovative professionals, as well as upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking related agriculture and environmental science courses.

Microbial Nanobionics

Ram Prasad
Microbial Nanobionics Book PDF

Author : Ram Prasad
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2019-11-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030163839

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Microbial Nanobionics by Ram Prasad Pdf

Microbial Nanobionics: Volume 1, State of the Art, discusses a wide range of microbial systems and their utilization in biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The rich biodiversity of microbes makes them excellent candidates for potential nanoparticle synthesis biofactories. Through a better understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of the microbial biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, the rate of synthesis can be better developed and the monodispersity of the product can be enhanced. The characteristics of nanoparticles can be controlled via optimization of important parameters, such as temperature, pH, concentration and pressure, which regulate microbe growth conditions and cellular and enzymatic activities. Large scale microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is a sustainable method due to the non-hazardous, non-toxic and economical nature of these processes. The applications of microbial synthesis of nanoparticles are wide and varied, spanning the industrial, biomedical and environmental fields. Biomedical applications include improved and more targeted antimicrobials, biosensing, imaging and drug delivery. In the environmental fields, nanoparticles are used for bioremediation of diverse contaminants, water treatment, catalysis and production of clean energy. With the expected growth of microbial nanotechnology, this volume will serve as a comprehensive and timely reference.

Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants

Vishnu D. Rajput,Tatiana Minkina,Svetlana Sushkova,Saglara S. Mandzhieva,Christopher Rensing
Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants Book PDF

Author : Vishnu D. Rajput,Tatiana Minkina,Svetlana Sushkova,Saglara S. Mandzhieva,Christopher Rensing
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 438 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2022-04-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780323907750

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Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants by Vishnu D. Rajput,Tatiana Minkina,Svetlana Sushkova,Saglara S. Mandzhieva,Christopher Rensing Pdf

Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants: An Evaluation of Cyto/Morpho-physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses, Volume Five in the Nanomaterial-Plant Interactions series, reviews the latest research on toxicological effects of using nanotechnology in plants. Key themes include analyzing plant exposure to nanomaterials, mechanisms of toxicity of nanoparticles to plants, and effects, uptake and translocation of various different nanoparticles. This will be an essential read for any scientist or researcher looking to assess and understand the potential toxicological risks associated with plant nanotechnology. To date, nanotechnology is considered one of the most promising areas of research due to the widespread applications of nanomaterials in plant science and agriculture. However, extensive use of nano-based products raises concerns regarding their toxicity in crop plants, their environmental impact and potential consequences to humans via the food chain. Discusses environmental concerns raised by the extensive use of nanotechnology Highlights the impact of plants treated with nanoparticles on nutritional status Reviews major challenges for assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials in plants

Plant Nanobionics

Ram Prasad
Plant Nanobionics Book PDF

Author : Ram Prasad
Publisher : Springer
Page : 397 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2019-04-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030124960

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Plant Nanobionics by Ram Prasad Pdf

An improved understanding of the interactions between nanoparticles and plant retorts, including their uptake, localization, and activity, could revolutionize crop production through increased disease resistance, nutrient utilization, and crop yield. This may further impact other agricultural and industrial processes that are based on plant crops. This two-volume book analyses the key processes involved in the nanoparticle delivery to plants and details the interactions between plants and nanomaterials. Potential plant nanotechnology applications for enhanced nutrient uptake, increased crop productivity and plant disease management are evaluated with careful consideration regarding safe use, social acceptance and ecological impact of these technologies. Plant Nanobionics: Volume 1, Advances in the Understanding of Nanomaterials Research and Applications begins the discussion of nanotechnology applications in plants with the characterization and nanosynthesis of various microbes and covers the mechanisms and etiology of nanostructure function in microbial cells. It focuses on the potential alteration of plant production systems through the controlled release of agrochemicals and targeted delivery of biomolecules. Industrial and medical applications are included. Volume 2 continues this discussion with a focus on biosynthesis and toxicity.