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RF Antenna Beam Forming by Shun-Ping Chen,Heinz Schmiedel Pdf
This book is designed for both the scientific audience, research and development engineers and the university students. The fundamentals of radio frequency antenna beam forming is explained in this book. The principles of beam focusing and beam steering in near field and far field are visualized with 2D and 3D simulations and compared with measurement results. Besides linear and planar antenna arrays, also conformal arrays, i.e. concave and convex antenna arrays, suitable for certain applications, are investigated and presented. Also related applications of radio frequency beam forming like open loop and closed loop large scale antenna arrays or massive MIMO, which is one of the break-through technologies for 5G and future 6G and involves an extremely large number of antenna elements for the multi-user beam forming, as well as thinned antenna arrays with electrically large distances between the antenna elements are discussed.
Integrated 60GHz RF Beamforming in CMOS by Yikun Yu,Peter G.M. Baltus,Arthur H.M. van Roermund Pdf
Integrated 60GHz RF Beamforming in CMOS describes new concepts and design techniques that can be used for 60GHz phased array systems. First, general trends and challenges in low-cost high data-rate 60GHz wireless system are studied, and the phased array technique is introduced to improve the system performance. Second, the system requirements of phase shifters are analyzed, and different phased array architectures are compared. Third, the design and implementation of 60GHz passive and active phase shifters in a CMOS technology are presented. Fourth, the integration of 60GHz phase shifters with other key building blocks such as low noise amplifiers and power amplifiers are described in detail. Finally, this book describes the integration of a 60GHz CMOS amplifier and an antenna in a printed circuit-board (PCB) package.
Low-cost Smart Antennas by Qi Luo,Steven Shichang Gao,Wei Liu,Chao Gu Pdf
An authoritative guide to the latest developments for the design of low-cost smart antennas Traditional smart antenna systems are costly, consume great amounts of power and are bulky size. Low-cost Smart Antennas offers a guide to designing smart antenna systems that are low cost, low power, and compact in size and can be applied to satellite communications, radar and mobile communications. The authors — noted experts on the topic — provide introductions to the fundamental concepts of antennas, array antennas and smart antennas. The book fills a gap in the literature by presenting the design techniques of low-cost radio frequency (RF) smart antennas as well as approaches for implementing the hardware of the antenna and the beamforming network (BFN). A comprehensive and accessible book, Low-cost Smart Antennas not only presents an up-to-date review of the topic but includes illustrative case studies that contain in-depth explorations of the theory and technology of smart antennas. While other resources highlight the software (signal processing algorithms), this book is unique by focusing on the antenna hardware. This important book: Offers an introduction to the most recent developments of the design of low-cost smart antennas and their applications Presents a unique book that puts the focus on antenna hardware Includes a variety of case studies that clearly demonstrate the implementation of current design techniques Introduces both fundamental theories as well as more advanced topics Written for students and researchers and antenna engineers, Low-cost Smart Antennas explores the most recent advances in the field with an emphasis on antenna hardware.
Advanced Radio Frequency Antennas for Modern Communication and Medical Systems by Albert Sabban Pdf
The main objective of this book is to present novel radio frequency (RF) antennas for 5G, IOT, and medical applications. The book is divided into four sections that present the main topics of radio frequency antennas. The rapid growth in development of cellular wireless communication systems over the last twenty years has resulted in most of world population owning smartphones, smart watches, I-pads, and other RF communication devices. Efficient compact wideband antennas are crucial in RF communication devices. This book presents information on planar antennas, cavity antennas, Vivaldi antennas, phased arrays, MIMO antennas, beamforming phased array reconfigurable Pabry-Perot cavity antennas, and time modulated linear array.
Array Beamforming Enabled Wireless Communications by Zhenyu Xiao,Lipeng Zhu,Lin Bai,Xiang-Gen Xia Pdf
This book investigates the most advanced theories and methodologies of array beamforming, with a focus on antenna array enabled wireless communication technology. Combining with the current development needs and trends of wireless communication technology around the world, the authors explore the potentials and challenges of large-scale antenna array beamforming technology in next-generation mobile communication and some important emerging application scenarios. The book first introduces the basic structure of antenna array hierarchical codebook and channel estimation with high dimensionality, with which the time cost of searching the channel information can be effectively reduced. It then explicates high-efficiency beamforming transmission methods for point-to-point transmission, full-duplex point-to-point transmission, and point-to-multipoint transmission where array beamforming enabled non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies for typical two-user systems and general multi-user systems are emphasized. The book also discusses array beamforming enabled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications and array beamforming enabled space/air/ground communications, with the uniqueness and relative solutions for single UAV systems and multi-UAV networks being analyzed. This will be a vital reference for researchers, students, and professionals interested in wireless communications, array beamforming, and millimeter-wave communications.
Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems by Yingjie Jay Guo,Richard W. Ziolkowski Pdf
ANTENNA AND ARRAY TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUTURE WIRELESS ECOSYSTEMS Discover a timely and accessible resource on the latest antenna research driving new developments in the field In Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems, distinguished academics and authors Drs. Y. Jay Guo and Richard W. Ziolkowski deliver a cutting-edge resource for researchers, academics, students, and engineers who need the latest research findings on the newest challenges facing antenna designers who will be creating the technology that drives future 6G and beyond wireless systems and networks. This timely and impactful book offers the fundamental knowledge that will facilitate new research activities in the antennas and applied electromagnetics communities, and conveys innovative and practical solutions to many wireless industry problems. Its international cohort of leading authors delivers their findings on a variety of advanced topics in antenna and array research, including metasurface antennas; electrically small directive antennas; RF, millimeter-wave and THz antennas and arrays; atom-based sensors, and arrays of quantum emitters. The book also includes resources that cover the important topics: A thorough introduction to various intelligent and low-cost beam scanning, beamforming and beam-reconfigurable array technologies to support dynamic networking of future systems An exploration of advanced techniques for analyzing large arrays, as well as an examination of advanced antenna-in-package technologies for future mm-wave systems Discussions of the latest research on electrically small and extremely large hybrid antenna arrays, and photonic beamforming networks to address spectrum scarcity in future systems Low form-factor, low energy-consumption, and wireless power transfer antennas for the Internet of Things (IoT) This book is the companion of the Wiley book by the same authors, Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications. Perfect for antenna engineers in academia and industry, Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems will also be an essential resource in the libraries of senior undergraduate and graduate students studying antenna engineering applied electromagnetics and seeking a one-stop reference for state-of-the-art global antenna and antenna array research activities.
Essentials of RF Front-end Design and Testing by Ibrahim A. Haroun Pdf
Essentials of RF Front-end Design and Testing Highly comprehensive text delivering the RF system essentials required to understand, develop, and evaluate the performance of RF wireless systems Essentials of RF Front-end Design and Testing: A Practical Guide for Wireless Systems is a system-oriented book which provides several wireless communication disciplines in one volume. The book covers a wide range of topics, including antenna fundamentals, phased array antenna and MIMOs that are crucial for the latest 5G mmWave and future 6G wireless systems, high-frequency transmission lines, RF building blocks that are necessary to understand how various RF subsystems are interrelated and implemented in wireless systems, and test setups for conducted and Over-The-Air (OTA) transmitter and receiver tests. The text enables readers to understand, develop, and evaluate the performance of RF wireless systems. The text focuses on RF system performance and testing rather than mathematical proofs, which are available in the provided references. Although the book is intended for testing and building RF system prototypes, it has the sufficient theoretical background needed for RF systems design and testing. Each chapter includes learning objectives, review questions, and references. Sample topics covered in the book include: An overview of cellular phone systems, 5G NR wireless technology, MIMO technology, terahertz communications for 6G wireless technology, and modulation and multiplexing Analog and digital modulation techniques, including AM, SSB, FM, FSK, PSK, QAM, SSFH, DSSS, and OFDM High-frequency transmission lines, S-parameters, low-noise amplifier, RF mixers, filters, power amplifiers, frequency synthesizers, circulators/isolators, directional couplers, RF switches, and RF phase shifters Antenna basics, including antenna gain, radiation pattern, input impedance, polarization, and antenna noise temperature; microstrip antenna, antenna array, propagation path loss, compact antenna test range (CATR), and test setups for antenna measurements. Basics of MIMO and beamforming technology, including analog, digital, and hybrid beamforming Test setups for characterizing the key RF performance parameters of 5G New Radio base station transmitters and receivers. Essentials of RF Front-end Design and Testing: A Practical Guide for Wireless Systems is a highly comprehensive resource on the subject and is intended for graduate engineers and technologists involved in designing, developing, and testing wireless systems, along with undergraduate/graduate students, enhancing their learning experience of RF subsystems/systems characterization.
The last ten years have seen a massive growth in the number of connected wireless devices. Billions of devices are connected and managed by wireless networks. At the same time, each device needs a high throughput to support applications such as voice, real-time video, movies, and games. Demands for wireless throughput and the number of wireless devices will always increase. In addition, there is a growing concern about energy consumption of wireless communication systems. Thus, future wireless systems have to satisfy three main requirements: i) having a high throughput; ii) simultaneously serving many users; and iii) having less energy consumption. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, where a base station (BS) equipped with very large number of antennas (collocated or distributed) serves many users in the same time-frequency resource, can meet the above requirements, and hence, it is a promising candidate technology for next generations of wireless systems. With massive antenna arrays at the BS, for most propagation environments, the channels become favorable, i.e., the channel vectors between the users and the BS are (nearly) pairwisely orthogonal, and hence, linear processing is nearly optimal. A huge throughput and energy efficiency can be achieved due to the multiplexing gain and the array gain. In particular, with a simple power control scheme, Massive MIMO can offer uniformly good service for all users. In this dissertation, we focus on the performance of Massive MIMO. The dissertation consists of two main parts: fundamentals and system designs of Massive MIMO. In the first part, we focus on fundamental limits of the system performance under practical constraints such as low complexity processing, limited length of each coherence interval, intercell interference, and finite-dimensional channels. We first study the potential for power savings of the Massive MIMO uplink with maximum-ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing, and minimum mean-square error receivers, under perfect and imperfect channels. The energy and spectral efficiency tradeoff is investigated. Secondly, we consider a physical channel model where the angular domain is divided into a finite number of distinct directions. A lower bound on the capacity is derived, and the effect of pilot contamination in this finite-dimensional channel model is analyzed. Finally, some aspects of favorable propagation in Massive MIMO under Rayleigh fading and line-of-sight (LoS) channels are investigated. We show that both Rayleigh fading and LoS environments offer favorable propagation. In the second part, based on the fundamental analysis in the first part, we propose some system designs for Massive MIMO. The acquisition of channel state information (CSI) is very importantin Massive MIMO. Typically, the channels are estimated at the BS through uplink training. Owing to the limited length of the coherence interval, the system performance is limited by pilot contamination. To reduce the pilot contamination effect, we propose an eigenvalue-decomposition-based scheme to estimate the channel directly from the received data. The proposed scheme results in better performance compared with the conventional training schemes due to the reduced pilot contamination. Another important issue of CSI acquisition in Massive MIMO is how to acquire CSI at the users. To address this issue, we propose two channel estimation schemes at the users: i) a downlink "beamforming training" scheme, and ii) a method for blind estimation of the effective downlink channel gains. In both schemes, the channel estimation overhead is independent of the number of BS antennas. We also derive the optimal pilot and data powers as well as the training duration allocation to maximize the sum spectral efficiency of the Massive MIMO uplink with MRC receivers, for a given total energy budget spent in a coherence interval. Finally, applications of Massive MIMO in relay channels are proposed and analyzed. Specifically, we consider multipair relaying systems where many sources simultaneously communicate with many destinations in the same time-frequency resource with the help of a massive MIMO relay. A massive MIMO relay is equipped with many collocated or distributed antennas. We consider different duplexing modes (full-duplex and half-duplex) and different relaying protocols (amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward, two-way relaying, and one-way relaying) at the relay. The potential benefits of massive MIMO technology in these relaying systems are explored in terms of spectral efficiency and power efficiency.
A Network Architect's Guide to 5G by Syed Farrukh Hassan,Alexander Orel,Kashif Islam Pdf
THE NETWORK PROFESSIONAL'S GUIDE TO PLANNING, DESIGNING, AND DEPLOYING 5G TRANSPORT NETWORKS As 5G transforms mobile usage and services, network professionals will need to significantly evolve their transport network architectures towards greater sophistication and stronger integration with radio networks, and facilitate transition towards cloud-native 5G mobile core. Until now, however, most 5G guides have foregrounded RF/radio and mobile core innovations, not its implications for data networks. A Network Architect's Guide to 5G fills the gap, giving network architects, designers, and engineers essential knowledge for designing and planning their own 5G networks. Drawing on decades of experience with global service providers and enterprise networks, the authors illuminate new and evolving network technologies necessary for building 5G-capable networks, such as segment routing, network slicing, timing and synchronization, edge computing, distributed data centers, integration with public cloud, and more. They explain how 5G blurs boundaries between mobile core, radio access, and transport, as well as the changes in the composition of a traditional cell site with the adoption of Open and Virtualized RAN resulting in a transition to mobile xHaul. Every chapter builds on earlier coverage, culminating in a “big picture” presentation of a complete 5G network design. Understand the evolution of mobile technologies over the generation leading to 5G's foundational concepts and principles. Explore 5G changes to Radio Access Networks (RAN), the Mobile Core, Mobile Transport, and the need for tighter integration between them. Use Segment Routing to architect simplified, SDN-capable networks, and enable network slicing for 5G. Rethink transport design to incorporate Far-Edge, Edge, and public-cloud based data centers augmenting centralized DCs to support distributed peering and Multi-access Edge Compute. Provide guidance to meet the criteria and requirements for various aspects of Fronthaul, Midhaul, and Backhaul architecture, such as transport protocol evaluation, latency consideration, routing design, QoS modeling, network device selection, and more. Forge a cohesive 5G network architecture by combining mobile communications principles with advanced transport technologies.
Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems by Satish K. Sharma,Jia-Chi S. Chieh Pdf
MULTIFUNCTIONAL ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Offers an up-to-date discussion of multifunctional antennas and arrays for wireless communication systems Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems is a comprehensive reference on state-of-the-art reconfigurable antennas and 4G/5G communication antennas. The book gives a unique perspective while giving a comprehensive overview of the following topics: Frequency reconfigurable antennas Pattern reconfigurable antennas Polarization reconfigurable antennas Reconfigurable antennas using Liquid Metal, Piezoelectric, and RF MEMS MIMO and 4G/5G wireless communication antennas Metamaterials and metasurfaces in reconfigurable antennas Multifunctional antennas for user equipments (UEs) Defense related antennas and applications Flat panel phased array antennas The book is a valuable resource for the practicing engineer as well as for those within the research field. As wireless communications continuously evolves, more and more functionally will be required, and thus multifunctional antennas and RF systems will be necessary. These multifunctional antennas will require a degree of reconfigurability, and this book discusses various methods which enable this. The main topics of frequency, pattern, and polarization reconfigurability is first discussed. Methods utilizing unique materials and devices, both real and artificial are discussed. The book also delves into 4G/5G antennas as it relates to MIMO, and millimeter-wave phased arrays. Finally, there is a section on defense related multifunctional RF antenna systems.
This compilation of the works and insights of various key scientists and engineers in this area addresses the current and future trends of scenarios for employing adaptive antenna arrays in communication systems. Ideal as a quick reference for engineers, researchers, advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Massive MIMO Networks by Emil Björnson,Jakob Hoydis,Luca Sanguinetti Pdf
Massive MIMO Networks is the first book on the subject to cover the spatial channel correlation and consider rigorous signal processing design essential for the complete understanding by the students, practicing engineers and researchers working on modern day communication systems.
The next frontier for wireless LANs is 802.11ac, a standard that increases throughput beyond one gigabit per second. This concise guide provides in-depth information to help you plan for 802.11ac, with technical details on design, network operations, deployment, and monitoring. Author Matthew Gast—an industry expert who led the development of 802.11-2012 and security task groups at the Wi-Fi Alliance—explains how 802.11ac will not only increase the speed of your network, but its capacity as well. Whether you need to serve more clients with your current level of throughput, or serve your existing client load with higher throughput, 802.11ac is the solution. This book gets you started. Understand how the 802.11ac protocol works to improve the speed and capacity of a wireless LAN Explore how beamforming increases speed capacity by improving link margin, and lays the foundation for multi-user MIMO Learn how multi-user MIMO increases capacity by enabling an AP to send data to multiple clients simultaneously Plan when and how to upgrade your network to 802.11ac by evaluating client devices, applications, and network connections
Advanced Array Systems, Applications and RF Technologies by Nicholas Fourikis Pdf
Advanced Array Systems, Applications and RF Technologies adopts a holistic view of arrays used in radar, electronic warfare, communications, remote sensing and radioastronomy. Radio frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) signal processing is assuming a fundamental importance, owing to its increasing ability to multiply a system's capabilities in a cost-effective manner. This book comprehensively covers the important front-end RF subsystems of active phased arrays, so offering array designers new and exciting opportunities in signal processing. Provides an up to date record of existing systems from different applications Explores array systems under development Bridges the gap between textbook coverage of idealized phased arrays and practical knowledge of working phased arrays Recognises the significance of cost to the realization of phased arrays Discusses future advances in the field that promise to deliver even more affordable arrays ['intelligent' or self-focussing/-cohering arrays]
Introduces timed arrays and design approaches to meet the new high performance standards The author concentrates on any aspect of an antenna array that must be viewed from a time perspective. The first chapters briefly introduce antenna arrays and explain the difference between phased and timed arrays. Since timed arrays are designed for realistic time-varying signals and scenarios, the book also reviews wideband signals, baseband and passband RF signals, polarization and signal bandwidth. Other topics covered include time domain, mutual coupling, wideband elements, and dispersion. The author also presents a number of analog and digital beamforming networks for creating and manipulating beams. The book concludes with an overview of the methods to integrate time delay into the array design and of several other adaptive arrays that prove useful in many different systems. Examines RF signal concepts such as polarization and signal bandwidth and their applications to timed antenna arrays Covers arrays of point source, elements in timed antenna arrays, active electronically scanned array technology, and time delay in corporate fed arrays Includes complete design examples for placing time delay in arrays Timed Arrays: Wideband and Time Varying Antenna Arrays is written for practicing engineers and scientists in wireless communication, radar, and remote sensing as well as graduate students and professors interested in advanced antenna topics.
