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Peasants and Revolution in Rural China by Chang Liu Pdf
This book explores rural political change in China from 1850 to 1949 to help us understand China’s transformation from a weak, decaying agrarian empire to a unified, strong nation-state during this period. Based on local gazetteers, contemporary field studies, government archives, personal memoirs and other primary sources, it systematically compares two key macro-regions of rural China – the North China plain and the Yangzi delta – to demonstrate the ways in which the forces of political change, shaped by different local conditions, operated to transform the country. It shows that on the North China plain, the village community composed mainly of owner-cultivators was the focal point for political mobilization, whilst in the Yangzi delta absentee landlordism was exploited by the state for local control and tax extraction. However, these both set the stage, in different ways, for the communist mobilization in the first half of the twentieth century. Peasants and Revolution in Rural China is an important addition to the literature on the history of the Chinese Revolution, and will be of interest to anyone seeking to understand the course of Chinese social and political development.
China's Peasants by Sulamith Heins Potter,Jack M. Potter Pdf
This landmark study of Zengbu, a Cantonese community, is the first comprehensive analysis of a rural Chinese society by foreign anthropologists since the Revolution in 1949. Jack and Sulamith Potter examine the revolutionary experiences of Zengbu's peasant villagers and document the rapid changeover from Maoist to post-Maoist China. In particular, they seek to explain the persistence of the deep structure of Chinese culture through thirty years of revolutionary praxis. The authors assess the continuities and changes in rural China, moving from the traditional social organization and cultural life of the pre-revolutionary period through the series of large-scale efforts to implement planned social change which characterized Maoism - land reform, collectivization, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. They examine in detail late Maoist society in 1979-80 and go on to describe and analyse the extraordinary changes of the post-Mao years, during which Zengbu was decollectivized, and traditional customs and religious practices reappeared.
Peasants and Revolution in Rural China by Anonim Pdf
This book explores rural political change in China from 1850 to 1949 to help us understand China's transformation from a weak, decaying agrarian empire to a unified, strong nation-state during this period.
Agents and Victims in South China by Helen F. Siu Pdf
When peasants live in complex agrarian societies with distinct hierarchies of power, how much are they able to shape their world? In this socio-economic, political, and anthropological history, Helen F. Siu explores this question by examining a rural community in Guangdong Province from the late nineteenth century to the present.
Author : Kay Ann Johnson Publisher : University of Chicago Press Page : 292 pages File Size : 48,8 Mb Release : 2009-02-15 Category : Social Science ISBN : 9780226401942
Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in China by Kay Ann Johnson Pdf
Kay Ann Johnson provides much-needed information about women and gender equality under Communist leadership. She contends that, although the Chinese Communist Party has always ostensibly favored women's rights and family reform, it has rarely pushed for such reforms. In reality, its policies often have reinforced the traditional role of women to further the Party's predominant economic and military aims. Johnson's primary focus is on reforms of marriage and family because traditional marriage, family, and kinship practices have had the greatest influence in defining and shaping women's place in Chinese society. Conversant with current theory in political science, anthropology, and Marxist and feminist analysis, Johnson writes with clarity and discernment free of dogma. Her discussions of family reform ultimately provide insights into the Chinese government's concern with decreasing the national birth rate, which has become a top priority. Johnson's predictions of a coming crisis in population control are borne out by the recent increase in female infanticide and the government abortion campaign.
From Heaven to Earth combines information on events, processes and structures into a comprehensive introduction to the study of reform in rural China. It provides an invaluable complement to contemporary studies of China by economists and political scientists. Elisabeth Croll draws on her extensive research and frequent visits to China, and on her first-hand studies of villages in many different regions, to look behind the simplistic notion of 'reform' as merely a 'return to capitalism'. Taking a distinctively anthropological approach to the subject, she discusses the age-old peasant dreams of sons and land, and how they have been shaped and reshaped to affect the way in which Chinese peasants, men and women, think about time and change. More practically, the study focuses on rural development, emphasising that the peasant household lies at the heart of recent rural reforms, making for new relations between state and village, a new family form, modified gender relations and single or two-child families.
Between 1979 and 1989, rural life in China was transformed: the communes were dismantled, tiny family farms were created, government domination of commerce and enterprise was eased, and many entrepreneurial ventures were brought to life. China's rural reform was arguably the most massive single act of privatization in history. Although Deng Xiaoping's government claimed credit for the dramatic innovations, Daniel Kelliher shows that it was the peasants themselves--with no organization or legal political voice of their own--who instigated the most radical changes of the reform era. Drawing on his fieldwork in Hubei Province and neighboring provinces in south-central China, Kelliher traces the origins of reform in three areas--family farming, marketing, and private entrepreneurship--and details the local conspiracies, deceptions, and illegal experiments that peasants used to push state policy in new directions. He also addresses the larger issue of how disenfranchised peasants could affect politics at all under a strong state like that of China. Analyzing the evolution of state socialism in China, Kelliher explains how state ambitions for modernization in the post-Mao era made the state-socialist system vulnerable to rising peasant power. He also shows why the state seized upon economic privatization as a way of securing its political base among the peasantry. The book not only offers a wide-ranging portrait of rural politics in contemporary China but also uses the Chinese case to illuminate state-peasant relations, reform in state socialism, and privatization in other third world nations.
Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981 by David Zweig Pdf
During and after the Cultural Revolution, radical leaders in the Chinese Communist Party tried to mobilize rural society for socioeconomic and political changes and move rural China to even higher stages of collectivism. David Zweig argues that because advocates of agrarian radicalism formed a minority group within China's central leadership, they acted in opposition to the dominant moderate forces and resorted to alternative strategies to mobilize support for their unofficial policies. The limited institutionalization of the system allowed the radicals to promote their principles through "policy winds," speeches generated by newspaper articles, networks of political allies, and organized visits; they also linked their policies to ongoing political and economic campaigns. In spite of this radical ideology and frequent upheavals in the countryside, Zweig finds that Chinese peasants had no ideological affinity for Mao's theory of the continuing revolution and reacted to each policy change on the basis of how it affected their personal, family, or collective interests. Despite intense propaganda, cadres adjusted the impact of these radical policies so that the peasants' conservative mindset, entrepreneurial spirit, and desire to improve their own lot remained intact. Zweig examines the local realities of the radicals' program by describing the results of specific policies; he discriminates among the responses of officials at different bureaucratic levels, peasants of varying income levels and family structures, and villages with specific geographic and socioeconomic characteristics. He draws on his own field research in Chinese villages and interviews with Chinese college students and their friends who had lived in the countryside and emigrès in Hong Kong who had lived and worked in rural China.
Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945 by Anonim Pdf
Why do peasants rebel? In particular, why do some peasants rebel and not others? Starting from the fact that only in certain geographical areas does rebellion seem to recur persistently, the author examines three notable rebel movements in one such area in China: Huaipei, a region of poor soil and unstable weather bounded by the Huai and Yellow (Huang He) rivers. The Nien rebels of the 1850s and 1860s and the Red Spear Society of the Republican era are described as representing traditional forms of violent competition for scarce economic resources. The Nien were essentially "predatory," using violence as a way of obtaining food and other necessities; the Red Spears essentially "protective," concerned to defend peasant homes and property against bandits, warlord armies, and state efforts at taxation. The communist movement of the 1930s and 1940s, by contrast, looked beyond these traditional patterns to a national social revolution that would render local rebellions unnecessary. The author throws new light on the role of secret societies in peasant protest, and offers a new interpretation of the relationship between rebellion and revolution.
Much has been written of China's peasant revolution, less has been written on the peasant experience of reform. In From Heaven to Earth Elisabeth Croll examines the images, policies and experiences of development and links the peasants' experience of revolution and reform with their conceptualisations of time and change and examines the new and recent desires which motivate peasant households in China; the new and strenuous demands which are generated by current reforms which allocate new responsibilities to the peasant family; and family strategies evolved by peasant housholds to maximise their resources within the context of reformed rural development. From Heaven to Earth will be of great interest to students, lecturers and professionals in development studies, anthropology, sociology and Chinese Studies.
Notes on Mao Tse-tung's "Report of an Investigation Into the Peasant Movement in Hunan" by Boda Chen, Chen Po-ta Pdf
Originally published in March 1927, the "Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan" was written by Chairman Mao at a critical moment in the Chinese revolution as a reply to the carping criticism, then being levelled both inside and outside the Party against the peasants' revolutionary struggle and as a firm support for the peasants' rising revolutionary movement. It is a brilliant Marxist-Leninist classic. At the time the First Revolutionary Civil War (1924-27) fought under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party was developing victoriously. The Northern Expeditionary Army, which started its advance from Kwangtung, had marched into the Yangtse valley, occupying half of the country. The workers' and peasants' mass movement developed vigorously. The earthshaking peasants' revolutionary struggle was advancing in a great sweep over the length and breadth of the country, especially in Hunan, the center of the nation's peasant movement, where it rose like a mighty storm, like a swift and violent hurricane. Millions of the peasant masses, overwhelming with force and momentum had shattered the reactionary rule of the feudal landlord class, a great feat never before achieved in thousands of years. Confronted by this excellent situation of fast-moving revolutionary development, the forces of counter-revolution were seized with great panic. They rabidly opposed the Chinese Communist Party, opposed and undermined the peasant movement and suppressed the peasants' revolutionary struggle. While ready to openly strangle the Chinese revolution by force, imperialism was working overtime to foster the Right wing of the Kuomintang headed by Chiang Kai-shek which was hiding in the revolutionary camp. Showing his true colors, Chiang Kai-shek worked in alliance with all the forces of reaction to attack the masses of workers and peasants and by launching a counter-revolutionary massacre tried to smother the revolution. The Right opportunists in the Party, headed by Chen Tu-hsiu, failing to understand the importance of the peasant question and hostile to the peasants' revolutionary struggle which they feared, opposed Chairman Mao's correct line; they practiced capitulationism before the landlord and capitalist classes. Frightened by the counter-revolutionary adverse current of the Kuomintang reactionaries, they dared not support the great peasant movement but instead scurried after the landlord and capitalist classes and loudly attacked the peasant movement as "going too far" and being "terrible". In order to appease the Kuomintang reactionaries, they insisted that the peasants should hand over the rural revolutionary political power and their armed forces to the landlord class. They preferred to desert the peasantry, the chief ally in the revolution, and thus left the working class and the Communist Party isolated and without help and led the revolution on to the road of defeat. In these circumstances and with a view to leading and promoting the peasant movement, saving the revolution and defeating the enemy, Chairman Mao spent thirty-two days personally investigating the situation of the peasant movement in the five counties of Hsiangtan, Hsianghsiang, Hengshan, Liling and Changsha and then summed up the experiences of the peasant movement and wrote "Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan."
Revolution in a Chinese Village by David Crook,Isabel Crook Pdf
First published in 2002. An in-depth study of land reform in one Chinese village, the authors were accepted as comrades in Party life and studies in post-war rural China.
