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Author : Azita Amjadi,Alexander J. Yeats
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Africa
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Alexander Yeats
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:913715409
March 1995 Perhaps the major accomplishment of the Uruguay Round is agreements reached on nontariff barriers (NTBs). All NTBs imposed under the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA) will be phased out over 10 years, and all voluntary export restraints will be abolished. OECD countries' NTBs on agricultural goods will be converted to tariffs and then reduced by an average of 36 percent. Agreement was also reached on limiting subsidies and other agricultural export incentives. As a result, the profile of OECD nontariff protection Africa faces will change dramatically. Formerly, about 11 percent of all Sub-Saharan Africa exports encountered NTBs; now this ratio will fall to about 2 percent. Formerly, 83 percent of Reunion's pre-Uruguay Round exports were affected by NTBs; now none will. Some African countries, however, will be largely unaffected by the Uruguay Round's accomplishments. No NTBs on energy products were liberalized so coverage ratios for Angola, Congo, ad Nigeria are still high - but the measures applied (largely quantitative restrictions and special import charges) apparently do not raise the cost of imports significantly. The exclusion of fish from the agreement on agriculture also limited the potential benefits to countries like the Seychelles. Others simply faced no (or few) nontariff restrictions before the negotiations. The new developments are regarded as positive for developing countries as a group, although some countries may incur losses. Trade in textiles and clothing has been closely regulated for three decades through MFA quotas. Phasing these restrictions out will subject African countries to aggressive international competition. Whether they can maintain a viable textile and clothing export sector depends on whether they can achieve reforms aimed at cost-cutting. The MFA liberalization is heavily backloaded, with roughly half the restrictions being removed at the end of 10 years, so there is ample time for adjustment. Africa should also face more vigorous competition on footwear and ferrous metals when voluntary restraints on some other developing countries are lifted. Any losses in market share that may occur, however, may not reflect welfare changes, especially if African exports were heavily subsidized. Agriculture could also be harmed unless appropriate domestic policies are adopted. The tariffication (and reduction) of NTBs, along with limits on export subsidies, could raise international prices on some staples, which would hurt net food importers. Reforms to ensure that prices paid to domestic producers increase in line with international prices (thus stimulating a local supply response) could limit increases in the food import bill. In the post-Uruguay Round world, it is increasingly important to remove domestic constraints that prevent local producers from taking full advantage of new export opportunities. Unfinished business includes further initiatives needed to address NTBs on fish, chemicals and energy products which the Round bypassed. Stricter regulations on safeguards and the use of antidumping duties are also needed to ensure that these measures are not substituted for those eliminated. But much of the unfinished business involves domestic reform needed to ensure that African countries can react to new export opportunities and competitive challenges.
Author : Alexander J. Yeats
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290704358
Perhaps the major accompl ...
Author : T. Ademola Oyejide,W. M. Lyakurwa
Publisher : Africa World Press
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 159221133X
This three-volume set presents the results of a research project initiated by the African Economic Research Consortium. The project intended to identify and examine the critical analytical and policy issues involved in Africa's economic links with the rest of the world, particularly in the context of the emerging global trading system. The project had two distinct but closely related component parts. The first was based on empirical, region-wide analysis and was designed to provide the framework for the menu of issues explored.
Author : Alexander J. Yeats
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 1997-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 082133669X
World Bank Technical Paper No. 344. Presents and analyzes a wealth of data on levels of and trends in health status, delivery of services, and financing in each of the former Soviet states of Central Asia. The paper examines health care reform from the perspectives of macroeconomic constraints, the demographic and epidemiological transitions facing each country, the underlying structure and financing of their health systems, and what they have inherited from the old Soviet system.
Author : Zhen Kun Wang,L. Alan Winters
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Africa, Sub-Saharan
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Azita Amjadi,Ulrich Reincke,Alexander J. Yeats
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 160 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 1996-01-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Urban Management Programme Paper No. 20. Reviews the specific actions that municipalities and city governments may take in contributing to urban poverty reduction. The paper highlights example of issues, options, and constraints that urban governments must address in fighting poverty. It focuses on municipalities and other city-level government entities as a critical institutional level of intervention. Other language editions available: French--Stock No. 13814 (ISBN 0-8213-3814-5); English--Stock No. 13716 (ISBN 0-8213-3716-5).
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 108 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821332856
Abstract: This year's study focuses on the effects of globalization on developing countries and the growing divide between fast and slow-integrating economies. The pace of global economic integration continues to accelerate dramatically. In the ten years from 1985 to 1994, the ratio of world trade to GDP rose three times faster than during the previous decade. During this same ten-year period, foreign direct investment (FDI) doubled as a share of global GDP. Developing countries also participated extensively in the acceleration of global integration. A closer look, however, reveals sharp disparities between countries. Though developing countries in the aggregate kept pace with the world rate of trade integration, the ratio of trade to GDP actually fell in some 44 out of 93 developing countries in the last ten years. There were similar disparities in the distribution of FDI: two-thirds of total FDI went to just eight developing countries; half received little or none. This trend is likely to continue. Projections indicate that trade and investment will accelerate in those countries which open up to the global economy, and stay stagnant in those that do not. At the same time, there has never been a better time for developing countries to integrate. Projected generally favorable conditions in the global economy, including stable energy prices, low interest rates and inflation, and improved communications and transportation technology, have created an environment conducive to market liberalization. Moreover, traditional obstacles to developing country integration, such as high tariff barriers, are falling rapidly. Many developing countries in every part of the world have successfully pursued policies of greater openness to the global economy, and there is much to learn from their experience. The report documents the evidence, provides case study analyses, and makes recommendations about best-practice approaches to market liberalization, especially in the areas of trade and commodities. For many developing countries, successful globalization depends on fundamental economic reform, requiring difficult policy decisions that often lead to real short-term dislocation. These costs must be acknowledged from the outset, and the effects carefully taken into account in the design of the programs. But the costs are manageable. In fact, openness to external trade and investment is often the necessary first step to solid, sustainable economic development.
Author : Carolyn Deere
Publisher : IUCN
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Bæredygtig udvikling
ISBN : 2831704898
Discusses the linkages between trade, environment and sustainable development in the marine capture fisheries sector.
Author : Peter Harrold
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 72 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 1995-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821334859
Annotation World Bank Discussion Paper No. 311.Examines the effects of the Uruguay Round on the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings show that the effects will be minimal overall and may be beneficial to countries which make the necessary domestic reforms for participation in the world market.
Author : Azita Amjadi,Alexander J. Yeats
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Exports
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Ms.Naheed Kirmani,Mr.Chorng-Huey Wong
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 216 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 1997-04-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 155775621X
This book edited by Chorng-Huey Wong and Naheed Kirmani, examines a wide range of trade policy issues relevant in the 1990s that were the subject of a seminar organized by the IMF in 1996. The topics include the design and implementation of trade reform, trade liberalization in industrial and transition economies, regional trading arrangements, the impact of the Uruguay Round, the role of the World Trade Organization, and post Uruguay Round issues.
Author : Cathy A. Roheim,Cathy R. Wessells,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 100 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9251046972
This document considers product certification and ecolabelling schemes used for fish and fishery products. It discusses the characteristics and theoretical foundations of these programmes, the links to international trade law; and other institutional aspects.
Author : Oliver Morrissey,Igor Filatotchev
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0714651591
The papers collected in this volume report the results of research on issues dealing with the failure of globalization to benefit poor countries. They explain how exports could be improved for these countries and reveal the role that UK supermarkets play in African poverty.
Author : Antonio Estache
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
May 1995 Decentralization tends to increase both total and subnational spending on public infrastructure. Why this is so is not clear -- possibly because subnational governments' choices in terms of quality and quantity of infrastructure differ from central governments' choices. It is commonly argued that when the benefits of an infrastructure service are mostly local and there is little scope for economies of scale -- as in urban transit, road maintenance, water supply, and solid waste management -- decentralization is the most effective way to deliver service. Those services have been decentralized in many countries, and many others are rapidly decentralizing. The central government is still responsible for many other infrastructure services, such as power and telecommunications, but this too is changing as the responsibility is increasingly transferred to subnational governments. Recent technological innovations reduce the need for services to be provided by monopolistic utilities. Power generation and distribution can now be handled competitively by decentralized units, and parts of some local telephone monopolies will increasingly meet competition from wireless telephones and rival wireline systems. How has increased decentralization affected spending levels on infrastructure? The outcome reflects the net outcome of opposing effects. Spending increases if the subnational government makes infrastructure a higher priority than the federal government did, if they are less effective at delivering services, or if they give up the benefits of economies of scale to get more autonomy. Spending decreases if they assign infrastructure a lower priority, or if most projects are more cost-effective. In their analysis, Estache and Sinha focus on spending levels and ignore the reasons these levels change, so no conclusions can be made about whether decentralization makes spending more or less efficient. Among the conclusions they offer: * Decentralization tends to increase both total and subnational spending on infrastructure -- possibly because the preferences of subnational governments in terms of quality and quantity of infrastructure are different from the central government's preferences. * The conventional wisdom is true: For decentralization, policymakers everywhere must guarantee a balance between revenue and spending assignment. A good way to offset the impact of decentralization on spending levels is to increase the imbalance between revenue and spending assignments. * Be careful about applying lessons learned in industrial countries to decentralization in developing countries. What happens in industrial countries may help assess the decentralization's impact on total spending in developing countries, because the elasticity of per capita infrastructure spending is roughly similar in both countries (about 0.3 in developing countries and about 0.2 in industrial countries). But that is not a good indicator for subnational spending, for which the elasticity is greater than 1 in developing countries (between 1.1 and 1.3, depending on how decentralization is measured) and less than 1 in industrial countries (between 0.7 and 0.9). This paper -- a product of the Office of the Vice President, Development Economics -- is a background paper for World Development Report 1994 on infrastructure.