Peer Effects In The Classroom

Author : Eric A Hanushek,F. Welch
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 853 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2006-11-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780080465661

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Handbook of the Economics of Education by Eric A Hanushek,F. Welch Pdf

The Handbooks in Economics series continues to provide the various branches of economics with handbooks which are definitive reference sources, suitable for use by professional researchers, advanced graduate students, or by those seeking a teaching supplement. With contributions from leading researchers, each Handbook presents an accurate, self-contained survey of the current state of the topic under examination. These surveys summarize the most recent discussions in journals, and elucidate new developments. Although original material is also included, the main aim of this series is the provision of comprehensive and accessible surveys. *Every volume contains contributions from leading researchers *Each Handbook presents an accurate, self-contained survey of a particular topic *The series provides comprehensive and accessible surveys

Author : Caroline Minter Hoxby
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 62 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Academic achievement
ISBN : OCLC:247861639

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Peer Effects in the Classroom by Caroline Minter Hoxby Pdf

Peer effects are potentially important for understanding the optimal organization of schools, jobs, and neighborhoods, but finding evidence is difficult because people are selected into peer groups based, in part, on their unobservable characteristics. I identify the effects of peers whom a child encounters in the classroom using sources of variation that are credibly idiosyncratic, such as changes in the gender and racial composition of a grade in a school in adjacent years. I use specification tests, including one based on randomizing the order of years, to confirm that the variation I use is not generated by time trends or other non-idiosyncratic forces. I find that students are affected by the achievement level of their peers: a credibly exogenous change of 1 point in peers' reading scores raises a student's own score between 0.15 and 0.4 points, depending on the specification. Although I find little evidence that peer effects are generally non-linear, I do find that peer effects are stronger intra-race and that some effects do not operate through peers' achievement. For instance, both males and females perform better in math in classrooms that are more female despite the fact that females' math performance is about the same as that of males

Author : Caroline Minter Hoxby
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 62 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Academic achievement
ISBN : OCLC:247861639

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Peer Effects in the Classroom by Caroline Minter Hoxby Pdf

Peer effects are potentially important for understanding the optimal organization of schools, jobs, and neighborhoods, but finding evidence is difficult because people are selected into peer groups based, in part, on their unobservable characteristics. I identify the effects of peers whom a child encounters in the classroom using sources of variation that are credibly idiosyncratic, such as changes in the gender and racial composition of a grade in a school in adjacent years. I use specification tests, including one based on randomizing the order of years, to confirm that the variation I use is not generated by time trends or other non-idiosyncratic forces. I find that students are affected by the achievement level of their peers: a credibly exogenous change of 1 point in peers' reading scores raises a student's own score between 0.15 and 0.4 points, depending on the specification. Although I find little evidence that peer effects are generally non-linear, I do find that peer effects are stronger intra-race and that some effects do not operate through peers' achievement. For instance, both males and females perform better in math in classrooms that are more female despite the fact that females' math performance is about the same as that of males

Author : Andreas Ammermueller
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1375329308

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Educational Opportunities and the Role of Institutions by Andreas Ammermueller Pdf

Educational opportunities determine the intergenerational mobility of human capital and are affected by institutional features of schooling systems. The aim of this paper is twofold. It intends to show how strongly student performance depends on student background at two important stages in a student's life as well as to explain cross-country differences in educational opportunities by schooling institutions. A difference-in-differences estimation approach is applied to control for country-specific effects. The results imply that educational opportunities decrease with student age in most countries. However, the attitude of parents seems to become more important while the impact of social origin decreases. A greater differentiation of the schooling system as indicated by streaming and private schools is associated with a greater effect of social background while more instruction time limits the impact of social origin on student performance. Higher school autonomy increases the impact of parental influence.

Author : Ludger Woessmann,Paul E. Peterson
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 339 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262232579

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Schools and the Equal Opportunity Problem by Ludger Woessmann,Paul E. Peterson Pdf

Leading researchers from the United States and Europe report on new findings on the effect of education on equal opportunity, using economic and statistical techniques to assess the results of education policy reform in countries including the United States, Britain, Sweden, Germany, and Italy. Much educational research today is focused on assessing reforms that are intended to create equal opportunity for all students. Many current policies aim at concentrating extra resources on the disadvantaged. The state-of-the-art research in Schools and the Equal Opportunity Problem suggests, however, that even sizeable differential spending on the disadvantaged will not yield an equality of results. In this CESifo volume, leading scholars from the United States and Europe use the tools of economics to assess the outcome of efforts to solve education's equal opportunity problem in a range of countries, including the United States, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Italy. The evidence shows some routes for advancement--testing with high performance standards, for example, and well-designed school choice--but also raises considerable doubts about whether many current school policies are effective in dramatically altering the opportunity structure. The evidence presented also calls into question the idea that causal peer effects are very strong. The contributors examine such topics as the link between education and parental income, the problematic past research on peer effects, tracking, the distribution of educational outcomes, human capital policy aimed at disadvantaged students, and private/public school choice. The research suggests that achieving universal primary and secondary education is both urgently needed and feasible. Will the international community commit the necessary economic, human, and political resources? The challenge, say the editors, is "as inspiring and formidable... as any extraterrestrial adventures--and far more likely to enrich and improve life on earth."

Author : Gordon Neufeld,Gabor Maté, MD
Publisher : Vintage Canada
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2011-11-30
Category : Family & Relationships
ISBN : 9780307375490

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Hold On to Your Kids by Gordon Neufeld,Gabor Maté, MD Pdf

A psychologist with a reputation for penetrating to the heart of complex parenting issues joins forces with a physician and bestselling author to tackle one of the most disturbing and misunderstood trends of our time -- peers replacing parents in the lives of our children. Dr. Neufeld has dubbed this phenomenon peer orientation, which refers to the tendency of children and youth to look to their peers for direction: for a sense of right and wrong, for values, identity and codes of behaviour. But peer orientation undermines family cohesion, poisons the school atmosphere, and fosters an aggressively hostile and sexualized youth culture. It provides a powerful explanation for schoolyard bullying and youth violence; its effects are painfully evident in the context of teenage gangs and criminal activity, in tragedies such as in Littleton, Colorado; Tabor, Alberta and Victoria, B.C. It is an escalating trend that has never been adequately described or contested until Hold On to Your Kids. Once understood, it becomes self-evident -- as do the solutions. Hold On to Your Kids will restore parenting to its natural intuitive basis and the parent-child relationship to its rightful preeminence. The concepts, principles and practical advice contained in Hold On to Your Kids will empower parents to satisfy their children’s inborn need to find direction by turning towards a source of authority, contact and warmth. Something has changed. One can sense it, one can feel it, just not find the words for it. Children are not quite the same as we remember being. They seem less likely to take their cues from adults, less inclined to please those in charge, less afraid of getting into trouble. Parenting, too, seems to have changed. Our parents seemed more confident, more certain of themselves and had more impact on us, for better or for worse. For many, parenting does not feel natural. Adults through the ages have complained about children being less respectful of their elders and more difficult to manage than preceding generations, but could it be that this time it is for real? -- from Hold On to Your Kids

Author : Anthony S. BRYK,Valerie E. Lee,Peter Blakeley. Holland,Anthony S Bryk
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 417 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2009-06-30
Category : Education
ISBN : 9780674029033

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Catholic Schools and the Common Good by Anthony S. BRYK,Valerie E. Lee,Peter Blakeley. Holland,Anthony S Bryk Pdf

The authors examine a broad range of Catholic high schools to determine whether or not students are better educated in these schools than they are in public schools. They find that the Catholic schools do have an independent effect on achievement, especially in reducing disparities between disadvantaged and privileged students. The Catholic school of today, they show, is informed by a vision, similar to that of John Dewey, of the school as a community committed to democratic education and the common good of all students.

Author : Peter Blatchford,Anthony Russell
Publisher : UCL Press
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2020-11-12
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781787358799

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Rethinking Class Size: The complex story of impact on teaching and learning by Peter Blatchford,Anthony Russell Pdf

The debate over whether class size matters for teaching and learning is one of the most enduring, and aggressive, in education research. Teachers often insist that small classes benefit their work. But many experts argue that evidence from research shows class size has little impact on pupil outcomes, so does not matter, and this dominant view has informed policymaking internationally. Here, the lead researchers on the world’s biggest study into class size effects present a counter-argument. Through detailed analysis of the complex relations involved in the classroom they reveal the mechanisms that support teachers’ experience, and conclude that class size matters very much indeed. Drawing on 20 years of systematic classroom observations, surveys of practitioners, detailed case studies and extensive reviews of research, Peter Blatchford and Anthony Russell contend that common ways of researching the impact of class size are limited and sometimes misguided. While class size may have no direct effect on pupil outcomes, it has, they say, significant force through interconnections with classroom processes. In describing these connections, the book opens up the everyday world of the classroom and shows that the influence of class size is everywhere. It impacts on teaching, grouping practices and classroom management, the quality of peer relations, tasks given to pupils, and on the time teachers have for marking, assessments and understanding the strengths and challenges for individual pupils. From their analysis, the authors develop a new social pedagogical model of how class size influences work, and identify policy conclusions and implications for teachers and schools.

Author : Ronald H. Heck,Scott L. Thomas,Lynn N. Tabata
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 835 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2013-08-22
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135074241

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Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS by Ronald H. Heck,Scott L. Thomas,Lynn N. Tabata Pdf

This book demonstrates how to use multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques available in the IBM SPSS mixed-effects program (MIXED). Annotated screen shots provide readers with a step-by-step understanding of each technique and navigating the program. Readers learn how to set up, run, and interpret a variety of models. Diagnostic tools, data management issues, and related graphics are introduced throughout. Annotated syntax is also available for those who prefer this approach. Extended examples illustrate the logic of model development to show readers the rationale of the research questions and the steps around which the analyses are structured. The data used in the text and syntax examples are available at www.routledge.com/9780415817110. Highlights of the new edition include: Updated throughout to reflect IBM SPSS Version 21. Further coverage of growth trajectories, coding time-related variables, covariance structures, individual change and longitudinal experimental designs (Ch.5). Extended discussion of other types of research designs for examining change (e.g., regression discontinuity, quasi-experimental) over time (Ch.6). New examples specifying multiple latent constructs and parallel growth processes (Ch. 7). Discussion of alternatives for dealing with missing data and the use of sample weights within multilevel data structures (Ch.1). The book opens with the conceptual and methodological issues associated with multilevel and longitudinal modeling, followed by a discussion of SPSS data management techniques which facilitate working with multilevel, longitudinal, and cross-classified data sets. Chapters 3 and 4 introduce the basics of multilevel modeling: developing a multilevel model, interpreting output, and trouble-shooting common programming and modeling problems. Models for investigating individual and organizational change are presented in chapters 5 and 6, followed by models with multivariate outcomes in chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides an illustration of multilevel models with cross-classified data structures. The book concludes with ways to expand on the various multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques and issues when conducting multilevel analyses. It's ideal for courses on multilevel and longitudinal modeling, multivariate statistics, and research design taught in education, psychology, business, and sociology.

Author : Steven N. Durlauf,H. Peyton Young
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0262541769

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Social Dynamics by Steven N. Durlauf,H. Peyton Young Pdf

This collection of essays presents a variety of approaches to understanding the dynamics of human interaction.

Author : Hoxby
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1348142795

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Peer Effects in the Classroom: Learning from Gender and Race Variation by Hoxby Pdf

Author : Timothy Rasinski,William Rupley
Publisher : MDPI
Page : 160 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2019-04-18
Category : Education
ISBN : 9783038977346

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Vocabulary Development by Timothy Rasinski,William Rupley Pdf

Knowledge of word meanings is critical to success in reading. A reader cannot fully understand a text in which the meaning to a significant number of words is unknown. Vocabulary knowledge has long been correlated with proficiency in reading. Yet, national surveys of student vocabulary knowledge have demonstrated that student growth in vocabulary has been stagnant at best. This volume offers new insights into vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary teaching. Articles range from a presentation of theories of vocabulary that guide instruction to innovative methods and approaches for teaching vocabulary. Special emphasis is placed on teaching academic and disciplinary vocabulary that is critical to success in content area learning. Our hope for this volume is that it may spark a renewed interest in research into vocabulary and vocabulary instruction and move toward making vocabulary instruction an even more integral part of all literacy and disciplinary instruction.

Author : Jess Benhabib,Alberto Bisin,Matthew O. Jackson
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 570 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2010-11-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780444537072

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Handbook of Social Economics by Jess Benhabib,Alberto Bisin,Matthew O. Jackson Pdf

Through the use of new economic data and tools, the contributors survey an array of social interactions and decisions that typify homo economicus. Their work brings order to the sometimes conflicting claims that countries, environments, beliefs, and other influences make on our economic decisions.

Author : Jess Benhabib,Alberto Bisin,Matthew O. Jackson
Publisher : Newnes
Page : 1509 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780444537133

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Handbook of Social Economics SET: 1A, 1B by Jess Benhabib,Alberto Bisin,Matthew O. Jackson Pdf

How can economists define and measure social preferences and interactions? Through the use of new economic data and tools, our contributors survey an array of social interactions and decisions that typify homo economicus. Identifying economic strains in activities such as learning, group formation, discrimination, and the creation of peer dynamics, they demonstrate how they tease out social preferences from the influences of culture, familial beliefs, religion, and other forces. Advances our understanding about quantifying social interactions and the effects of culture Summarizes research on theoretical and applied economic analyses of social preferences Explores the recent willingness among economists to consider new arguments in the utility function

Author : Eric A Hanushek,Stephen J. Machin,Ludger Woessmann
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 616 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2010-11-11
Category : Education
ISBN : 0080961827

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Handbook of the Economics of Education by Eric A Hanushek,Stephen J. Machin,Ludger Woessmann Pdf

How does education affect economic and social outcomes, and how can it inform public policy? Volume 3 of the Handbooks in the Economics of Education uses newly available high quality data from around the world to address these and other core questions. With the help of new methodological approaches, contributors cover econometric methods and international test score data. They examine the determinants of educational outcomes and issues surrounding teacher salaries and licensure. And reflecting government demands for more evidence-based policies, they take new looks at institutional feaures of school systems. Volume editors Eric A. Hanushek (Stanford), Stephen Machin (University College London) and Ludger Woessmann (Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Munich) draw clear lines between newly emerging research on the economics of education and prior work. In conjunction with Volume 4, they measure our current understanding of educational acquisition and its economic and social effects. Uses rich data to study issues of high contemporary policy relevance Demonstrates how education serves as an important determinant of economic and social outcomes Benefits from the globalization of research in the economics of education