Practical Laboratory Manual Biology By Dr Sunita Bhagia Er Meera Goyal Sbpd Publications
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Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology -by Dr. Sunita Bhagia, Er. Meera Goyal (SBPD Publications) by Dr. Sunita Bhagia,Er. Meera Goyal Pdf
Introduction EXPERIMENTS 1.To study pollen germination on slide, 2. To study the texture moisture content pH and water Holding Capacity of soils collected from different sites, 3.To collect water from different water bodies and study them for pH Clarity and presence of living organisms, 4. To study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at different sites. 5.To study plant population density by quadrat method. 6.To study plant population frequency by quadrat method. 7.To study various stages of mitosis in root tip of onion by preparing slide in acetocarmine. 8. To study effect of different temperature and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase. 9. To study the isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach green pea,seeds, papaya etc. SPOTTING 1. Pollination in flowers. 2. Pollen germination. 3. Slides of mammal tissues, 4. Meiosis cell division. 5.T. S. of Blastula, 6.Mendel's inheritance laws.7.Pedigree chart. 8.Controlled pollination, 9. Common diseases, causing organisms, 10. Xerophytic adaptation, 11.Aquatic adaptation. VIVA-VOCE
Practical/Laboratory Manual Science Class X based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. J. P. Goel, Dr. S. C. Rastogi, Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Er. Meera Goyal by Dr. J. P. Goel,Dr. S. C. Rastogi,Dr. Sunita Bhagia ,Er. Meera Goyal Pdf
Physics : 1.To determine the focal length of concave mirror, 2. To find the focal length of convex lens by two pin method, 3. To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and drawing corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image formed, 4.To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism, 5.To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for difference angles of incidence. 6.To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I.7.To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and parallel Chemistry : 8.To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper universal indicator, 9.To studying the properties of a base (dil. NaOH Solution) and Acid (HCl) by their reaction with : (a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red), (b) Zinc metal, (c) Solid sodium carbonate, 10.To perform and observe the following reactions and to classify them into (a) Combination reaction, (b) Decomposition reaction, (c) Displacement reaction, (d) Double displacement reaction : (i) Action of water on quick lime, (ii) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals, (iii) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution, (iv) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.11.To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al on the following salt solutions : (a) ZnSO4 (aq.), (b) FeSO4 (aq.), (c) CuSO4 (aq.), (d) Al2 (SO4)3 (aq.). Based on the above result to arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order or reactivity,12.To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) : (i) Odour, (ii) Solubility in water, (iii) Effect on litmus, (iv) Reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate. 13.To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water. Biology : 14.To study stomata by preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel. 15. To show experimentally that carbon dioxide (CO2) is given out during aerobic respiration, 16. To study (A) Binary fission in Amoeba and (B) Budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides, 17.To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or red kidney beans.)
Practical/Laboratory Manual Science Class IX based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. J. P. Goel, Dr. S. C. Rastogi, Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Er. Meera Goyal by Dr. J. P. Goel,Dr. S. C. Rastogi,Dr. Sunita Bhagia , Er. Meera Goyal Pdf
Physics : 1.To determine the focal length of concave mirror, 2. To find the focal length of convex lens by two pin method, 3. To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and drawing corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image formed, 4.To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism, 5.To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for difference angles of incidence. 6.To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I.7.To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and parallel Chemistry : 8.To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper universal indicator, 9.To studying the properties of a base (dil. NaOH Solution) and Acid (HCl) by their reaction with : (a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red), (b) Zinc metal, (c) Solid sodium carbonate, 10.To perform and observe the following reactions and to classify them into (a) Combination reaction, (b) Decomposition reaction, (c) Displacement reaction, (d) Double displacement reaction : (i) Action of water on quick lime, (ii) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals, (iii) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution, (iv) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions. 11.To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al on the following salt solutions : (a) ZnSO4 (aq.), (b) FeSO4 (aq.), (c) CuSO4 (aq.), (d) Al2 (SO4)3 (aq.). Based on the above result to arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order or reactivity,12.To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) : (i) Odour, (ii) Solubility in water, (iii) Effect on litmus, (iv) Reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate. 13.To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water. Biology : 14.To study stomata by preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel. 15.To show experimentally that carbon dioxide (CO2) is given out during aerobic respiration, 16. To study (A) Binary fission in Amoeba and (B) Budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides, 17.To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or red kidney beans.)
Practical/Laboratory Manual Physics Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal by Dr. J. P. Goel, Er. Meera Goyal Pdf
SECTION : A EXPERIMENTS 1.To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current, 2.To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence determine the specifi resistance (Resistivity) of its material, 3.To verify the laws of combination (Series/Parallel) of resistance using ameter bridge, 4.To compare the e.m.f. of two given primary cells using potentiometer, 5.To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell (e.g. Leclanche cell) using potentiometer, 6.To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and to find its figure of merit. 7 A. To convert a given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same, 7.B.To convert a given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same. 8.To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer and horse-shoe magnet. SECTION : B EXPERIMENTS 1.To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length, 2.To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graph between u and v or 1/u and 1/v. 3.To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.4.To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens. 5. To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and angle of deviation, 6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope, 7.To find the refractive index of a liquid by using a convex lens and a plane mirror, 8.To draw I-V characteristics curve of a p-n function in forward bias and reverse bias, 9.To draw the characteristics curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break down voltage, 10.To study the characteristics of a common-emitter n-p-n or p-n-p transistor and to find out the values of current and voltage gains. SECTION : A ACTIVITIES 1.To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core, 2.To measure resistance voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of given circuit using multimeter, 3. To assemble a household circuit comprising of three bulbs, three (on/off)switches, a fuse and a power source. 4.To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. 5.To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current, 6.To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising atleast a battery, resistor/rheostat, key ammeter and voltmeter. Make the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram. SECTION : B ACTIVITIES 1.To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR (Light Depending Resistor), 2.To identify a diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed collection of such items, 3. Use a multimeter to : (i) identify the transistor, (ii) distinguish between n-p-n and p-n-p type transistor, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and a LED, (iv) Check whether a given electronic components (e.g diode, transistor or IC) is in working order, 4.To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab, 5.To observe polarisation of light using two polaroids, 6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit, 7.To study the nature and size of the image formed by : (i) convex lens, (ii) concave mirror on a screen by using candle and a screen for different distance of the candle from the lens/mirror, 8.To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses. SUGGESTED INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 1.To Study Verious factors on which the Internal Resistance/EMF of a cell depends, 2.To study the variations in current following in a circuit containing L.D.R. because of variation. (a) In the power of incomdescent lamp used to illum inate the L.D.R. Keeping all the lamps in fixed position (b) In the Distance of a in condescent lamp (of fixed power) used to illum inate the L.D.R. 3. To find the refractive indeces of (a) Water (b) Oil (Transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle, 4. To design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table. 5. To investigate the relation between the ratio of : (i) Output and Input voltage (ii) Number of turms in secondary coils and primary coils of a self designed transformer. 6.To Investigate the dependence of angle of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hollow prism filled one by with different transparent fluids, 7.To Estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical styrofoam balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of coulomob’s Law :, 8.To study the factors on which the self inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an a.c. source of adjustable frequency, 9.To study the earth’s magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. APPENDIX Some Important Tables of Physical Constants Logarithmic and other Tables
Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XI based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal by Dr. Sunita Bhagia ,Megha Bansal Pdf
An Excellent Book in Accordance with the latest syllabus for Class-11 Prescribed by CBSE/NCERT and Adopted by Various State Education Boards Introduction : (1. Necessary equipments, chemicals and other things for practical work, 2. General Instructions for practical work, 3. Special Instructions for practical note-book, Drawing and Recording, 4. Special Instructions for spotting.) EXPERIMENTS 1. To study and describe the flowering plant belonging to family (one from each of the families) (a) Solanaceae(b)Fabaceae(c)Liliaceae. 2.To prepare temporary slide of transverse section of dicot/monocot stem/dicot/ monocot root. 3. To study osmosis by potato-osmometer. 4. To study of plasmolysis in epidermal peel of Tradescantial or Rhoeo leaf. 5. To study the distribution of stomata on the upper and lower surface of a leaf. 6.To compare the rate of transpiration in upper and lower surface of the leaf. 7. To test the presence of sugars (Glucose, Sucrose and Starch), proteins and fats and to detect their presence in suitable plant and animal materials. 8. To study the separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography. 9. To study the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds. 10A.To test presence of urea in urine. 10B. To test presence of sugar in urine. 10C. To detect presence of albumin in urine. 10D.To test urine for presence of bile salt. SPOTTING 1. Study of compound microscope. 2. To study the plant specimen and identification with reasons : Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mushroom, Yeast, Liverwort, Moss, Fern, Pine, One Monocotyledonous plant, One dicotyledonous plant and one Lichen. 3. Study of animal specimens 1. Amoeba 2. Hydra 3.Fasciola Hepatica (Liver fluke) 4. Ascaris Lumbricoides 5. Hirudinaria Granulosa 6. Pheretima Posthuma 7. Palaemon 8. Bombyx Mori 9. Apis Indica (Honeybee)10. Pila Globasa (Snail) 11. Asterias (Starfish) 12. Scoliodon (Dogfish/Shark) 13.Labeo Rohita (Rohu) 14. Rana Tigrina (Frog) 15. Hemidactylus (Lizard) 16. Columba Livia (Pigeon) 17. Orytolagus Cuniculus(Rabbit). 4A.To study the plant tissues—Palisade cells, Guard cells, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem and Phloem through prepared slide. 4B.To study the animal tissue squamous epithelium, muscles fibres through prepared slide. 4C. To study mammalian blood smear by temporary/permanent slide. 5. Study of mitosis in root tip of onion. 6. Study of different modification in root, stem and leaves. 7. To study and identify different types of inflorescence (Racemose and Cymose). 8. To study imbition in seed/raisins. 9. To demonstrate that anaerobic respiration take place in the absence of air. 10. To study human skeleton and joints. 11. To study the external features of cockroach with help of model or chart
Practical/Laboratory Manual Biology Class XII based on NCERT guidelines by Dr. Sunita Bhagia & Megha Bansal by Dr. Sunita Bhagia ,Megha Bansal Pdf
A. List of Experiments 1.Study pollen germination on a slide, 2.Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them, 3. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism, 4. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites, 5. Study the plant population density by quadrate method, 6. Study the plant population frequency by quadrate method, 7. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis. 8. Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch. 9. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc. B. Study/observation of the following (Spotting) 1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds). 2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide. 3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice). 4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides. 5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian). 6.Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.7. Prepare pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness. 8. Controlled pollination-emasculation, tagging and bagging. 9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause. 10. Two plants and two animals (model/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations. 11. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment Content EXPERIMENTS 1.To study pollen germination on slide. 2. To study the texture moisture content pH and waterHolding Capacity of soils collected from different sites. 3.To collect water from different water bodies and study them for pH Clarity and presence of living organisms. 4. To study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at different sites. 5.To study plant population density by quadrat method.6.To study plant population frequency by quadrat method. 7.To study various stages of mitosis in root tip of onion by preparing slide in acetocarmine. 8.To study effect of different temperature and three different pH onthe activity of salivary amylase. 9. To study the isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach green pea,seeds, papaya etc. SPOTTING 1.Pollination in flowers. 2. Pollen germination. 3.Slides of mammal tissues. 4. Meiosis cell division. 5. T. S. of Blastula. 6. Mendel's inheritance laws. 7. Pedigree chart. 8. Controlled pollination. 9.Common disease causing organisms. 10. Xerophytic adaptation. 11.Aquatic adaptation.
Biology Class XII - SBPD Publications by Megha Bansal, Dr. Sunita Bhagiya Pdf
Unit-I-Reproduction 1.Reproduction in Organisms, 2 .Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms), 3 .Human Reproduction, 4. Reproductive Health, Unit-II-Genetics and Evolutions 5.Principles of Inheritance and Variation, 6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance, 7 .Evolution, Unit-III-Biology in Human Welfare 8.Human Health and Diseases, 9. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, 10. Microbes in Human Welfare, Unit-IV-Biotechnology 11.Biotechnology : Principles and Processes, 12. Biotechnology and ist Applications, Unit-V : Ecology and Environment 13.Organisms and Populations, 14. Ecosystem, 15 .Biodiversity and Conservation, 16.Environmental Issues, Value Based Questions (VBQ) Board Examination Papers.
Economics Class XII by Dr. Anupam Agarwal, Mrs. Sharad Agarwal (SBPD Publications) by Dr. Anupam Agarwal,Mrs. Sharad Agarwal Pdf
Strictly according to the latest syllabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Delhi and State Boards of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Haryana, H.P. etc. & Navodaya, Kasturba, Kendriya Vidyalayas etc. following CBSE curriculum based on NCERT guidelines. Part A : Introductory Micro Economics 1.Micro Economics : An Introduction, 2. Central Problems of an Economy, 3. Consumer’s Equilibrium, 4. Demand and Law of Demand, 5. Price Elasticity of Demand, 6. Production Function : Returns to a Factor and Returns to Scale, 7. Production Costs, 8. Concepts of Revenue, 9. Producer’s Equilibrium : Meaning and Conditions, 10. Supply and Law of Supply, 11. Elasticity of Supply, 12. Different Forms of Market : Meaning and Features, 13. Market Equilibrium Under Perfect Competition and Effects of Shifts in Demand & Supply, 14. Simple Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply, Part B : Introductory Macro Economics 15. Macro Economics : Meaning, 16. Circular Flow of Income, 17. Concepts and Aggregates related to National Income, 18. Measurement of National Income, 19. Money : Meaning, Evolution and Functions, 20. Commercial Banks and Credit Creation, 21. Central Bank : Meaning and Functions, 22. Recent Significant Reforms and Issues in Indian Banking System : Privatisation and Modernisation, 23. Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply and Related Concepts (Propensity to Consume, Propensity to Save and Investment), 24. Short Run Equilibrium Output, 25. Investment Multiplier and its Mechanism, 26. Problems of Deficient and Excess Demand, 27. Measures to Correct Deficient Demand and Excess Demand, 28. Government Budget and Economy, 29. Foreign Exchange Rate, 30. Balance of Payment Accounts : Meaning and Components. Model Paper Board Examination Papers
Study Material Based On NCERT Science Class - IX by Dr. Sunita Bhagiya, ,Er. Meera Goyal Pdf
1. Matter In Our Surrounding, 2. Is Matter Around us Pure , 3. Atoms And Molecules, 4. Structure of the atoms, 5. The Fundamental Unit of life, 6. Tissues, 7. Diversity in Living Organisms, 8. Motion, 9. Force and Laws of Motion, 10.Gravitation, 11. Work And Energy, 12. Sound, 13. Why Do we Fall Ill, 14.Natural Resources, 15. Improvement in Food resources Practical Work Project Work
Business Finance - SBPD Publications by Dr.F. C. Sharma,, Dr. R. U. Singh Pdf
1.The Nature and Role of Financial System, 2. Nature and Scope of Business Finance, 3. Financial Management : Nature and Scope, 4. Financial Planning, 5. Working Capital Management, 6. Cost of Capital,m 7. Capitalization, 8. Sources of Business Finance : Long-Term and Short-Term, 9. Financial Institutions, 10. Capital Market and Financial Instruments, 11. Indian Money Market, 12. Mutual Funds , 13. Sources and Forms of External Financing , 14. Underwriting of Capital Issues.
History Class- XII - SBPD Publications [2022-23] by Dr. Brajesh Kumar Srivastava Pdf
UNIT – I Archaeology & Ancient India 1. The Story of the First Cities : Harappan Archaeology, 2. Political and Economic History from the Mauryan to Gupta Period, 3. Social History : With Special Reference to Mahabharata, 4. History of Ancient Indian Religions with Special Reference to Buddhism and Sanchi Stupa, UNIT – II Medieval India 5. The Ain-i-Akbari : Agrarian Relations, 6. The Mughal Court : Reconstructing History through Chronical, 7. Architecture of Hampi (Vijaynagar), 8. Religious History : The Bhakti-Sufi Tradition, 9. Medieval Society through Foreign Travellers Accounts, UNIT- III Modern India 10. Colonialism and Rural Society : Evidence from Official Report, 11. ‘1857’ A Review, 12. Colonial Cities—Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture, 13. Mahatma Gandhi through Contemporary Eyes and his Role in the Indian Politics, 14. Partition of India and its Study through Oral Sources, 15. Making of the Indian Constitution.
Problems & Solutions in Economics Class XI by Dr. Anupam Agarwal, Mrs. Sharad Agarwal (SBPD Publications) by Dr. Anupam Agarwal,Mrs. Sharad Agarwal Pdf
Strictly according to the latest syllabus prescribed by State Boards of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Haryana, H.P., MP, Chhattisgarh etc. following CBSE curriculum based on NCERT guidelines. 6.Organization of Data : Classification, 7. Presentation of Data : Tables, 8. Diagrammatic Presentation of Data, 9. Graphic (Time Series and Frequency Distribution) Presentation of Data, 10. Measures of Central Tendency : Arithmetic Average, 11. Measures of Central Tendency : Median and Mode, 12. Measures of Dispersion, 13. Correlation, 14. Index Number.
Accountancy Class XI by Dr. S. K. Singh, Shailesh Chauhan by Dr. S. K. Singh,Shailesh Chauhan Pdf
1. Introduction to Accounting, 2. Basic Accounting Terms/Terminology, 3. Theory Base of Accounting : Accounting Principles—Fundamental Assumptions or Concepts, 4. Accounting Standards and IFRS, 5. Double Entry System, 6. Process and Bases of Accounting, 7. Origin of Transactions : Source Documents and Vouchers, 8. Accounting Equation, 9. Rules of Debit and Credit, 10. Recording of Business Transactions : Books of Original Entry—Journal, 11. Ledger, 12. Special Purpose (Subsidiary) Books (I) : Cash Book, 13. Special Purpose (Subsidiary) Books (II), 14. Bank Reconciliation Statement, 15. Trial Balance and Errors, 16. Depreciation, 17. Provisions and Reserves, 18. Accounting for Bills of Exchange, 19. Rectification of Errors, 20. Capital and Revenue Expenditures and Receipts, 21. Financial Statements/Final Accounts (Without Adjustment), 22. Final Accounts (With Adjustment), 23. Accounts from Incomplete Records or Single Entry System, 24. Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisations, Computer in Accounting 1. Introduction to Computer and Accounting Information System (AIS), 2. Applications of Computer in Accounting, 3. Accounting and Database System. Project Work.
Economics Class XII - SBPD Publications [2022-23] by Dr. Anupam Agarwal. ,Mrs. Sharad Agarwal Pdf
Part A : Introductory Micro Economics 1.Micro Economics : An Introduction, 2. Central Problems of an Economy, 3. Consumer’s Equilibrium, 4. Demand and Law of Demand, 5. Price Elasticity of Demand, 6. Production Function : Returns to a Factor and Returns to Scale, 7. Production Costs, 8. Concepts of Revenue, 9. Producer’s Equilibrium : Meaning and Conditions, 10. Supply and Law of Supply, 11. Elasticity of Supply, 12. Different Forms of Market : Meaning and Features, 13. Market Equilibrium Under Perfect Competition and Effects of Shifts in Demand & Supply, 14. Simple Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply, Part B : Introductory Macro Economics 15. Macro Economics : Meaning, 16. Circular Flow of Income, 17. Concepts and Aggregates related to National Income, 18. Measurement of National Income, 19. Money : Meaning, Evolution and Functions, 20. Commercial Banks and Credit Creation, 21. Central Bank : Meaning and Functions, 22. Recent Significant Reforms and Issues in Indian Banking System : Privatisation and Modernisation, 23. Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply and Related Concepts (Propensity to Consume, Propensity to Save and Investment), 24. Short Run Equilibrium Output, 25. Investment Multiplier and its Mechanism, 26. Problems of Deficient and Excess Demand, 27. Measures to Correct Deficient Demand and Excess Demand, 28. Government Budget and Economy, 29. Foreign Exchange Rate, 30. Balance of Payment Accounts : Meaning and Components. Model Paper Board Examination Papers
