Parasitoids

Author : Emily Donnelly
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 135 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Science
ISBN : 153615198X

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Parasitoids by Emily Donnelly Pdf

Most insect parasitoids are related to two insect orders, Diptera and Hymenoptera, some having a specific host while others have a vast host range. As such, the opening chapter of Parasitoids: Biology, Behavior and Ecology discusses the influence of host preference and host specificity in biological control programs and their role in different biological control methods.The behavioral responses of parasitoids can determine the efficiency of a parasitoid species to control host pests. The functional response is one of the most important behavioral responses. The authors show that type II functional response is more common than the other types (I, III, IV and V) of functional response for most parasitoid species. In some research, type III functional response was also reported for parasitoids.The closing study hypothesized that conditioned parasitoids will parasitize more target hosts compared with individuals without prior conditioning. In conditioning experiments, females of the wasp Trichogramma cacoeciae, a generalist egg parasitoid, oviposited in Lobesia botrana eggs while exposed to L. botrana's synthetic sex pheromone. Contrary to the hypothesis, this treatment failed to increase the parasitism rate in a subsequent exposure to the conditioned olfactory cue.

Author : Opender Koul,G. S. Dhaliwal
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2003-03-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780203302569

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Predators and Parasitoids by Opender Koul,G. S. Dhaliwal Pdf

Their natural enemies largely determine the population size and dynamic behavior of many plant-eating insects. Any reduction in enemy number can result in an insect outbreak. Applied biological control is thus one strategy for restoring functional biodiversity in many agroecosystems. Predators and Parasitoids addresses the role of natural enemies i

Author : Eric Wajnberg,Carlos Bernstein,Jacques van Alphen
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 464 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2008-04-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780470695456

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Behavioral Ecology of Insect Parasitoids by Eric Wajnberg,Carlos Bernstein,Jacques van Alphen Pdf

Written by a team of leading international specialists, Behavioral Ecology of Insect Parasitoids examines the optimal behaviors that parasitoids exhibit in order to maximize long term offspring production. It is an essential reference for research scientists and students studying these fascinating insects or for anyone involved in using parasitoids in biological control programs. Reviews topical issues, including cutting edge research on parasitoid decision making and the implications for biological control Explores applications in other fields, provides information on the latest research methods, and includes helpful case studies and statistical tools Creates a deeper understanding of the link between behavioural strategies and host mortality, resulting in more efficient selective pest management programs “Overall, this is a fascinating volume that provides a significant contribution to the literature on parasitoid insects. It goes a long way toward providing insights into numerous aspects of parasitoid behavior and will stimulate a diversity of future projects, something that should be the goal of any such text. I highly recommend Wajnberg et al. for all of those working on the biology or evolution of parasitoids.” Palaios 2009

Author : H. Charles J. Godfray
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 484 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2019-12-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780691207025

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Parasitoids by H. Charles J. Godfray Pdf

Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biology and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behavior, ecology, and diversity of the approximately one to two million species of parasitoid found on earth. After a general introduction to parasitoid natural history and taxonomy, the first part of the book treats the different components of the reproductive strategy of parasitoids: searching for a host, host selection, clutch size, and the sex ratio. Subsequent chapters discuss pathogens and non-Mendelian genetic elements that affect sexual reproduction; evolutionary aspects of the physiological interactions between parasitoid and host; mating strategies; life history theory and community ecology. A special effort is made to discuss the theoretical background to the subject, but without the use of mathematics.

Author : Nancy E. Beckage,Jean-Michel Drezen
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 313 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2011-09-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780123848598

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Parasitoid Viruses by Nancy E. Beckage,Jean-Michel Drezen Pdf

Parasitoids are parasitic insects that kill their insect hosts in immature pre-reproductive stages. Parasitoids are employed in biological control programs worldwide to kill insect pests and are environmentally safe and benign alternatives to chemical pesticides. As resistance to chemical pesticides continues to escalate in many pest populations, attention is now refocusing on biologically-based strategies to control pest species in agriculture and forestry as well as insect vector populations that transmit human and animal diseases. Parasitoids are an economically critical element in this equation and ‘integrated pest management.’ Viruses have evolved intimate associations with parasitoids, and this book features sections on both symbiotic viruses that are integrated into the wasp’s chromosomal DNA (polydnaviruses) that play critical roles in suppressing host immunity during parasitism. A separate section with additional chapters on viral pathogens that infect parasitoids to cause disease and act as detrimental agents that limit effectiveness of wasp species employed in biological control of pests is also featured. A third component is a section on parasitoid venoms, which are of interest to the pharmaceutical and medical communities as well as insect-oriented biologists. Sections focus on both virus evolution and genomics as well as proteomics and functional roles of polydnavirus-encoded gene products International researchers and emerging leaders in their fields provide readers with syntheses of the latest research Includes content on both symbiotic viruses and pathogenic viruses, plus new research on parasitoid venoms Cutting-edge section on future directions in the field covers the impacts of polydnavirus research on medicine, human health, bioengineering and the economy, increasing the value for researchers and practitioners who need to stay on top of the research in this swiftly moving field

Author : Fernando L. Consoli,José R. P. Parra,Roberto A. Zucchi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2010-09-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781402091100

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Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma by Fernando L. Consoli,José R. P. Parra,Roberto A. Zucchi Pdf

Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with emphasis on Trichogramma was conceived to help in the promotion of biological control through egg parasitoids by providing both basic and applied information. The book has a series of chapters dedicated to the understanding of egg parasitoid taxonomy, development, nutrition and reproduction, host recognition and utilization, and their distribution and host associations. There are also several chapters focusing on the mass production and commercialization of egg parasitoids for biological control, addressing important issues such as parasitoid quality control, the risk assessment of egg parasitoids to non-target species, the use of egg parasitoids in integrated pest management programs and the impact of GMO on these natural enemies. Chapters provide an in depth analysis of the literature available, are richly illustrated, and propose future trends.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2009-09-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0080888321

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Parasitoids of Drosophila by Anonim Pdf

Much is known about the biology of Drosophila parasitoids, which is why they are used as a model for studying other parasitoids. This book brings together the different fields of research that can be explored, thanks to the "Drosophila parasitoid" model. It shows how the complementary knowledge arising from different approaches is inspiring the development of new areas of research on this biological model. It also discusses techniques and methods specifically adapted to the study of larval parasitoid species.

Author : Paul-andré Calatayud,Catherine Wanjiru Clarke,René F. H. Sforza,Rose Ngeh Ndemah,Casper Nyamukondiwa
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 100 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2020-02-24
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9782889634804

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Parasitoids’ Ecology and Evolution by Paul-andré Calatayud,Catherine Wanjiru Clarke,René F. H. Sforza,Rose Ngeh Ndemah,Casper Nyamukondiwa Pdf

Author : Omkar
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 437 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2023-03-13
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781000840544

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Parasitoids in Pest Management by Omkar Pdf

Pests cause economic damage to crops and stored products, while vectors are responsible for the transmission of disease-causing agents in human beings and livestock. Although the application of synthetic pesticides in agriculture has given immediate relief, it has also caused well-known side effects, leading to a general consensus among entomologists and agriculturists to shift towards other ecofriendly pest management. Insect natural enemies consisting of predators, parasitoids, and pathogens have attracted the attention of scientists across the globe. These natural enemies exist in agroecosystems and suppress the populations of pests. Parasitoids are farmers’ friends and the most successful group of natural enemies. Highly specialised in their host choice, the female parasitoid searches for a suitable host to lay eggs and larvae in, on or near the hosts. Exploiting this potency of parasitoids may yield successful results in controlling notorious pests in an ecofriendly way. This book covers information on the important biocontrol agents effective in pest suppression. It starts with insect parasitic groups followed by specific groups of parasitoids. It is hoped that the book presents a comprehensive account of beneficial parasitoirds, and will be useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students of Entomology, Biological Control, Plant Protection, Agricultural Zoology, and Zoology, besides those involved in competitive examinations and policy planning. Features: Each chapter has been written by very experienced specialists Every chapter includes Learning Objectives and Points to Remember This book offers comprehensive knowledge of parasitoids and their application in pest management in a rational way

Author : Eric Wajnberg,Stefano Colazza
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 501 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2013-03-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781118409602

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Chemical Ecology of Insect Parasitoids by Eric Wajnberg,Stefano Colazza Pdf

Insect parasitoids are a fascinating group of animals in many respects. Perhaps the most fascinating point is that these insects, in the course of the evolutionary time, have developed an impressive way to use chemical compounds to dialogue with the different protagonists of their environment (i.e., conspecifics, their hosts and the plants on which their hosts are living). Unravelling the evolutionary meaning of such chemical communication networks can give new insights into the ecology of these insects and especially on how to improve their use for the control of noxious pests in biological control programmes. Chemical Ecology of Insect Parasitoids is a timely publication, with organised chapters to present the most important knowledge and discoveries that have taken place over the last decade, and their potential use in pest control strategy. Specific relevant case studies are presented to enhance the reader's experience. Suited to graduate students and professional researchers and practitioners in pest management, entomology, evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, and chemical ecology, this book is essential for anyone needing information on this important group of insects.

Author : S. Sithanantham,Chandish R. Ballal,S.K. Jalali,N Bakthavatsalam
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 424 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2013-08-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9788132211815

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Biological Control of Insect Pests Using Egg Parasitoids by S. Sithanantham,Chandish R. Ballal,S.K. Jalali,N Bakthavatsalam Pdf

The theme of the book is highly relevant to the current emphasis on environment conservation, with focus on native biodiversity conservation in agro-ecosystems. The current impetus being given to organic farming and export oriented agri-hortculture in the country calls for access to relevant scientific knowledge base among the stakeholders. Research on biological pest control is more than a century old in India. Egg parasitoids, which are mainly tiny wasps, led by the family Trichogrammatidae, are the most widely utilized natural enemies for biological control globally. Over thirty countries are using these bioagents to protect over 10 million hectares of agricultural and forestry crops from many important insect pests. The book comprises 18 chapters, which are arranged in continuum, commencing with basic aspects of knowledge and ending in their utilization targets. The chapters cover broadly four areas: bio-diversity and natural occurrence of egg parasitoids, behaviour and adaptation of egg parasitoids, mass production and safe use of egg parasitoids and utilisation of egg parasitoids in different crop ecosystems. Some of the chapters cater to the needs of discipline-wise update on the current R&D scenario-like insect taxonomy, biotechnology, mass-production and quality control of the target organisms - egg-parasitoids, which are useful for laboratory scientists/researchers. There are also chapters devoted to knowledge status and scope for utilization of egg parasitoids in different target crops, which cater to requirements of field entomologists and extensionists for use in their tasks of guiding farmers/local guides. The book is different in approach, method, structure and content and ensures holistic coverage of the topic. The chapters are written by active and experienced workers in different crops and aspects and co-edited by four very experienced experts who have over three decades R&D experience in the subject. All the authors have uniformly focussed on comprehensive literature study and critical identification of knowledge gaps for future R&D, thus the book is novel in outlook, up-to-date in content and comprehensive in coverage of themes. This book will be useful for supplementary reading for MSc Agriculture and PhD Agriculture students, besides MSc/PhD research students in Zoology/Environmental Biology, who are specialising in Entomology. It would also serve as a very useful reference book for researchers worldwide, though focus is also there on Indian work. It addresses the special information needs of students and faculty, besides practitioners and extensionists in the Australasia and Africa regions and thus not limited to the R&D knowledge generated in developed countries.

Author : K. J. Starks
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 16 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1976
Category : Greenbug
ISBN : UIUC:30112104065831

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Release of Parasitoids to Control Greenbugs on Sorghum by K. J. Starks Pdf

Author : Bradford A. Hawkins
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 1994-07-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780521460293

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Pattern and Process in Host-Parasitoid Interactions by Bradford A. Hawkins Pdf

How is the staggering biodiversity of the parasitoid insects maintained? This book, first published in 1994, explores patterns in host-parasitoid interactions, including parasitoid community richness, the importance of parasitoids as mortality factors, and their impact on host densities as determined by the outcomes of parasitoid introductions for biological control. It documents general patterns using data sets generated from the global literature and evaluates potential underlying biological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms. A theme running throughout the book is the importance of host refuges as a major constraint on host-parasitoid interactions. Much can be learnt from the analysis of broad patterns; a few simple rules can go a long way in explaining the major components of these interactions. This book will be an invaluable resource for researchers interested in community ecology, population biology, entomology and biological control.

Author : Ann E. Hajek
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 396 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2004-02-12
Category : Gardening
ISBN : 0521653851

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Natural Enemies by Ann E. Hajek Pdf

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Author : Donald L. J. Quicke
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 756 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2015-01-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781118907054

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The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps by Donald L. J. Quicke Pdf

The Ichneumonoidea is a vast and important superfamily of parasitic wasps, with some 60,000 described species and estimated numbers far higher, especially for small-bodied tropical taxa. The superfamily comprises two cosmopolitan families - Braconidae and Ichneumonidae - that have largely attracted separate groups of researchers, and this, to a considerable extent, has meant that understanding of their adaptive features has often been considered in isolation. This book considers both families, highlighting similarities and differences in their adaptations. The classification of the whole of the Ichneumonoidea, along with most other insect orders, has been plagued by typology whereby undue importance has been attributed to particular characters in defining groups. Typology is a common disease of traditional taxonomy such that, until recently, quite a lot of taxa have been associated with the wrong higher clades. The sheer size of the group, and until the last 30 or so years, lack of accessible identification materials, has been a further impediment to research on all but a handful of ‘lab rat’ species usually cultured initially because of their potential in biological control. New evidence, largely in the form of molecular data, have shown that many morphological, behavioural, physiological and anatomical characters associated with basic life history features, specifically whether wasps are ecto- or endoparasitic, or idiobiont or koinobiont, can be grossly misleading in terms of the phylogeny they suggest. This book shows how, with better supported phylogenetic hypotheses entomologists can understand far more about the ways natural selection is acting upon them. This new book also focuses on this superfamily with which the author has great familiarity and provides a detailed coverage of each subfamily, emphasising anatomy, taxonomy and systematics, biology, as well as pointing out the importance and research potential of each group. Fossil taxa are included and it also has sections on biogeography, global species richness, culturing and rearing and preparing specimens for taxonomic study. The book highlights areas where research might be particularly rewarding and suggests systems/groups that need investigation. The author provides a large compendium of references to original research on each group. This book is an essential workmate for all postgraduates and researchers working on ichneumonoid or other parasitic wasps worldwide. It will stand as a reference book for a good number of years, and while rapid advances in various fields such as genomics and host physiological interactions will lead to new information, as an overall synthesis of the current state it will stay relevant for a long time.