Oral Contraceptives And Breast Cancer Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle version is available to download in english. Read online anytime anywhere directly from your device. Click on the download button below to get a free pdf file of Oral Contraceptives And Breast Cancer book. This book definitely worth reading, it is an incredibly well-written.
Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer
Author : Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 196 pages File Size : 54,7 Mb Release : 1991-02-01 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309044936
Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer by Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer Pdf
At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused concern among these OC users and uncertainty among many of their physicians. This new volume offers the most up-to-date information available on this critical topic. While the best available knowledge does not support any fundamental change in clinical practice with respect to the use of OCs, this book offers specific recommendations for more research to fully resolve the relationship between OCs and breast cancer. Noting consumer confusion, the volume includes a concise summary of benefits, risks, and other practical information for contraceptive users and their doctors. The volume presents current data on changes in patterns of OC use, differences in risk at different ages, the benefits of OCs, and more. Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer will be important reading for obstetricians/gynecologists and other health professionals, their patients who use OCs, contraceptive manufacturers, women's health advocates, policymakers, and researchers.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 692 pages File Size : 42,6 Mb Release : 1999 Category : Medical ISBN : UOM:39015054299584
Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Pdf
Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer: The Implications of the Present Findings for Informed Consent and Informed Choice by R.D. Mann Pdf
A collection of the proceedings presented at the Royal Society of Medicine by American and European researchers involved in longterm studies on oral contraceptives. Topics include reviews of case-control studies on contraceptive use before the age of 25 or the first full-term pregnancy.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 544 pages File Size : 50,5 Mb Release : 2007 Category : Medical ISBN : 9789283212911
Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer Pdf
Oral contraceptives for family planning worldwide have revolutionized the reproductive lives of millions of women since their introduction in the 1960s. Later on, a variety of side-effects including cardiovascular diseases was recognized. In response to these concerns, new generations of combined oral contraceptives were developed that featured lower dose of estrogen and newer, more potent progestogens. The effectiveness and ease of use of combined hormonal contraceptives suggest that they will continue to be used to a significant extent in the future. This ninety-first volume of IARC Monograp.
National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population
Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 172 pages File Size : 45,9 Mb Release : 1989-02-01 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309040969
Contraceptive Use and Controlled Fertility by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population Pdf
These four papers supplement the book Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World by bringing together data and analyses that would otherwise be difficult to obtain in a single source. The topics addressed are an analysis of the relationship between maternal mortality and changing reproductive patterns; the risks and benefits of contraception; the effects of changing reproductive patterns on infant health; and the psychosocial consequences to women of controlled fertility and contraceptive use.
Author : A. T. Gregoire Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media Page : 387 pages File Size : 46,5 Mb Release : 2013-03-13 Category : Medical ISBN : 9781461322412
One of the United States Food and Drug Administration's most difficult tasks is the assessment of risk-benefit ratios for a broad spectrum of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs. Furthermore, it is now widely recog nized that no drug, chemical or even natural substance is completely devoid of risk. Nowhere has this issue been the subject of more controversy than with steroidal contraceptive drugs. Regulated as a special class of products because of their prophylactic use in healthy individuals for prevention of pregnancy rather than for treatment of disease, steroid contraceptives drugs undergo more extensive animal safety tests than any other pharmaceutical agent. This view also contemplates the availability of alternative contraceptive measures posing fewer risks, but the use of less effective methods must take into consideration the hazards associated with pregnancy itself. In April 1983, the Food and Drug Administration and the National Insti tutes of Health in cooperation with the World Health Organization, the Population Council, and the Agency for International Development sponsored a three-day workshop to evaluate current guidelines for preclinical safety studies of contraceptive drugs in light of our extensive knowledge of the side effects of marketed products. The meeting included presenta tions by experts in the fields of comparative metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, carcinogenicity, toxicology, coagulation, lipid metabolism, epidemiology and pathology at a meeting of the Fertility and Maternal Health Drugs Advisory Committee of the National Center for Drugs and Biologics, Food and Drug Administration.
Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use by Anonim Pdf
Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use reviews the medical eligibility criteria for use of contraception, offering guidance on the safety and use of different methods for women and men with specific characteristics or known medical conditions. The recommendations are based on systematic reviews of available clinical and epidemiological research. It is a companion guideline to Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use. Together, these documents are intended to be used by policy-makers, program managers, and the scientific community to support national programs in the preparation of service delivery guidelines. The fourth edition of this useful resource supersedes previous editions, and has been fully updated and expanded. It includes over 86 new recommendations and 165 updates to recommendations in the previous edition. Guidance for populations with special needs is now provided, and a new annex details evidence on drug interactions from concomitant use of antiretroviral therapies and hormonal contraceptives. To assist users familiar with the third edition, new and updated recommendations are highlighted. Everyone involved in providing family planning services and contraception should have the fourth edition of Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use at hand.
World Health Organization. Reproductive Health and Research,World Health Organization,World Health Organization. Family and Community Health
Author : World Health Organization. Reproductive Health and Research,World Health Organization,World Health Organization. Family and Community Health Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 144 pages File Size : 41,6 Mb Release : 2005 Category : Medical ISBN : 9789241562843
Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use by World Health Organization. Reproductive Health and Research,World Health Organization,World Health Organization. Family and Community Health Pdf
This document is one of two evidence-based cornerstones of the World Health Organization's (WHO) new initiative to develop and implement evidence-based guidelines for family planning. The first cornerstone, the Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (third edition) published in 2004, provides guidance for who can use contraceptive methods safely. This document, the Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use (second edition), provides guidance for how to use contraceptive methods safely and effectively once they are deemed to be medically appropriate. The recommendations contained in this document are the product of a process that culminated in an expert Working Group meeting held at the World Health Organization, Geneva, 13-16 April 2004.
WHO Scientific Group on Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia,World Health Organization
Author : WHO Scientific Group on Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia,World Health Organization Publisher : Unknown Page : 56 pages File Size : 54,5 Mb Release : 1992 Category : Cancer ISBN : IND:30000029432337
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Author : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Publisher : CreateSpace Page : 518 pages File Size : 50,6 Mb Release : 2013-07 Category : Medical ISBN : 1491058560
Oral Contraceptive Use for the Primary Prevention of Ovarian Cancer by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Pdf
Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer in women and is the fifth leading cause of cancer death, with an age-adjusted rate of 8.2 deaths per 100,000 women. Given current age-specific incidence and demographic projections, the number of cases of ovarian cancer will almost double over the next 35 years as women born between 1946 and 1964 (“baby boom” generation) reach the age of highest incidence (60 years & older). While advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy over the past 20 years have led to improved outcomes, overall 5-year survival is only 42% for ovarian cancer compared with 88% for breast cancer and 63% for colorectal cancer. The high mortality rate in women with ovarian cancer is largely attributed to the later stage at presentation compared with other common cancers. This has led to intense research efforts to identify effective screening strategies for ovarian cancer, but results have been disappointing, particularly with regard to decreases in mortality. There is consistent evidence from a variety of sources that oral contraceptive (OC) use reduces ovarian cancer risk. This evidence includes declining age-specific ovarian cancer incidence and mortality in cohorts of women who had access to OCs throughout their reproductive life, and there are several biologically plausible mechanisms for a protective effect. The potential benefit of using OCs solely to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer must be weighed with knowledge of other potential noncontraceptive health benefits of OCs and potential harms. The combination of systematic review and decision-analytic modeling presented in this report allows us to estimate the tradeoff between the harms and benefits of OC use for the overall population and for individual women, accounting for the potential influence of other factors, such as timing of OC use or presence of risk factors such as family history. This report was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in conjunction with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and was designed to evaluate the benefits and harms of the use of oral contraceptives as a primary preventive measure against ovarian cancer. We focused on synthesizing the available evidence for the effectiveness of this strategy in a general population and in groups at elevated risk. We also evaluated benefits and harms of OC use that are not related to the development of ovarian cancer. Finally, we designed a comparative effectiveness model to inform the questions generated by this review. The Key Questions considered in this review are: KQ1: What is the effectiveness of combined (estrogen and progestin containing) and progestin-only OCs for reducing the risk of ovarian cancer? KQ2: Do specifics of OC use (e.g., dose/formulation, age at initiation, duration of use) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ3: Does the use of OCs by specific populations of women (e.g., those defined by age, family history of breast and ovarian cancer, BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status, parity) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ4: Aside from pregnancy prevention, are there other benefits of OC use in reducing the risks of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer? KQ5: What are the harms of OC use, including breast cancer incidence, cervical cancer incidence, venous thromboembolic disease, stroke, or myocardial infarction? How do these harms vary by dose or formulation, duration of use, or specific population? KQ6: Based on the comprehensive literature review, what are the benefits and harms from the use of OCs to reduce the incidence of ovarian cancer for specific populations? Based on the decision model, what is the estimated effect of these benefits and harms on life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy? KQ7: Based on the systematic review and decision model, what research gaps need to be filled to better understand whether OCs are effective for the primary prevention of ovarian cancer?
