Natural Hierarchies

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Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences

Denise Pumain
Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences Book PDF

Author : Denise Pumain
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 246 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2006-02-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781402041273

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Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences by Denise Pumain Pdf

Hierarchy is a form of organisation of complex systems that rely on or produce a strong differentiation in capacity (power and size) between the parts of the system. It is frequently observed within the natural living world as well as in social institutions. According to the authors, hierarchy results from random processes, follows an intentional design, or is the result of the organisation which ensures an optimal circulation of energy for information. This book reviews ancient and modern representations and explanations of hierarchies, and compares their relevance in a variety of fields, such as language, societies, cities, and living species. It throws light on concepts and models such as scaling laws, fractals and self-organisation that are fundamental in the dynamics and morphology of complex systems. At a time when networks are celebrated for their efficiency, flexibility and better social acceptance, much can be learned about the persistent universality and adaptability of hierarchies, and from the analogies and differences between biological and social organisation and processes. This book addresses a wide audience of biologists and social scientists, as well as managers and executives in a variety of institutions.

Natural Hierarchies

Chris Smaje
Natural Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Chris Smaje
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2000-07-13
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0631209492

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Natural Hierarchies by Chris Smaje Pdf

This original and provocative text provides an approach to understanding the emergence and development of social rank through race and caste. The struggles we face in race and ethnic relations today are explored through anthropological, historical and sociological lenses to understand the roots of social hierarchy drawing on examples from the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and mainland America.

Natural Hierarchies

Chris Smaje
Natural Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Chris Smaje
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2000-07-13
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0631209484

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Natural Hierarchies by Chris Smaje Pdf

This original and provocative text provides an approach to understanding the emergence and development of social rank through race and caste. The struggles we face in race and ethnic relations today are explored through anthropological, historical and sociological lenses to understand the roots of social hierarchy drawing on examples from the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and mainland America.

Joe Celko's Trees and Hierarchies in SQL for Smarties

Joe Celko
Joe Celko s Trees and Hierarchies in SQL for Smarties Book PDF

Author : Joe Celko
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2012-01-25
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780123877567

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Joe Celko's Trees and Hierarchies in SQL for Smarties by Joe Celko Pdf

The demand for SQL information and training continues to grow with the need for a database behind every website capable of offering web-based information queries. SQL is the de facto standard for database retrieval, and if you need to access, update, or utilize data in a modern database management system, you will need SQL to do it. The Second Edition of Joe Celko's Trees and Hierarchies in SQL for Smarties covers two new sets of extensions over three entirely new chapters and expounds upon the changes that have occurred in SQL standards since the previous edition's publication. Benefit from mastering the challenging aspects of these database applications in SQL as taught by Joe Celko, one of the most-read SQL authors in the world. Expert advice from a noted SQL authority and award-winning columnist who has given 10 years of service to the ANSI SQL standards committee Teaches scores of advanced techniques that can be used with any product, in any SQL environment Offers graph theory and programming techniques for working around deficiencies and gives insight into real-world challenges

Mathematical Hierarchies and Biology

Boris Grigorʹevich Mirkin
Mathematical Hierarchies and Biology Book PDF

Author : Boris Grigorʹevich Mirkin
Publisher : American Mathematical Soc.
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1997-01-01
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 0821885790

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Mathematical Hierarchies and Biology by Boris Grigorʹevich Mirkin Pdf

Twenty-four articles from the November 1996 workshop investigate the reconstruction of trees or ranking hierarchies from dissimilarity or entity-to-character data, the use of hierarchies for modeling evolution and other processes, and the combining of gene trees. Included are mathematical treatments of hierarchies in the frameworks of set systems, linear subspaces, graph objects, and tree metrics in their analyses. Such current applications as learning robots, intron evolution, and the development of language are addressed. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

Parameter Hierarchies and Universal Grammar

Ian Roberts
Parameter Hierarchies and Universal Grammar Book PDF

Author : Ian Roberts
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 800 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2019-06-20
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780192526793

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Parameter Hierarchies and Universal Grammar by Ian Roberts Pdf

This book develops a minimalist approach to cross-linguistic morphosyntactic variation. Ian Roberts argues that the essential insight of the principles-and-parameters approach to variation can be maintained - albeit in a somewhat different guise - in the context of the minimalist programme for linguistic theory. The central idea is to organize the parameters of Universal Grammar (UG) into hierarchies that define the ways in which properties of individually variant categories and features may act in concert. A further leading idea, which is consistent with the overall goal of the minimalist programme to reduce the content of UG, is that the parameter hierarchies are not directly determined by UG, and are instead emergent properties stemming from the interaction of the three factors in language design. Cross-linguistic variation in word order, null subjects, incorporation, verb-movement, case/alignment, wh-movement, and negation are all analysed in the light of this approach. This book represents a significant new contribution to the formal study of cross-linguistic morphosyntactic variation on both the empirical and theoretical levels, and will appeal to researchers and students in all areas of theoretical linguistics and comparative syntax.

Recursion-Theoretic Hierarchies

Peter G. Hinman
Recursion Theoretic Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Peter G. Hinman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 493 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2017-03-02
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781107168244

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Recursion-Theoretic Hierarchies by Peter G. Hinman Pdf

The theory set out in this book results from the meeting of descriptive set theory and recursion theory.

Just Hierarchy

Daniel A. Bell
Just Hierarchy Book PDF

Author : Daniel A. Bell
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2022-05-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780691233987

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Just Hierarchy by Daniel A. Bell Pdf

A trenchant defense of hierarchy in different spheres of our lives, from the personal to the political All complex and large-scale societies are organized along certain hierarchies, but the concept of hierarchy has become almost taboo in the modern world. Just Hierarchy contends that this stigma is a mistake. In fact, as Daniel Bell and Wang Pei show, it is neither possible nor advisable to do away with social hierarchies. Drawing their arguments from Chinese thought and culture as well as other philosophies and traditions, Bell and Wang ask which forms of hierarchy are justified and how these can serve morally desirable goals. They look at ways of promoting just forms of hierarchy while minimizing the influence of unjust ones, such as those based on race, sex, or caste. Which hierarchical relations are morally justified and why? Bell and Wang argue that it depends on the nature of the social relation and context. Different hierarchical principles ought to govern different kinds of social relations: what justifies hierarchy among intimates is different from what justifies hierarchy among citizens, countries, humans and animals, and humans and intelligent machines. Morally justified hierarchies can and should govern different spheres of our social lives, though these will be very different from the unjust hierarchies that have governed us in the past. A vigorous, systematic defense of hierarchy in the modern world, Just Hierarchy examines how hierarchical social relations can have a useful purpose, not only in personal domains but also in larger political realms.

Pronouns, Presuppositions, and Hierarchies

Andrew Carnie,Heidi Harley
Pronouns Presuppositions and Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Andrew Carnie,Heidi Harley
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 488 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2014-02-05
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781135082338

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Pronouns, Presuppositions, and Hierarchies by Andrew Carnie,Heidi Harley Pdf

Eloise Jelinek was a leading authority on syntactic and semantic theory, information structure, and several Native American languages (including Lummi, Yaqui, and Navajo). She was one of the very first generative linguists who brought the theoretical implications of the properties of typologically unusual and understudied languages to the forefront of mainstream generative thinking. Jelinek originated the Pronominal Argument Hypothesis – the idea that many languages restrict realization of their arguments to pronouns. In other work, Jelinek investigated a broad range of morphological, syntactic and semantic phenomena in understudied and endangered languages. Besides the theoretical value of that work, it was instrumental in providing sophisticated semantic and syntactic documentation for such languages, where description is typically limited to the basic morphophonology and morphosyntax, as well as texts, that form the core of most descriptive work. Thirteen of her most important papers, together with a fourteenth essay previously unpublished, are here collected, each preceded by a short introduction that provides context for the work and evidence of its subsequent influence.

Human Hierarchies

Melvyn L. Fein
Human Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Melvyn L. Fein
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 555 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2017-09-08
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351514385

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Human Hierarchies by Melvyn L. Fein Pdf

Human beings are hierarchical animals. Always and everywhere, people have developed social ranking systems. These differ dramatically in how they are organized, but the underlying causal mechanisms that create and sustain them are the same. Whether they are on the top or bottom of the heap, people attempt to be superior to some other persons or group. This is the root of Melvyn L. Fein's thesis presented in Human Hierarchies: A General Theory. Fein traces the development of changes from hunter-gatherer times to our own techno-commercial society. In moving from small to large communities, humans went from face-to-face contests for superiority to more anonymous and symbolic ones. Societies evolved from hunting bands where the parties knew each other through big-men societies, chieftainships, agrarian empires, patronage chains, caste societies, estate systems, and market-oriented democracies. Where once small groupings were organized primarily by strong forces such as personal relationships, the now standard large groupings are more dependent on weaker forces such as those provided by social roles. Bureaucracies and professional roles have become prominent. Bureaucracies allow large-scale organizations to maintain control of people by limiting the potential destructiveness of unregulated tests of strength and by clarifying chains of command. Their rigidity and unresponsiveness requires that they be supplemented by professional roles. At the same time, a proliferation of self-motivated experts delegate authority downward, thereby introducing a more flexible decentralization. This analysis is a unique and significant advance in both the sociology and anthropology of stratification among humans.

Logic, Computation, Hierarchies

Vasco Brattka,Hannes Diener,Dieter Spreen
Logic Computation Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Vasco Brattka,Hannes Diener,Dieter Spreen
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 389 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2014-09-04
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781614519409

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Logic, Computation, Hierarchies by Vasco Brattka,Hannes Diener,Dieter Spreen Pdf

Published in honor of Victor L. Selivanov, the 17 articles collected in this volume inform on the latest developments in computability theory and its applications in computable analysis; descriptive set theory and topology; and the theory of omega-languages; as well as non-classical logics, such as temporal logic and paraconsistent logic. This volume will be of interest to mathematicians and logicians, as well as theoretical computer scientists.

Knowledge Hierarchies in Transnational Education

Jing Qi
Knowledge Hierarchies in Transnational Education Book PDF

Author : Jing Qi
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 210 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2015-04-24
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781317574934

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Knowledge Hierarchies in Transnational Education by Jing Qi Pdf

Transnational education seeks equivalence in standards and/or relevance of outcomes through the transfer of Western theories, concepts and methods. Utilising a critique-interpretative approach, Jing Qi argues that equivalence/relevance-oriented approaches to transnational education assume the legitimacy of the global knowledge hierarchy. Euro-American educational theories are imposed as defaults in non-Western educational communities of imagined consensus. Grounded in a study of a five-year transnational teacher education and community capacity-building program in Northern Chile, the book investigates the relationships between theoretical knowledge, knowledge hierarchies and critique. Transnational education communities are recognised as sites of critiques where conflictual and conceptual ‘dissensus’ disrupts global and local knowledge hierarchies. Critique is deployed by educational actors in their everyday engagement in transnational education to stage dissensus, which constantly re-draws the lines of possibility for knowledge co-construction. A matrix mapping system is designed to chart and theorise the Chilean educational actors’ critiques along the trail of concept translation, learning, application and innovation of knowledge hierarchies, which operate at and across global, transnational, local and the newly-created local-global levels. This book examines how these critiques modulate the ascendancy of knowledge hierarchies to enfranchise non-western educational actors for theoretical knowledge production that addresses local needs. Knowledge Hierarchies in Transnational Education will be of key value to researchers, academics and postgraduate students in the fields of international education, teacher education and globalisation.

Human Evolution and the Origins of Hierarchies

Benoît Dubreuil
Human Evolution and the Origins of Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Benoît Dubreuil
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2010-09-06
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781139491310

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Human Evolution and the Origins of Hierarchies by Benoît Dubreuil Pdf

In this book, Benoît Dubreuil explores the creation and destruction of hierarchies in human evolution. Combining the methods of archaeology, anthropology, cognitive neuroscience and primatology, he offers a natural history of hierarchies from the point of view of both cultural and biological evolution. This volume explains why dominance hierarchies typical of primate societies disappeared in the human lineage and why the emergence of large-scale societies during the Neolithic period implied increased social differentiation, the creation of status hierarchies, and, eventually, political centralisation.

Hierarchical Methods

V. Kulish
Hierarchical Methods Book PDF

Author : V. Kulish
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2006-04-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780306480614

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Hierarchical Methods by V. Kulish Pdf

Everybody is current in a world surrounded by computer. Computers determine our professional activity and penetrate increasingly deeper into our everyday life. Therein we also need increasingly refined c- puter technology. Sometimes we think that the next generation of c- puter will satisfy all our dreams, giving us hope that most of our urgent problems will be solved very soon. However, the future comes and il- sions dissipate. This phenomenon occurs and vanishes sporadically, and, possibly, is a fundamental law of our life. Experience shows that indeed ‘systematically remaining’ problems are mainly of a complex tech- logical nature (the creation of new generation of especially perfect - croschemes, elements of memory, etc. ). But let us note that amongst these problems there are always ones solved by our purely intellectual efforts alone. Progress in this direction does not require the invention of any ‘superchip’ or other similar elements. It is important to note that the results obtained in this way very often turn out to be more significant than the ‘fruits’ of relevant technological progress. The hierarchical asymptotic analytical–numerical methods can be - garded as results of such ‘purely intellectual efforts’. Their application allows us to simplify essentially computer calculational procedures and, consequently, to reduce the calculational time required. It is obvious that this circumstance is very attractive to any computer user.

Demand Fulfillment in Multi-Stage Customer Hierarchies

Sebastian Vogel
Demand Fulfillment in Multi Stage Customer Hierarchies Book PDF

Author : Sebastian Vogel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 377 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2013-08-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783658028640

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Demand Fulfillment in Multi-Stage Customer Hierarchies by Sebastian Vogel Pdf

​This book extends the existing demand fulfillment research by considering multi-stage customer hierarchies. Basis is a two-step allocation and consumption planning procedure. In the existing literature, it is assumed that the customer segments are ‘flat’. This means they can be sorted easily during the allocation planning step by a single central planner in decreasing order of profitability. In the subsequent consumption planning phase, if order requests differ in terms of profit margins, companies can render prioritized service in real time to their most profitable customers by consuming the reserved quotas.