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Author : Claude Crampes,Antonio Estache
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 26 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Communication
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Claude Crampes,Antonio Estache
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Communication
ISBN : UCSD:31822024136251
Author : Ioannis Nicolaos Kessides
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2024-07-02
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821350706
Electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, railways, and water supply, are often vertically and horizontally integrated state monopolies. This results in weak services, especially in developing and transition economies, and for poor people. Common problems include low productivity, high costs, bad quality, insufficient revenue, and investment shortfalls. Many countries over the past two decades have restructured, privatized and regulated their infrastructure. This report identifies the challenges involved in this massive policy redirection. It also assesses the outcomes of these changes, as well as their distributional consequences for poor households and other disadvantaged groups. It recommends directions for future reforms and research to improve infrastructure performance, identifying pricing policies that strike a balance between economic efficiency and social equity, suggesting rules governing access to bottleneck infrastructure facilities, and proposing ways to increase poor people's access to these crucial services.
Author : Jorge Mariano Rebelo,Pedro P. Benvenuto
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 24 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Bus lines
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Shantayanan Devarajan,Jeffrey S. Hammer
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Finance, Public
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
January 1998 Government spending on risk reduction could improve welfare in developing economies, either by alleviating a risk-market failure or by reducing uncertainty in otherwise distorted markets. As governments grow richer, the share of their GDP devoted to public spending rises. Public spending in the United States was 7.5 percent of GDP in 1913. It is 33 percent today. Although industrial countries spend twice as much as developing countries, government spending on goods and services is the same in both groups of countries. The difference is almost entirely due to transfer payments, which are about 22 percent of GDP in the industrial world. Most of these transfer payments-pensions, health insurance, unemployment insurance, guaranteed loans-are aimed at mitigating risk in the private sector. Devarajan and Hammer explore how the framework for evaluating government spending on goods and services can be extended to incorporate the government's various risk-reducing activities. They argue that there is a case for incorporating risk reduction into government spending, if doing so meets standard welfare-economics criteria for government intervention in the economy. Through examples-government-provided health insurance and crop insurance, price stabilization schemes, transfer programs for income support, public investments, publicly provided health care, and government credit guarantees-they show where government spending on risk reduction could improve welfare, either by alleviating a failure in risk markets or by reducing uncertainty in otherwise distorted markets. They illustrate calculations of the risk-reduction benefits of public spending and cite cases where their neglect could lead to serious underestimates. This paper-a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the allocation of public expenditures in developing countries. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Asia
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Deon Filmer,Elizabeth M. King,Lant Pritchett
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Children
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
January 1998 While gender disparities in health and education outcomes are higher on average in South Asian than in other countries, the large within country differences in gender disparity, between Indian states or Pakistani provinces, demand more local explanations. Using data assembled from the Demographic Health Surveys of over 50 countries and from the National Family Health Surveys of individual states in India, Filmer, King, and Pritchett create a new data set of comparable indicators of gender disparity. They establish three findings: As is by now well-known, the level of gender disparities in health and education outcomes for girls in South Asia is the highest in the world. Even within South Asia, and within India or Pakistan, there are huge variations in gender disparity. Differences in gender disparity among Indian states or among provinces of Pakistan are typically greater than those among the world's nations. The ratio of female to male child mortality in one Indian state (Haryana) is worse than in any country in the world, although in another state (Tamil Nadu) it is lower than in all but three countries. Across and within the set of developing nations, gender disparity is not only a phenomenon of poverty. There is almost no correlation between per capita income and the gender disparities in health and education outcomes. So although absolute levels of health and education outcomes for girls are strongly related to economic conditions, the disparities between outcomes for girls and boys are not. Understanding what causes such great gender disparity within South Asia is the next pressing question for researchers. This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the determinants of gender differentials. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Explaining Gender Disparity in South Asia (RPO 681-29). The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Author : Lourdes Trujillo,Emile Quinet,Antonio Estache
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Demand (Economic theory)
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
This overview of issues that regulators should be aware of in demand forecasting discusses challenges that come with the decision to privatize transport, the perverse incentives introduced when privatization teams use strategic demand forecasts to evaluate assets, the most common problems with demand forecasting, the reasons that demand forecasting matters, and how to think about demand forecasting in the context of regulation.
Author : Lourdes Trujillo,Gustavo Nombela
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Competition
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Containerized shipping has brought profound changes to maritime transport, including a shift from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive activities. Revising the traditional organization of seaports everywhere will prepare ports for a more competitive market and less financial dependence on governments.
Author : Mansoor Dailami,Michael Klein
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Capital investments
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
January 1998 For citizens to reap the full benefits of private investment in infrastructure, infrastructure prices must be high enough to cover costs, and private investors must assume commercial risk. Good macroeconomic policy matters because it affects the credibility of a price regime and especially the trust in currency convertibility essential for foreign investors. Driven by fiscal austerity and disenchantment with the performance of state-provided infrastructure services, many governments have turned to the private sector to build, operate, finance, or own infrastructure in power, gas, water, transport, and telecommunications sectors. Private capital flows to developing countries are increasing rapidly; 15 percent of infrastructure investment is now funded by private capital in emerging markets. But relative to needs, such private investment is progressing slowly. Governments are reluctant to raise consumer prices to cost-covering levels, while investors, mindful of experience, fear that governments may renege on promises to maintain adequate prices over the long haul. So investors ask for government support in the form of grants, preferential tax treatment, debt or equity contributions, or guarantees. These subsidies differ in how they allocate risk between private investors and government. Efficiency gains are greatest when private parties assume the risks that they can manage better than the public sector. When governments establish good policies-especially cost-covering prices and credible commitments to stick to them-investors are willing to invest without special government support. Privatizing assets without government guarantees or other financial support is possible, even where governments are politically unable to raise prices, because investors can achieve the returns they demand by discounting the value of the assets they are purchasing. But this is not possible for new investments (greenfield projects). If prices have been set too low and the government is not willing to raise them, it must give the investor financial support, such as guarantees and other forms of subsidy, to facilitate worthwhile projects that would not otherwise proceed. But guarantees shift costs from consumers to taxpayers, who subsidize users of infrastructure services. Much of that subsidy is hidden, since the government does not record the guarantee in its fiscal accounts. And taxpayers provide unremunerated credit insurance, as the government borrows based on its ability to tax citizens if the project fails, not on the strength of the project itself. This paper-a joint product of the Regulatory Reform and Private Enterprise Division, Economic Development Institute, and the Private Participation in Infrastructure Group-was presented at the conference Managing Government Exposure to Private Infrastructure Projects: Averting a New-Style Debt Crisis, held in Cartagena, Colombia, May 29030, 1997. Mansoor Dailami may be contacted at [email protected].
Author : Clive Harris
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Developing countries
ISBN : 0821355120
Governments have long recognized the vital role that modern infrastructure services play in economic growth and poverty alleviation. For much of the post-Second World War period, most governments entrusted delivery of these services to state-owned monopolies. But in many developing countries, the results were disappointing. Public sector monopolies were plagued by inefficiency. Many were strapped for resources because governments succumbed to populist pressures to hold prices below costs. Fiscal pressures, and the success of the pioneers of the privatization of infrastructure services, provided governments with a new paradigm. Many governments sought to involve the private sector in the provision and financing of infrastructure services. The shift to the private provision that occurred during the 1990s was much more rapid and widespread than had been anticipated at the start of the decade. By 2001, developing countries had seen over $755 billion of investment flows in nearly 2500 infrastructure projects. However, these flows peaked in 1997, and have fallen more or less steadily ever since. These declines have been accompanied by high profile cancellations or renegotiations of some projects, a reduction in investor appetite for these activities and, in some parts of the world, a shift in public opinion against the private provision of infrastructure services. The current sense of disillusionment stands in stark contrast to what should in retrospect be surprise at the spectacular growth of private infrastructure during the 1990s.
Author : Susmita Dasgupta,Hua Wang,David Wheeler
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 58 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Air
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2024-07-02
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2024-07-02
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783980203111
Author : Deon Filmer,Lant Pritchett
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Children
ISBN : 8210379456XXX