Reasoning Rationality And Probability

Author : Maria Carla Galavotti,Roberto Scazzieri,Patrick Suppes
Publisher : Center for the Study of Language and Information Publica Tion
Page : 326 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : STANFORD:36105131775509

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Reasoning, Rationality, and Probability by Maria Carla Galavotti,Roberto Scazzieri,Patrick Suppes Pdf

This volume broadens our concept of reasoning and rationality to allow for a more pluralistic and situational view of human thinking as a practical activity. Drawing on contributors across disciplines including philosophy, economics, psychology, statistics, computer science, engineering, and physics, Reasoning, Rationality, and Probability argues that the search for strong theories should leave room for the construction of context-sensitive conceptual tools. Both science and everyday life, the authors argue, are too complex and multifaceted to be forced into ready-made schemata.

Author : Mike Oaksford,Nick Chater
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 342 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2007-02-22
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780198524496

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Bayesian Rationality by Mike Oaksford,Nick Chater Pdf

For almost 2,500 years, the Western concept of what is to be human has been dominated by the idea that the mind is the seat of reason - humans are, almost by definition, the rational animal. In this text a more radical suggestion for explaining these puzzling aspects of human reasoning is put forward.

Author : Ellery Eells,Tomasz Maruszewski
Publisher : Rodopi
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Probabilities
ISBN : 9051833164

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Probability and Rationality by Ellery Eells,Tomasz Maruszewski Pdf

Author : David Papineau
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2006-01-26
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191516085

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The Roots of Reason by David Papineau Pdf

David Papineau presents a controversial view of human reason, portraying it as a normal part of the natural world, and drawing on the empirical sciences to illuminate its workings. In these six interconnected essays he offers a fresh approach to some long-standing problems. Papineau rejects the contemporary orthodoxy that genuine thought hinges on some species of non-natural normativity. He explores the evolutionary histories of theoretical and practical rationality, indicating ways in which capacities underlying human reasoning have been selected for their biological advantages. He then looks at the connection between decision and probability, explaining how good decisions need to be informed by causal as well as probabilistic facts. Finally he defends the radical view that a satisfactory understanding of decision-making is only possible within a specific interpretation of quantum mechanics. By placing the subject in its scientific context, Papineau shows how human rationality plays an explicable role in the functioning of the natural world.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2021-11-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789004457201

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Probability and Rationality by Anonim Pdf

Author : Silva Marzetti Dall'aste Brandolini
Publisher : Springer
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2016-06-16
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780230305687

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Fundamental Uncertainty by Silva Marzetti Dall'aste Brandolini Pdf

This volume addresses the subject of uncertainty from the point of view of an extended conception of rationality. In particular, the contributions explore the premises and implications of plausible reasoning when probabilities are non-measurable or unknown, and when the space of possible events is only partially identified.

Author : Raymond S. Nickerson
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 450 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2004-06-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781135614621

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Cognition and Chance by Raymond S. Nickerson Pdf

This book presents an overview of the necessary information needed to make educational assumptions about the statistical or probable characteristics of a situation. The book can be used as a supplemental text in courses on probability, logic, statistics,

Author : Jonathon St. B.T. Evans,David E. Over
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2013-09-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135472313

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Rationality and Reasoning by Jonathon St. B.T. Evans,David E. Over Pdf

This book addresses an apparent paradox in the psychology of thinking. On the one hand, human beings are a highly successful species. On the other, intelligent adults are known to exhibit numerous errors and biases in laboratory studies of reasoning and decision making. There has been much debate among both philosophers and psychologists about the implications of such studies for human rationality. The authors argue that this debate is marked by a confusion between two distinct notions: (a) personal rationality (rationality1 Evans and Over argue that people have a high degree of rationality1 but only a limited capacity for rationality2. The book re-interprets the psychological literature on reasoning and decision making, showing that many normative errors, by abstract standards, reflect the operation of processes that would normally help to achieve ordinary goals. Topics discussed include relevance effects in reasoning and decision making, the influence of prior beliefs on thinking, and the argument that apparently non-logical reasoning can reflect efficient decision making. The authors also discuss the problem of deductive competence - whether people have it, and what mechanism can account for it. As the book progresses, increasing emphasis is given to the authors' dual process theory of thinking, in which a distinction between tacit and explicit cognitive systems is developed. It is argued that much of human capacity for rationality1 is invested in tacit cognitive processes, which reflect both innate mechanisms and biologically constrained learning. However, the authors go on to argue that human beings also possess an explicit thinking system, which underlies their unique - if limited - capacity to be rational.

Author : Ian Hacking
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2001-07-02
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781139643610

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An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic by Ian Hacking Pdf

This is an introductory 2001 textbook on probability and induction written by one of the world's foremost philosophers of science. The book has been designed to offer maximal accessibility to the widest range of students (not only those majoring in philosophy) and assumes no formal training in elementary symbolic logic. It offers a comprehensive course covering all basic definitions of induction and probability, and considers such topics as decision theory, Bayesianism, frequency ideas, and the philosophical problem of induction. The key features of this book are a lively and vigorous prose style; lucid and systematic organization and presentation of ideas; many practical applications; a rich supply of exercises drawing on examples from such fields as psychology, ecology, economics, bioethics, engineering, and political science; numerous brief historical accounts of how fundamental ideas of probability and induction developed; and a full bibliography of further reading.

Author : K. I. Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Cognition
ISBN : 9780863777097

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Reasoning and Thinking by K. I. Manktelow Pdf

This undergraduate textbook reviews psychological research in the major areas of reasoning and thinking: deduction, induction, hypothesis testing, probability judgement, and decision making. It also covers the major theoretical debates in each area, and devotes a chapter to one of the liveliest issues in the field: the question of human rationality. Central themes that recur throughout the book include not only rationality, but also the relation between normative theories such as logic, probability theory, and decision theory, and human performance, both in experiments and in the world outside the laboratory. No prior acquaintance with formal systems is assumed, and everyday examples are used throughout to illustrate technical and theoretical points. The book differs from others in the market firstly in the range of material covered: other tend to focus primarily on on either reasoning or thinking. It is also the first student-level text to survey an imporatant new theoretical perspective, the information-gain or rational analysis approach, and to review the rationality debate from the standpoint of psuchological research in a wide range of areas.

Author : Renée Elio
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 294 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Common sense
ISBN : 9780195147674

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Common Sense, Reasoning, & Rationality by Renée Elio Pdf

While common sense and rationality often have been viewed as two distinct features in a unitifed cognitive map, this this volume offers novel, even paradoxical views of the relationship. Touching on various disciplines, it considers what constitutes human rationality, behavior, and intelligence.

Author : Markus Knauff,Wolfgang Spohn
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 879 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-14
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780262361859

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The Handbook of Rationality by Markus Knauff,Wolfgang Spohn Pdf

The first reference on rationality that integrates accounts from psychology and philosophy, covering descriptive and normative theories from both disciplines. Both analytic philosophy and cognitive psychology have made dramatic advances in understanding rationality, but there has been little interaction between the disciplines. This volume offers the first integrated overview of the state of the art in the psychology and philosophy of rationality. Written by leading experts from both disciplines, The Handbook of Rationality covers the main normative and descriptive theories of rationality—how people ought to think, how they actually think, and why we often deviate from what we can call rational. It also offers insights from other fields such as artificial intelligence, economics, the social sciences, and cognitive neuroscience. The Handbook proposes a novel classification system for researchers in human rationality, and it creates new connections between rationality research in philosophy, psychology, and other disciplines. Following the basic distinction between theoretical and practical rationality, the book first considers the theoretical side, including normative and descriptive theories of logical, probabilistic, causal, and defeasible reasoning. It then turns to the practical side, discussing topics such as decision making, bounded rationality, game theory, deontic and legal reasoning, and the relation between rationality and morality. Finally, it covers topics that arise in both theoretical and practical rationality, including visual and spatial thinking, scientific rationality, how children learn to reason rationally, and the connection between intelligence and rationality.

Author : Peter Walley
Publisher : Springer
Page : 706 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2024-06-02
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 1489934731

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Statistical Reasoning with Imprecise Probabilities by Peter Walley Pdf

When I started writing this book, my mind was full of ignorance and uncertainty, particularly about how best to deal with ignorance and uncertainty. Much of the ignorance and uncertainty remains, now that the book is finished, but it is organized more coherently. I see that as progress. As the title indicates, the book is about methods of reasoning and statistical inference using imprecise probabilities. The methods are based on a behavioural interpretation of probability and principles of coherence. The idea for such a book originated in 1982, after I had written two long reports on the mathematics and elicitation of upper and lower probabilities. My experience in teaching and applying the existing theories of statistical inference had convinced me that each of them was inadequate. The Bayesian theory is inadequate, despite its great virtues of coherence, because it requires all probability assessments to be precise yet gives little guidance on how to make them. It seemed natural to investigate whether the Bayesian theory could be modified by admitting imprecise probabilities as models for partial ignorance. Is it possible to reconcile imprecision with coherence, vagueness with rationality? Fortunately the ans wer is yes! The basic ideas of the book appeared in the two technical reports (1981, 1982). The coherence principles for conditional probabilities and statistical models were worked out in New Zealand, in 1983.

Author : Hykel Hosni,F. Montagna
Publisher : Edizioni della Normale
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2010-04-14
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 8876423478

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Probability, Uncertainty and Rationality by Hykel Hosni,F. Montagna Pdf

This volume explores, from a mathematical and a philosophical perspective, the virtuous circle connecting logic and rationality. While logic lends its methods, techniques and ideas to the investigation of rationality, the practical problems which arise in modelling rational behaviour, especially in the social sciences, motivate logicians to develop more refined logical formalisms. This is why non classical logics - a unifying theme of this volume - play a fundamental role in the construction of formal models of rationality.

Author : Steven Pinker
Publisher : Penguin UK
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2021-09-28
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780241380307

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Rationality by Steven Pinker Pdf

A TIMES BOOK OF THE YEAR 2021 'Punchy, funny and invigorating ... Pinker is the high priest of rationalism' Sunday Times 'If you've ever considered taking drugs to make yourself smarter, read Rationality instead. It's cheaper, more entertaining, and more effective' Jonathan Haidt, author of The Righteous Mind In the twenty-first century, humanity is reaching new heights of scientific understanding - and at the same time appears to be losing its mind. How can a species that discovered vaccines for Covid-19 in less than a year produce so much fake news, quack cures and conspiracy theorizing? In Rationality, Pinker rejects the cynical cliché that humans are simply an irrational species - cavemen out of time fatally cursed with biases, fallacies and illusions. After all, we discovered the laws of nature, lengthened and enriched our lives and set the benchmarks for rationality itself. Instead, he explains, we think in ways that suit the low-tech contexts in which we spend most of our lives, but fail to take advantage of the powerful tools of reasoning we have built up over millennia: logic, critical thinking, probability, causal inference, and decision-making under uncertainty. These tools are not a standard part of our educational curricula, and have never been presented clearly and entertainingly in a single book - until now. Rationality matters. It leads to better choices in our lives and in the public sphere, and is the ultimate driver of social justice and moral progress. Brimming with insight and humour, Rationality will enlighten, inspire and empower. 'A terrific book, much-needed for our time' Peter Singer