Poverty Food Insecurity And Social Protection During Covid 19 In Myanmar Combined Evidence From A Household Telephone Survey And Micro Simulations

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Poverty, food insecurity, and social protection during COVID-19 in Myanmar: Combined evidence from a household telephone survey and micro-simulations

Headey, Derek D.,Oo, Than Zaw,Mahrt, Kristi,Diao, Xinshen,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel
Poverty food insecurity and social protection during COVID 19 in Myanmar Combined evidence from a household telephone survey and micro simulations Book PDF

Author : Headey, Derek D.,Oo, Than Zaw,Mahrt, Kristi,Diao, Xinshen,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 13 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2020-11-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Poverty, food insecurity, and social protection during COVID-19 in Myanmar: Combined evidence from a household telephone survey and micro-simulations by Headey, Derek D.,Oo, Than Zaw,Mahrt, Kristi,Diao, Xinshen,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel Pdf

This study assesses the welfare impacts of COVID-19 on households in Myanmar by combining recent high-frequency telephone survey evidence for two specific rural and urban geographies with national-level survey-based simulations designed to assess ex-ante impacts on poverty with differing amounts of targeted cash transfers. The first source of evidence – the COVID-19 Rural and Urban Food Security Survey (C19- RUFSS) – consists of four rounds of monthly data collected from a sample of over 2,000 households, all with young children or pregnant mothers, divided evenly between urban and peri-urban Yangon and the rural Dry Zone. This survey sheds light on household incomes prior to COVID-19 (January 2020), incomes and food security status soon after the first COVID-19 wave (June 2020), the gradual economic recovery thereafter (July and August 2020), and the start of the second COVID-19 wave in September and October 2020. This survey gives timely and high-quality evidence on the recent welfare impacts of COVID-19 for two important geographies and for households that are nutritionally highly vulnerable to shocks due to the presence of very young children or pregnant mothers. However, the relatively narrow geographic and demographic focus of this telephone survey and the need for forecasting the poverty impacts of COVID-19 into 2021 prompt us to explore simulationbased evidence derived by applying parameter shocks to household models developed from nationally representative household survey data collected prior to COVID-19, the 2015 Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey (MPLCS). By realistically simulating the kinds of disruptions imposed on Myanmar’s economy by both international forces, e.g., lower agricultural exports and workers’ remittances, and domestic COVID-19 prevention measures. e.g., stay-at-home orders and temporary business closures, we not only can predict the impacts of COVID-19 on household poverty at the rural, urban, and national levels, but also can assess the further benefits to household welfare of social protection in the form of monthly household cash transfers of different magnitudes. Combined, these two sources of evidence yield insights on both the on-the-ground impacts of COVID-19 in recent months and the potential poverty reduction impacts of social protection measures in the coming year. We conclude the study with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings.

Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Telephone survey evidence from mothers in rural and urban Myanmar

Headey, Derek D.,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel,Oo, Than Zaw,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell
Poverty and food insecurity during COVID 19 Telephone survey evidence from mothers in rural and urban Myanmar Book PDF

Author : Headey, Derek D.,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel,Oo, Than Zaw,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2020-10-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Telephone survey evidence from mothers in rural and urban Myanmar by Headey, Derek D.,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel,Oo, Than Zaw,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell Pdf

Myanmar had one of the lowest confirmed COVID-19 caseloads in the world in mid-2020 and was one of the few developing countries not projected to go into economic recession. However, macroeconomic projections are likely to be a poor guide to individual and household welfare in a fast-moving crisis that has involved disruption to an unusually wide range of sectors and livelihoods. To explore the impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on household poverty and coping strategies, as well as maternal food insecurity experiences, this study used a telephone survey conducted in June and July 2020 covering 2,017 mothers of nutritionally vulnerable young children in urban Yangon and rural villages of Myanmar’s Dry Zone. Stratifying results by location, livelihoods, and asset-levels, and using retrospective questions on pre-COVID-19 incomes and various COVID-19 impacts, we find that the vast majority of households have been adversely affected from loss of income and employment. Over three-quarters cite income/job losses as the main impact of COVID-19 – median incomes declined by one third and $1.90/day income-based poverty rose by around 27 percentage points between January and June 2020. Falling into poverty was most strongly associated with loss of employment (including migrant employment), but also with recent childbirth. The poor commonly coped with income losses through taking loans/credit, while better-off households drew down on savings and reduced non-food expenditures. Self-reported food insecurity experiences were much more common in the urban sample than in the rural sample, even though income-based and asset-based poverty were more prevalent in rural areas. In urban areas, around one quarter of respondents were worried about food quantities and quality, and around 10 percent stated that there were times when they had run out of food or gone hungry. Respondents who stated that their household had lost income or experienced food supply problems due to COVID-19 were more likely to report a variety of different food insecurity experiences. These results raise the concern that the welfare impacts of the COVID-19 crisis are much more serious and widespread than macroeconomic projections would suggest. Loss of employment and casual labor are major drivers of increasing poverty. Consequently, economic recovery strategies must emphasize job creation to revitalize damaged livelihoods. However, a strengthened social protection strategy should also be a critical component of economic recovery to prevent adversely affected households from falling into poverty traps and to avert the worst forms of food insecurity and malnutrition, particularly among households with pregnant women and young children. The recent second wave of COVID-19 infections in Myanmar from mid-August onwards makes the expansion of social protection even more imperative.

Poverty and Food Insecurity During COVID-19

Derek Headey,Sophie Goudet,Isabel Lambrecht,Than Zaw Oo,Elisa Maria Maffioli,Russell Toth
Poverty and Food Insecurity During COVID 19 Book PDF

Author : Derek Headey,Sophie Goudet,Isabel Lambrecht,Than Zaw Oo,Elisa Maria Maffioli,Russell Toth
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1375399010

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Poverty and Food Insecurity During COVID-19 by Derek Headey,Sophie Goudet,Isabel Lambrecht,Than Zaw Oo,Elisa Maria Maffioli,Russell Toth Pdf

Myanmar had one of the lowest confirmed COVID-19 caseloads in the world in mid-2020 and was one of the few developing countries not projected to go into economic recession. However, macroeconomic projections are likely to be a poor guide to individual and household welfare in a fast-moving crisis that has involved disruption to an unusually wide range of sectors and livelihoods. To explore the impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on household poverty and coping strategies, as well as maternal food insecurity experiences, this study used a telephone survey conducted in June and July 2020 covering 2,017 mothers of nutritionally vulnerable young children in urban Yangon and rural villages of Myanmar's Dry Zone.Stratifying results by location, livelihoods, and asset-levels, and using retrospective questions on pre-COVID-19 incomes and various COVID-19 impacts, we find that the vast majority of households have been adversely affected from loss of income and employment. Over three-quarters cite income/job losses as the main impact of COVID-19 - median incomes declined by one third and $1.90/day income-based poverty rose by around 27 percentage points between January and June 2020. Falling into poverty was most strongly associated with loss of employment (including migrant employment), but also with recent childbirth. The poor commonly coped with income losses through taking loans/credit, while better-off households drew down on savings and reduced non-food expenditures. Self-reported food insecurity experiences were much more common in the urban sample than in the rural sample, even though income-based and asset-based poverty were more prevalent in rural areas. In urban areas, around one quarter of respondents were worried about food quantities and quality, and around 10 percent stated that there were times when they had run out of food or gone hungry. Respondents who stated that their household had lost income or experienced food supply problems due to COVID-19 were more likely to report a variety of different food insecurity experiences.These results raise the concern that the welfare impacts of the COVID-19 crisis are much more serious and widespread than macroeconomic projections would suggest. Loss of employment and casual labor are major drivers of increasing poverty. Consequently, economic recovery strategies must emphasize job creation to revitalize damaged livelihoods. However, a strengthened social protection strategy should also be a critical component of economic recovery to prevent adversely affected households from falling into poverty traps and to avert the worst forms of food insecurity and malnutrition, particularly among households with pregnant women and young children. The recent second wave of COVID-19 infections in Myanmar from mid-August onwards makes the expansion of social protection even more imperative.

Consumer immobility predicts both macroeconomic contractions and household poverty during COVID-19

Headey, Derek D.,Cho, Ame,Lambrecht, Isabel,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell
Consumer immobility predicts both macroeconomic contractions and household poverty during COVID 19 Book PDF

Author : Headey, Derek D.,Cho, Ame,Lambrecht, Isabel,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 17 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2021-02-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Consumer immobility predicts both macroeconomic contractions and household poverty during COVID-19 by Headey, Derek D.,Cho, Ame,Lambrecht, Isabel,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell Pdf

Amid extreme uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic, economic policymakers have struggled to respond to rapidly changing circumstances with appropriate speed and scale. One policy obstacle is the dearth of real-time indicators of the pandemic’s economic impacts, especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Here we show that an ‘immobility’ indicator from GoogleTM – measuring the extent to which consumers are staying at home more – is a powerful predictor of changes in household poverty in Myanmar, as well as aggregate national consumption and gross domestic product (GDP) in cross-country data. Combined, this evidence suggests that real-time mobility indicators have the potential to inform a wide range of policy deliberations, including forecasting models, fine-tuning the timing of both economic stimulus and social protection interventions, and tracking economic recovery from this unprecedented crisis.

Changes in household income, food consumption, and diet quality in urban and rural areas of Ghana during the COVID-19 crisis: Results of 2020 phone surveys

Ragasa, Catherine,Amewu, Sena,Asante, Seth
Changes in household income food consumption and diet quality in urban and rural areas of Ghana during the COVID 19 crisis Results of 2020 phone surveys Book PDF

Author : Ragasa, Catherine,Amewu, Sena,Asante, Seth
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2021-11-03
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Changes in household income, food consumption, and diet quality in urban and rural areas of Ghana during the COVID-19 crisis: Results of 2020 phone surveys by Ragasa, Catherine,Amewu, Sena,Asante, Seth Pdf

This study provides an assessment of changes in household income, livelihood sources, food consumption, and diet quality during the first months of the COVID-19 crisis in a sample of households drawn from both urban and rural areas in Ghana. Phone surveys were conducted in June 2020 with 423 urban consumers in Accra and with 369 small-scale crop and fish farmers in rural areas in six regions in middle and southern Ghana. Data was disaggregated by asset quintiles for both the urban and the rural samples. Reduction in incomes were reported by 83 percent of urban households in Accra, mainly due to business closures and lower sales from their trading enterprises. Most households, however, are showing resilience in terms of food consumption, with a majority of urban consumers surveyed maintaining their pre-COVID-19 level of food consumption; only 9 percent of urban consumers reported reductions in food consumption to cope with income loss due to COVID-19. For the respondents in the rural areas in middle and southern Ghana, 76 percent reported income loss, and all reported that their livelihoods had been affected. Thirty-four percent of 2020 minor season crop farmers experienced difficulty in selling their produce, and 43 percent of all sample crop farmers anticipated difficulties in accessing inputs in the 2020 major season, mainly fertilizers and agrochemicals. Of those growing fish, 53 percent experienced difficulty in accessing inputs, mainly feeds; 60 percent reported increased input prices; and 64 percent of those harvesting from March to June 2020 experienced difficulties in selling their fish because of lower demand, lower tilapia prices, and higher transportation costs. Despite farm and nonfarm income losses, a majority of households in the rural sample reported maintaining previous levels of diet diversity and food consumption - only 11 percent reported reducing their food consumption to cope with income loss. Several months into the COVID-19 crisis in Ghana, households in both rural and urban areas showed some resilience in terms of their agricultural production and food consumption. Regular monitoring is needed, however, especially if household savings start to dry up and coping mechanisms become more restrictive.

Myanmar's poverty and food insecurity crisis: Support to agriculture and food assistance is urgently needed to preserve a foundation for recovery

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Myanmar s poverty and food insecurity crisis Support to agriculture and food assistance is urgently needed to preserve a foundation for recovery Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 19 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2021-07-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Myanmar's poverty and food insecurity crisis: Support to agriculture and food assistance is urgently needed to preserve a foundation for recovery by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

National poverty rates in Myanmar have risen dramatically due to economic disruption following the February 1, 2021 military take-over of government. Depending on assumptions about the scale of the economic impacts, household poverty rates are predicted to have risen to between 40 and 50 percent in 2021, compared to 32 percent in 2015 and just under 25 percent in 2017. Between 849,000 and 1.87 million new households are thus living in poverty in 2021 in addition to the estimated 2.86 million households already in poverty in 2015. The poverty impacts of these disruptions are significant not only in the sharp increases in the total number of households in poverty, but also in the substantial deepening of poverty for households that were already poor. By the end of the current financial year, the average poverty gap (expenditure shortfall) is predicted to have increased from 26 percent in 2015 to between 34 and 40 percent for individuals living in poor households.

Evidence review for dietary guidance

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
Evidence review for dietary guidance Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 177 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2023-10-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251379974

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Evidence review for dietary guidance by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund Pdf

The evidence review for dietary guidance is the first step in establishing the Myanmar food based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) for pregnant and lactating women and children under 5 years old. The review process followed a systematic approach to gather, assess and analyse data and information related to food, diet and nutrient intakes of the Myanmar people, agricultural production and food supply, food sustainability, cultural food preference and behaviour, prevalence of malnutrition and diet-related diseases. The evidence review provides justifications for making FBDG recommendations based on up-to-date and country-specific information, as well as the global evidence base. The evidence review increases the transparency of the evidence-based process in establishing the Myanmar FBDGs. Moreover, The evidence review for dietary guidance is the first structured evidence review to guide FBDGs development in Myanmar.

Assessing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of rural people

Sitko, N., Knowles M., Viberti, F., Bordi, D.
Assessing the impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic on the livelihoods of rural people Book PDF

Author : Sitko, N., Knowles M., Viberti, F., Bordi, D.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 69 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2022-03-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251353394

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Assessing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of rural people by Sitko, N., Knowles M., Viberti, F., Bordi, D. Pdf

In this paper we focus specifically on differences in the welfare impacts of COVID-19 on rural livelihoods between countries using nationally representative data that we disaggregate by food system typology. This typology captures key structural differences in the organization of rural economies and the vulnerabilities to rural livelihoods due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures. In particular, we draw on household survey data collected from 54 countries through the World Bank’s COVID-19 High Frequency Monitoring Dashboard to generate descriptive data on COVID-19 impacts in rural areas across three dimensions: income, coping strategies and food security. These descriptive data are disaggregated into four food system categories and contextualized and validated through a systematic review of rigorous, survey-based studies of COVID-19 impacts in rural areas. Through this analysis, the report provides insights on how COVID-19 is influencing rural livelihoods, how its impacts vary between countries and food system typologies, and, ultimately, how policymakers and the international community need to respond in order to foster an inclusive and sustainable recovery.

The status of women in agrifood systems

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The status of women in agrifood systems Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2023-04-13
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789251378144

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The status of women in agrifood systems by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The status of women in agrifood systems report uses extensive new data and analyses to provide a comprehensive picture of women’s participation, benefits, and challenges they face working in agrifood systems globally. The report shows how increasing women’s empowerment and gender equality in agrifood systems enhances women’s well-being and the well-being of their households, creating opportunities for economic growth, greater incomes, productivity and resilience. The report comes more than a decade after the publication of the State of food and agriculture (SOFA) 2010–11: Women in agriculture – Closing the gender gap for development. SOFA 2010–11 documented the tremendous costs of gender inequality not only for women but also for agriculture and the broader economy and society, making the business case for closing existing gender gaps in accessing agricultural assets, inputs and services. Moving beyond agriculture, The status of women in agrifood systems reflects not only on how gender equality and women’s empowerment are central to the transition towards sustainable and resilient agrifood systems but also on how the transformation of agrifood systems can contribute to gender equality and women’s empowerment. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the available evidence on gender equality and women’s empowerment in agrifood systems that has been produced over the last decade. The report also provides policymakers and development actors with an extensive review of what has worked, highlighting the promise of moving from closing specific gender gaps towards the adoption of gender-transformative approaches that explicitly address the formal and informal structural constraints to equality. It concludes with specific recommendations on the way forward. Last update 03/08/2023

Double Jeopardy: COVID-19, coup d'etat and poverty in Myanmar

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Double Jeopardy COVID 19 coup d etat and poverty in Myanmar Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2022-06-28
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Double Jeopardy: COVID-19, coup d'etat and poverty in Myanmar by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

Myanmar experienced four distinct COVID shocks to its economy over 2020 to early 2022 as well as a military takeover in February 2021 that created severe political, civil and economic turmoil. COVID and the coup d’état reversed a decade of growth and poverty reduction, but the full extent of the crisis on household poverty has remained uncertain because of the challenges of conducting large-scale in-person welfare surveys during the pandemic and recent political instability. Here we combine ex ante simulation models with diverse phone survey evidence from mid-2020 to early 2022 to estimate the poverty impacts of these shocks and some of the mechanisms behind them. Both simulations and surveys are consistent in painting a grim picture of rising poverty, capital-depleting coping mechanisms, and the complete collapse of government-provided social protection.

Agricultural extension in times of crisis and emergent threats: Effectiveness of a fall armyworm information intervention in Myanmar Author

Goeb, Joseph,Maredia, Mywish K.,Herrington, Caitlin,Zu, A Myint
Agricultural extension in times of crisis and emergent threats Effectiveness of a fall armyworm information intervention in Myanmar Author Book PDF

Author : Goeb, Joseph,Maredia, Mywish K.,Herrington, Caitlin,Zu, A Myint
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2023-07-28
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Agricultural extension in times of crisis and emergent threats: Effectiveness of a fall armyworm information intervention in Myanmar Author by Goeb, Joseph,Maredia, Mywish K.,Herrington, Caitlin,Zu, A Myint Pdf

Agricultural extension can have important impacts on vulnerable populations by increasing food production, which improves both rural incomes and urban food security. Yet, crises induced by violent conflict or disease outbreaks can sever the connections between extension agents and farmers. Understanding how agricultural extension systems can safely and effectively reach farmers in times of crisis could help stabilize agri-food systems in fragile states. In the context of COVID-19, a military coup, and an emergent threat of fall armyworm in Myanmar, this paper uses a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of two cellphone-based extension interventions – a direct-to-farmer and a lead farmer intervention – for fall armyworm control in maize. Despite low compliance, both interventions caused knowledge improvements. However, damage control estimates show that the lead-farmer group used pesticides most effectively. Similar cellphone-based lead-farmer programs could be an effective tool in fragile states and when faced with emergent threats to agriculture.

Urban food prices under lockdown: Evidence from Myanmar’s traditional food retail sector during COVID-19

Goeb, Joseph,Maredia, Mywish K.,Win, Khin Zin,Masias, Ian,Lambrecht, Isabel,Boughton, Duncan,Minten, Bart
Urban food prices under lockdown Evidence from Myanmar s traditional food retail sector during COVID 19 Book PDF

Author : Goeb, Joseph,Maredia, Mywish K.,Win, Khin Zin,Masias, Ian,Lambrecht, Isabel,Boughton, Duncan,Minten, Bart
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 23 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2021-05-27
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Urban food prices under lockdown: Evidence from Myanmar’s traditional food retail sector during COVID-19 by Goeb, Joseph,Maredia, Mywish K.,Win, Khin Zin,Masias, Ian,Lambrecht, Isabel,Boughton, Duncan,Minten, Bart Pdf

Many governments imposed stringent lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic as a public health measure to suppress the spread of the disease. With consumer incomes already depressed, the potential impacts of these measures on urban food prices are of particular concern. This working paper examines the changes in Myanmar’s urban food prices during lockdown using detailed food price data collected from a panel of phone surveys conducted in August and September 2020 of 431 family-owned retail shops in Myanmar’s two largest cities, Yangon and Mandalay. We find that the supply side of Myanmar’s food retail sector was largely resilient to the shocks and lockdowns throughout the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates from a fixed effects differencein-differences model reveal that food prices were 3 percent higher in townships under lockdown compared to those not under lockdown, a statistically significant but modest effect. Lockdowns had smaller effects on prices for highly processed food items sourced directly from companies, but larger effects on prices for raw or lightly processed commodities sourced through wholesale markets, which comprise a larger share of urban consumer’s diets. Retailer margins did not change significantly under lockdown restrictions, suggesting no evidence of price gouging. Overall, our findings of a modest impact of the lockdown on urban food prices underscore the importance of keeping the food supply chain–including wholesale markets and retail shops–functioning as completely and as safely as possible during times of crisis, as was mostly the case early in the crisis for the two cities in this study.

Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19

Brizeida Hernandez-Sanchez,Jose C. Sánchez-García,António Carrizo Moreira,Alcides Monteiro
Psychosocial Educational and Economic Impacts of COVID 19 Book PDF

Author : Brizeida Hernandez-Sanchez,Jose C. Sánchez-García,António Carrizo Moreira,Alcides Monteiro
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 512 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2023-06-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781803550398

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Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 by Brizeida Hernandez-Sanchez,Jose C. Sánchez-García,António Carrizo Moreira,Alcides Monteiro Pdf

The COVID-19 pandemic had numerous negative effects on many aspects of life. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the psychosocial, educational, and economic impacts of the pandemic worldwide. It includes thirty-two chapters that highlight the importance of analyzing, evaluating, and carrying out appropriate treatments to prevent the mental and social consequences of the pandemic. Topics addressed include the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on different groups of people, including students, healthcare professionals, disadvantaged groups, and others; the educational impacts of COVID-19 on students, educators, students with disabilities, doctors, and so on; and the economic impacts of COVID-19 on managers, employees, residential care homes, and other businesses worldwide.

Beyond emergency relief: What will it take to ensure a resilient recovery for agriculture and the rural economy of Myanmar

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Beyond emergency relief What will it take to ensure a resilient recovery for agriculture and the rural economy of Myanmar Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2022-02-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Beyond emergency relief: What will it take to ensure a resilient recovery for agriculture and the rural economy of Myanmar by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

The recent history of rural economic transformation in Myanmar and the effects of COVID-19 and the military coup in February 2021 provide important lessons for the design and implementation of plans to help the country recover from these scourges. The impoverishment of farming communities in Myanmar during decades of socialist military rule, beginning in the 1960s until the turn of the century, led to an outflux of migrants to neighboring countries. As the country opened up to foreign investment through economic reforms initiated in 2011, rural wages surged and farm mechanization services expanded rapidly. Together with increased remittance flows from migrants, higher rural household incomes drove growth in a wide range of non-farm service enterprises. Nevertheless, agricultural growth was low and most crop subsectors stagnated due to underlying and unresolved structural constraints such as poor infrastructure and inequality in land access. As in many other countries in Asia, border closures and lockdowns instituted to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in early 2020 resulted in widespread employment and income losses. The Myanmar government pro-actively sought to mitigate the impacts through expanded credit to farmers and businesses. By the end of 2020, Myanmar was beginning to recover from the economic stresses of COVID-19. However, the February 2021 military coup resulted in a far more severe economic downturn than COVID-19 due to the collapse of the financial system, the massive resignations by public sector employees, and the prolonged movement restrictions. Coup-induced state failure greatly magnified the health and economic consequences of COVID-19 in terms of poverty, food insecurity, and stalled economic transformation. This paper uses a combination of macro, meso, and micro-level analyses to measure the impacts of COVID-19 and state failure on rural economic transformation through the lens of the agri-food system, and to draw lessons for policies to support broad-based and resilient economic recovery.

Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Yangon peri-urban poultry farmers - November 2020 survey round

Fang, Peixun,Belton, Ben,Ei Win, Hnin,Zhang, Xiaobo
Monitoring the impact of COVID 19 in Myanmar Yangon peri urban poultry farmers November 2020 survey round Book PDF

Author : Fang, Peixun,Belton, Ben,Ei Win, Hnin,Zhang, Xiaobo
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 11 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2020-12-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Yangon peri-urban poultry farmers - November 2020 survey round by Fang, Peixun,Belton, Ben,Ei Win, Hnin,Zhang, Xiaobo Pdf

Poultry farmers in Myanmar were interviewed by telephone in early June, late June, early July, late July, and August 2020 to determine how their businesses were being affected by COVID-19 related restrictions. The results of those surveys were published in Myanmar Strategy Support Program Policy Notes 11, 13, 19, 21, and 28, respectively. To trace the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their economic activities, a sixth round of the phone survey of poultry farmers was done in November 2020. The sixth round sample included 226 poultry farmers (162 broiler and 64 layer farms) in the Yangon peri-urban area (Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon regions) who had been interviewed in the first five rounds of the survey. The same survey questionnaire was used. This survey round is three months after the August survey round, so most broiler farms should have finished a full production cycle between the two last survey rounds. This Policy Note reports on the results of this sixth survey round.