Propaganda And Information Warfare In The Twenty First Century
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Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century by Scot Macdonald Pdf
This is the first book to analyze how the technology to alter images and rapidly distribute them can be used for propaganda and to support deception operations. In the past, propagandists and those seeking to conduct deception operations used crude methods to alter images of real people, events and objects, which could usually be detected relatively easily. Today, however, computers allow propagandists to create any imaginable image, still or moving, with appropriate accompanying audio. Furthermore, it is becoming extremely difficult to detect that an image has been manipulated, and the Internet, television and global media make it possible to disseminate altered images around the world almost instantaneously. Given that the United States is the sole superpower, few, if any, adversaries will attempt to fight the US military conventionally on the battlefield. Therefore, adversaries will use propaganda and deception, especially altered images, in an attempt to level the battlefield or to win a war against the United States without even having to fight militarily. Propaganda and Information Warfare in the 21st Century will be of great interest to students of information war, propaganda, public diplomacy and security studies in general.
The Changing Face of Warfare in the 21st Century by Gregory Simons,Iulian Chifu Pdf
This study discusses salient trends demonstrated by contemporary warfare of these first years of the 21st century. The authors reinforce previous notions of Fourth Generation Warfare, but most importantly explore the workings of new components and how these have modified the theory and practice of warfare beyond the basic divisions of conventional and unconventional warfare as witnessed in the preceding century. Throughout history there has been a close interaction between politics, communication and armed conflict and a main line of investigation of this book is to track changes that are presumed to have occurred in the way and manner in which armed conflicts are waged. Using cogent examples drawn variously from conflicts of the Arab Spring, the Islamic State and Russian adventurism in South Ossetia, Crimea and Eastern Ukraine, the authors demonstrate the application of Information Warfare, the practice of Hybrid Warfare, and offensive use of diplomacy, communications, economics and international law to obtain political and military advantages against the status quo states of the international community. The authors combine a theoretical framework with concrete empirical examples in order to create a better understanding and comprehension of the current events and processes that shape the character of contemporary armed conflicts and how they are informed and perceived in a highly mediatised and politicised world.
Information Warfare in the Age of Cyber Conflict by Christopher Whyte,A. Trevor Thrall,Brian Mazanec Pdf
This book examines the shape, sources and dangers of information warfare (IW) as it pertains to military, diplomatic and civilian stakeholders. Cyber warfare and information warfare are different beasts. Both concern information, but where the former does so exclusively in its digitized and operationalized form, the latter does so in a much broader sense: with IW, information itself is the weapon. The present work aims to help scholars, analysts, and policymakers understand information warfare within the context of cyber conflict. Specifically, the chapters in the volume address the shape of influence campaigns waged across digital infrastructure and in the psychology of democratic populations in recent years by belligerent state actors, from the Russian Federation to the Islamic Republic of Iran. In marshalling evidence on the shape and evolution of information warfare as a broad-scoped phenomenon aimed at societies writ large, the authors in this book present timely empirical investigations into the global landscape of influence operations, legal and strategic analyses of their role in international politics, and insightful examinations of the potential for democratic process to overcome pervasive foreign manipulation. This book will be of much interest to students of cyber-security, national security, strategic studies, defence studies and International Relations in general.
Challenging Online Propaganda and Disinformation in the 21st Century by Miloš Gregor,Petra Mlejnková Pdf
Disinformation has recently become a salient issue, not just for researchers but for the media, politicians, and the general public as well. Changing circumstances are a challenge for system and societal resilience; disinformation is also a challenge for governments, civil society, and individuals. Thus, this book focuses on the post-truth era and the online environment, which has changed both the ways and forms in which disinformation is presented and spread. The volume is dedicated to the complex processes of understanding the mechanisms and effects of online propaganda and disinformation, its detection and reactions to it in the European context. It focuses on questions and dilemmas from political science, security studies, IT, and law disciplines with the aim to protect society and build resilience against online propaganda and disinformation in the post-truth era.
A leading foreign correspondent looks at how social media has transformed the modern battlefield, and how wars are fought Modern warfare is a war of narratives, where bullets are fired both physically and virtually. Whether you are a president or a terrorist, if you don't understand how to deploy the power of social media effectively you may win the odd battle but you will lose a twenty-first century war. Here, journalist David Patrikarakos draws on unprecedented access to key players to provide a new narrative for modern warfare. He travels thousands of miles across continents to meet a de-radicalized female member of ISIS recruited via Skype, a liberal Russian in Siberia who takes a job manufacturing "Ukrainian" news, and many others to explore the way social media has transformed the way we fight, win, and consume wars-and what this means for the world going forward.
Propaganda and Conflict by Mark Connelly,Jo Fox,Stefan Goebel,Ulf Schmidt Pdf
"Propaganda has always played a key role in shaping attitudes during periods of conflict and the academic study of propaganda, commencing in earnest in 1915, has never really left us. We continue to want to understand propaganda's inner-workings and, in doing so, to control and confine its influence. We remain anxious about pernicious information warfare campaigns, especially those that seemingly endanger liberal democracy or freedom of thought. What are the challenges, then, of studying propaganda studies in the twenty-first century? Much scholarship remains locked into the study of state-led campaigns, however an area of special concern in recent years has been the loss of official control over the basic instruments of mass communication. This has been seen in the rise of 'fake news' and the ability of non-state actors to influence political events. This volume presents the latest research in propaganda studies, featuring contributions from a range of leading scholars and covering the most cutting-edge scholarship in the study of propaganda from World War I to the present."--Bloomsbury Publishing.
Weaponizing Information by Sidney E. Dean,Sidney E Dean Editor Pdf
(Dis-)Information Age Warfare: Countering ISIS, Putin & Co. Sidney E. Dean, Editor The phrase "hearts and minds" might be relatively new to global politics, but influencing popular opinion - that of your own citizens and allies, that of your adversaries, and that of the neutral world - has always been a vital element of international politics and of warfare. Early evidence can be found in Egyptian reliefs touting the invincibility of the pharaoh, who was depicted larger than life and surrounded by fallen foes. The message was simple, but clear: Egyptians should support their ruler who defended and brought glory to their nation, while foreigners should submit to his will rather than risk destruction. Propaganda warfare became more sophisticated over time. During the Cold War the Soviet Union dedicated a huge apparatus to so-called "agitational propaganda" or "AGITPROP." The goal was to promote pro-Soviet movements in the Third World while creating sympathy for Soviet aspirations among western populations. The rise of terrorist violence in the second half of the 20th Century was also paralleled by (dis-)information campaigns designed to gain sympathy for the extremists. At the same time western governments did their best to undermine communist regimes and promote democracy, primarily through broadcast media such as the BBC, Deutsche Welle, Radio Liberty/ Radio Free Europe, or Radio Marti. Ironically the free societies faced (and face) greater communications challenges than tyrants and terrorists. The latter's willingness to lie and distort allows them to present more intense arguments which resonate with many people. The recent revolution in communications technology has taken 21st Century propaganda warfare into a new dimension. It has also leveled the playing field to the point that a small organization or even one skilled communicator can disseminate a message around the world within minutes. The snowball-potential offered by social media means that one film clip or blog post can be re-tweeted, liked, friended and forwarded to millions of people within days. Traditional media outlets tendency to monitor the net further increases the potential exposure for propaganda messages. Unfortunately, the more outrageous, threatening or extreme the message, the more likely it will be viewed. The internet's potential as a propaganda dissemination tool was quickly recognized by well-organized and funded groups such as al Qaeda and ISIS, groups which have recruited large numbers of technology- and media-savvy specialists who churn out e-zines, blog posts, twitter campaigns, and eye-popping violent videos. Even pop music and video games have become terrorist recruiting tools. Meanwhile Vladimir Putin's nationalist Russia has also revived disinformation as a major foreign policy tool, albeit with a different tack than ISIS et al. While the latter seek to recruit and incite youth, Russia hopes to convince middle-class, educated Europeans and Americans that, "objectively," Putin is pursuing legitimate national aims, even defending Russia and Russians from an aggressive United States or Ukraine. And once western governments are playing catch-up in their struggle to discredit adversarial propaganda. This volume brings together fifteen subject experts who discuss the phenomenon of (Dis-)Information Age Warfare; analyze the Russian and Islamist propaganda machines; introduce the civilian and military counter-efforts currently conducted by the United States (including the Special Operations Command Military Information Support Operation or MISO, the State Department's Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communication or CSCC, and the work of the private media through the Broadcasting Board of Governors or BBG); and propose additional strategies for countering the flow of propaganda. As always, we wish you interesting reading.
* A TIMES and GUARDIAN BOOK OF THE YEAR * 'Quietly frightening.' Guardian 'Essential reading.' Irish Times 'Consistently chilling.' Herald 'Shocking and entertaining.' Daily Telegraph When information is a weapon, everyone is at war. We live in a world of influence operations run amok, a world of dark ads, psy-ops, hacks, bots, soft facts, ISIS, Putin, trolls, Trump. We've lost not only our sense of peace and democracy - but our sense of what those words even mean. As Peter Pomerantsev seeks to make sense of the disinformation age, he meets Twitter revolutionaries and pop-up populists, 'behavioural change' salesmen, Jihadi fan-boys, Identitarians, truth cops, and much more. Forty years after his dissident parents were pursued by the KGB, he finds the Kremlin re-emerging as a great propaganda power. His research takes him back to Russia - but the answers he finds there are surprising. 'The world's most powerful people are lying like never before, and no one understands the art of their lies like Peter Pomerantsev.' Oliver Bullough 'Through our current smog of smouldering bullshit, This is Not Propaganda shines a necessary, humane and dissident light.' Nick Rankin 'Far more than just another take on today's chaotic information wars, this book argues that we will have to understand how propaganda seeks to shape our deepest thoughts before we can confront it.' Anne Applebaum
Armed Conflict in the 21st Century by Steven Metz Pdf
Within the past decade, the U.S. military has implemented a number of programs to assess the changes underway in the global security environment and in the nature of warfare. Defense leaders and thinkers have concluded that revolutionary change is taking place and, if the United States develops appropriate technology, warfighting concepts, and military organizations, it can master or control this change, thus augmenting American security. In this monograph, Dr. Steven Metz, who was one of the earliest analysts of the strategic dimension of the revolution in military affairs, suggests that official thinking within the U.S. military may be too narrow. The information revolution, he contends, will have far-reaching strategic effects. The transformation it brings will not only be technological, but political, social, ethical and strategic as well.
Two defense experts explore the collision of war, politics, and social media, where the most important battles are now only a click away. Through the weaponization of social media, the internet is changing war and politics, just as war and politics are changing the internet. Terrorists livestream their attacks, “Twitter wars” produce real-world casualties, and viral misinformation alters not just the result of battles, but the very fate of nations. The result is that war, tech, and politics have blurred into a new kind of battlespace that plays out on our smartphones. P. W. Singer and Emerson Brooking tackle the mind-bending questions that arise when war goes online and the online world goes to war. They explore how ISIS copies the Instagram tactics of Taylor Swift, a former World of Warcraft addict foils war crimes thousands of miles away, internet trolls shape elections, and China uses a smartphone app to police the thoughts of 1.4 billion citizens. What can be kept secret in a world of networks? Does social media expose the truth or bury it? And what role do ordinary people now play in international conflicts? Delving into the web’s darkest corners, we meet the unexpected warriors of social media, such as the rapper turned jihadist PR czar and the Russian hipsters who wage unceasing infowars against the West. Finally, looking to the crucial years ahead, LikeWar outlines a radical new paradigm for understanding and defending against the unprecedented threats of our networked world.
Hybrid Conflicts and Information Warfare by Ofer Fridman,Vitaly Kabernik,James C. Pearce Pdf
"What is hybrid warfare? And what role does information play in today's conflicts? In the context of the technological/information revolution of the last two decades—which has greatly amplified the danger posed by nonmilitary means of political struggle—Hybrid Conflicts and Information Warfare addresses these questions from the perspectives of both Western and Russian experts. Incorporating both theory and contemporary realities, including the case of the Islamic State, the authors offer a unique dialogue on the nature of conflict in the second decade of the twenty-first century."--Publisher's description.
Conflict in the 21st Century by Nicholas Michael Sambaluk Pdf
This reference work examines how sophisticated cyber-attacks and innovative use of social media have changed conflict in the digital realm, while new military technologies such as drones and robotic weaponry continue to have an impact on modern warfare. Cyber warfare, social media, and the latest military weapons are transforming the character of modern conflicts. This book explains how, through overview essays written by an award-winning author of military history and technology topics; in addition to more than 200 entries dealing with specific examples of digital and physical technologies, categorized by their relationship to cyber warfare, social media, and physical technology areas. Individually, these technologies are having a profound impact on modern conflicts; cumulatively, they are dynamically transforming the character of conflicts in the modern world. The book begins with a comprehensive overview essay on cyber warfare and a large section of A-Z reference entries related to this topic. The same detailed coverage is given to both social media and technology as they relate to conflict in the 21st century. Each of the three sections also includes an expansive bibliography that serves as a gateway for further research on these topics. The book ends with a detailed chronology that helps readers place all the key events in these areas.
The book is a modern primer on propaganda. Disinformation, trolls, bots, information influence, psychological operations, information operations and information warfare. PROPAGANDA offers a contemporary model for thinking about the subject. It puts them in their proper place. The first two decades of the 21st century have brought qualitative and quantitative technological and societal changes, and the subject of Information Influence needs to get re-ordered. Now is the time. Information influence in the third decade of the 21st century culminates in two events. The first is the COVID 19 pandemic. This was a time when information influence was particularly relevant, with ubiquitous reports and news about the threats and risks. The war in Ukraine is another critical event. Propaganda and information warfare were used on a daily basis. This war was undoubtedly one of the moments when we were reminded of the existence of propaganda methods. The book explains the origins of the meaning and phenomenon of propaganda. Where it came from and how it has changed over the centuries. The book covers modern methods, including AI or advertising technologies. Legal, political, diplomatic and military considerations ensure that the material is covered in depth. The book is recommended for security and cybersecurity professionals (both technical and non-technical), government officials, politicians, corporate executives, academics and students of technical and social sciences. Adepts with an interest in the subject will read it with interest.
The SAGE Handbook of Propaganda by Paul Baines,Nicholas O′Shaughnessy,Nancy Snow Pdf
The SAGE Handbook of Propaganda unpacks the ever-present and exciting topic of propaganda to explain how it invades the human psyche, in what ways it does so, and in what contexts. As a beguiling tool of political persuasion in times of war, peace, and uncertainty, propaganda incites people to take, often violent, action, consciously or unconsciously. This pervasive influence is particularly prevalent in world politics and international relations today. In this interdisciplinary Handbook, the editors have gathered together a group of world-class scholars from Europe, America, Asia, and the Middle East, to discuss leadership propaganda, war propaganda, propaganda for peace marketing, propaganda as a psychological tool, terror-enhanced propaganda, and the contemporary topics of internet-mediated propaganda. Unlike previous publications on the subject, this book brings to the forefront current manifestations and processes of propaganda such as Islamist, and Far Right propaganda, from interdisciplinary perspectives. In its four parts, the Handbook offers researchers and academics of propaganda studies, peace and conflict studies, media and communication studies, political science and governance marketing, as well as intelligence and law enforcement communities, a comprehensive overview of the tools and context of the development and evolution of propaganda from the twentieth century to the present: Part One: Concepts, Precepts and Techniques in Propaganda Research Part Two: Methodological Approaches in Propaganda Research Part Three: Tools and Techniques in Counter-Propaganda Research Part Four: Propaganda in Context
