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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 120 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Law
ISBN : UCSD:31822038362745
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Air quality
ISBN : PSU:000031670111
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Air
ISBN : OCLC:800147026
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Energy and Environment
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 688 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Science
ISBN : STANFORD:36105026899760
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Air
ISBN : 0160551897
Author : Congressional Research Service
Publisher : CreateSpace
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2015-01-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 150754331X
On November 26, 2014, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced proposed revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ground-level ozone. If finalized, the proposal would set more stringent standards, lowering both the primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) standards from the current 75 parts per billion (ppb) to somewhere in a range of 65 to 70 ppb. This report discusses the standard-setting process, the specifics of the current and past reviews, and issues raised by the proposal. NAAQS are standards for outdoor (ambient) air that are intended to protect public health and welfare from harmful concentrations of pollution. If EPA changes the primary standard for ozone to a lower level, it would be concluding that protecting public health requires lower concentrations of ozone pollution than were previously judged to be safe. In high enough concentrations, ozone aggravates heart and lung diseases and may contribute to premature death. Ozone also can have negative effects on forests and crop yields, which the secondary (welfare-based) NAAQS is intended to protect. NAAQS do not directly limit emissions of a pollutant; rather, they set in motion a long process in which states and EPA identify areas that do not meet the standards, and states prepare implementation plans to demonstrate how emissions will be lowered sufficiently to reach attainment. Ground-level ozone, or “smog,” is a widespread pollutant: as of July 2014, 123 million people (40% of the U.S. population) lived in areas classified “nonattainment” for the current 75 ppb ozone NAAQS. A more stringent standard might affect more areas. If the nonattainment designations were made using current data, 358 counties would be in nonattainment with a 70 ppb NAAQS (rather than 155 counties at 75 ppb); at 65 ppb, 558 counties would have monitors showing nonattainment. Emission sources in these areas might have to adopt more stringent controls. EPA maintains that most areas will be able to reach attainment of the new standards—whether at 65 or 70 ppb—as a result of already promulgated regulations for gasoline, autos, power plants, and other sources of emissions. Thus, the agency's estimates of the cost of NAAQS compliance are substantially lower than many earlier estimates. EPA estimates the cost of meeting a 70 ppb standard in all states except California at $3.9 billion annually in 2025; the cost of meeting a 65 ppb standard in the same states is estimated at $15 billion annually. Because most areas in California would have until the 2030s to reach attainment, EPA provided separate cost estimates for California ($0.80 billion to $1.6 billion annually in 2038). EPA's cost estimates are substantially less than one from the National Association of Manufacturers that was widely circulated before the release of EPA's proposal.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 525 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Air
ISBN : 9781428904699
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Air
ISBN : IND:30000090723770
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 16 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 1999-05
Category : Electronic
ISBN : CORNELL:31924083090849
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 740 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Electronic
ISBN : NWU:35556038376877
Author : Ann Carlson,Dallas Burtraw
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 263 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2019-05-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781108421522
Examines the successes and failures of the Clean Air Act in order to lay a foundation for future energy policy.
Author : United States. National Air Pollution Control Administration
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 1970
Category : Air quality
ISBN : LCCN:75606438
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Energy and Environment
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 676 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Science
ISBN : PSU:000031632850
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Assessing Toxicologic Risks to Human Subjects Used in Controlled Exposure Studies of Environmental Pollutants
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 159 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2017-04-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309452526
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a mission and regulatory responsibility to protect human health and the environment. EPA's pursuit of that goal includes a variety of research activities involving human subjects, such as epidemiologic studies and surveys. Those research activities also involve studies of individuals who volunteer to be exposed to air pollutants intentionally in controlled laboratory settings so that measurements can be made of transient and reversible biomarker or physiologic responses to those exposures that can indicate pathways of toxicity and mechanisms of air-pollution responses. The results of those controlled human inhalation exposure (CHIE) studies, also referred to as human clinical studies or human challenge studies, are used to inform policy decisions and help establish or revise standards to protect public health and improve air quality. Controlled Human Inhalation-Exposure Studies at EPA addresses scientific issues and provides guidance on the conduct of CHIE studies. This report assesses the utility of CHIE studies to inform and reduce uncertainties in setting air-pollution standards to protect public health and assess whether continuation of such studies is warranted. It also evaluates the potential health risks to test subjects who participated in recent studies of air pollutants at EPA's clinical research facility.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 57 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9781428902800