Routledge Handbook Of Global Land And Resource Grabbing

Routledge Handbook Of Global Land And Resource Grabbing Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle version is available to download in english. Read online anytime anywhere directly from your device. Click on the download button below to get a free pdf file of Routledge Handbook Of Global Land And Resource Grabbing book. This book definitely worth reading, it is an incredibly well-written.

Routledge Handbook of Global Land and Resource Grabbing

Andreas Neef,Chanrith Ngin,Tsegaye Moreda,Sharlene Mollett
Routledge Handbook of Global Land and Resource Grabbing Book PDF

Author : Andreas Neef,Chanrith Ngin,Tsegaye Moreda,Sharlene Mollett
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 457 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2023-06-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000902372

Get Book

Routledge Handbook of Global Land and Resource Grabbing by Andreas Neef,Chanrith Ngin,Tsegaye Moreda,Sharlene Mollett Pdf

This handbook provides a cutting-edge, comprehensive overview of global land and resource grabbing. Global land and resource grabbing has become an increasingly prominent topic in academic circles, among development practitioners, human rights advocates, and in policy arenas. The Routledge Handbook of Global Land and Resource Grabbing sustains this intellectual momentum by advancing methodological, theoretical and empirical insights. It presents and discusses resource grabbing research in a holistic manner by addressing how the rush for land and other natural resources, including water, forests and minerals, is intertwined with agriculture, mining, tourism, energy, biodiversity conservation, climate change, carbon markets, and conflict. The handbook is truly global and interdisciplinary, with case studies from the Global South and Global North, and chapter contributions from practitioners, activists and academics, with emerging and Indigenous authors featuring strongly across the chapters. The handbook will be essential reading for students and scholars interested in land and resource grabbing, agrarian studies, development studies, critical human geography, global studies and natural resource governance. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

The Routledge Handbook of Global Development

Kearrin Sims,Nicola Banks,Susan Engel,Paul Hodge,Jonathan Makuwira,Naohiro Nakamura,Jonathan Rigg,Albert Salamanca,Pichamon Yeophantong
The Routledge Handbook of Global Development Book PDF

Author : Kearrin Sims,Nicola Banks,Susan Engel,Paul Hodge,Jonathan Makuwira,Naohiro Nakamura,Jonathan Rigg,Albert Salamanca,Pichamon Yeophantong
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 923 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2022-01-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000516104

Get Book

The Routledge Handbook of Global Development by Kearrin Sims,Nicola Banks,Susan Engel,Paul Hodge,Jonathan Makuwira,Naohiro Nakamura,Jonathan Rigg,Albert Salamanca,Pichamon Yeophantong Pdf

This Handbook provides a comprehensive analysis of some of the world’s most pressing global development challenges – including how they may be better understood and addressed through innovative practices and approaches to learning and teaching. Featuring 61 contributions from leading and emerging academics and practitioners, this multidisciplinary volume is organized into five thematic parts exploring: changes in global development financing, ideologies, norms and partnerships; interrelationships between development, natural environments and inequality; shifts in critical development challenges, and; new possibilities for positive change. Collectively, the handbook demonstrates that global development challenges are becoming increasingly complex and multi-faceted and are to be found in the Global ‘North’ as much as the ‘South’. It draws attention to structural inequality and disadvantage alongside possibilities for positive change. The Handbook will serve as a valuable resource for students and scholars across multiple disciplines including Development Studies, Anthropology, Geography, Global Studies, Indigenous and Postcolonial Studies, Political Science, and Urban Studies.

Routledge Handbook of the Resource Nexus

Raimund Bleischwitz,Holger Hoff,Catalina Spataru,Ester van der Voet,Stacy D. VanDeveer
Routledge Handbook of the Resource Nexus Book PDF

Author : Raimund Bleischwitz,Holger Hoff,Catalina Spataru,Ester van der Voet,Stacy D. VanDeveer
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 661 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2017-12-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317198819

Get Book

Routledge Handbook of the Resource Nexus by Raimund Bleischwitz,Holger Hoff,Catalina Spataru,Ester van der Voet,Stacy D. VanDeveer Pdf

In recent years the concept of the resource "nexus" has been both hotly debated and widely adopted in research and policy circles. It is a powerful new way to understand and better govern the myriad complex relationships between multiple resources, actors and their security concerns. Particular attention has been paid to water, energy and food interactions, but land and materials emerge as critical too. This comprehensive handbook presents a detailed review of current knowledge about resource nexus-related frameworks, methods and governance, including a broad set of inter-disciplinary perspectives. Written by an international group of scholars and practitioners, the volume focuses on rigorous research, including tools, methods and modelling approaches to analyse resource use patterns across societies and scales from a "nexus perspective". It also provides numerous examples from political economy to demonstrate how resource nexus frameworks can illuminate issues such as land grabs, mining, renewable energy and the growing importance of economies such as China, as well as to propose lessons and outlooks for sound governance. The volume seeks to serve as an essential reference text, source book and state-of-the-art, science-based assessment of this increasingly important topic – the resource nexus – and its utility in efforts to enhance sustainability of many kinds and implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in an era of environmental and geopolitical change.

Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry

Janette Bulkan,John Palmer,Anne M. Larson,Mary Hobley
Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry Book PDF

Author : Janette Bulkan,John Palmer,Anne M. Larson,Mary Hobley
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 509 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2022-06-30
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781000594669

Get Book

Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry by Janette Bulkan,John Palmer,Anne M. Larson,Mary Hobley Pdf

This handbook provides a comprehensive overview and cutting-edge assessment of community forestry. Containing contributions from academics, practitioners, and professionals, the Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry presents a truly global overview with case studies drawn from across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The Handbook begins with an overview of the chapters and a discussion of the concept of community forestry and the key issues. Topics as wide-ranging as Indigenous forestry, conservation and ecosystem management, relationships with industrial forestry, trade and supply systems, land tenure and land grabbing, and climate change are addressed. The Handbook also focuses on governance, looking at the range of approaches employed, including multi-level governance and rights-based approaches, and the principal actors involved from local communities and Indigenous Peoples to governments and national and international non-governmental organisations. The Handbook reveals the importance of the historical context to community forestry and the effects of power and politics. Importantly, the Handbook not only focuses on successful examples of community forestry, but also addresses failures in order to highlight the key challenges we are still facing and potential solutions. The Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry is essential reading for academics, professionals, and practitioners interested in forestry, natural resource management, conservation, and sustainable development.

Handbook of Land and Water Grabs in Africa

John Anthony Allan,Wageningen University,Aalto University,Kings College London
Handbook of Land and Water Grabs in Africa Book PDF

Author : John Anthony Allan,Wageningen University,Aalto University,Kings College London
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 446 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2012-09-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781136276736

Get Book

Handbook of Land and Water Grabs in Africa by John Anthony Allan,Wageningen University,Aalto University,Kings College London Pdf

According to estimates by the International Land Coalition based at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 57 million hectares of land have been leased to foreign investors since 2007. Current research has focused on human rights issues related to inward investment in land but has been ignorant of water resource issues and the challenges of managing scarce water. This handbook will be the first to address inward investment in land and its impact on water resources in Africa. The geographical scope of this book will be the African continent, where land has attracted the attention of risk-taking investors because much land is under-utilised marginalized land, with associated water resources and rapidly growing domestic food markets. The successful implementation of investment strategies in African agriculture could determine the future of more than one billion people. An important factor to note is that Sub-Saharan Africa will, of all the continents, be hit hardest by climate change, population growth and food insecurity. Sensible investment in agriculture is therefore needed, however, at what costs and at whose expense? The book will also address the livelihoods theme and provide a holistic analysis of land and water grabbing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Four other themes will addressed: politics, economics, environment and the history of land investments in Sub-Saharan Africa. The editors have involved a highly diverse group of around 25 expert researchers, who will review the pro and anti-investment arguments, geopolitics, the role of capitalist investors, the environmental contexts and the political implications of, and reasons for, leasing millions of hectares in Sub-Saharan Africa. To date, there has been no attempt to review land investments through a suite of different lenses, thus this handbook will differ significantly from existing research and publication. The editors are Tony Allan, (Professor Emeritus, Department of Geography, School of Oriental and African Studies and King’s College London); Jeroen Warner (Assistant Professor, Disaster Studies, University of Wageningen); Suvi Sojamo (PhD Researcher, Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University); and Martin Keulertz (PhD Researcher, Department of Geography, London Water Group, King’s College London).

The Routledge Handbook of Critical Resource Geography

Matthew Himley,Elizabeth Havice,Gabriela Valdivia
The Routledge Handbook of Critical Resource Geography Book PDF

Author : Matthew Himley,Elizabeth Havice,Gabriela Valdivia
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 682 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2021-07-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780429784071

Get Book

The Routledge Handbook of Critical Resource Geography by Matthew Himley,Elizabeth Havice,Gabriela Valdivia Pdf

resource-exploitation dynamics are emphasized a single comprehensive volume that provides a systematic and rigorous overview of state-of-the-art critical-geographical scholarship on resources contributions from leading voices and emerging researchers who draw on diverse theoretical and methodological traditions and whose expertise spans a wide variety of resource sectors and world regions

Global Land Grabs

Marc Edelman,Carlos Oya,Saturnino M. Borras Jr.
Global Land Grabs Book PDF

Author : Marc Edelman,Carlos Oya,Saturnino M. Borras Jr.
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2016-03-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781317569503

Get Book

Global Land Grabs by Marc Edelman,Carlos Oya,Saturnino M. Borras Jr. Pdf

Since the 2008 world food crisis a surge of land grabbing swept Africa, Asia and Latin America and even some regions of Europe and North America. Investors have uprooted rural communities for massive agricultural, biofuels, mining, industrial and urbanisation projects. ‘Water grabbing’ and ‘green grabbing’ have further exacerbated social tensions. Early analyses of land grabbing focused on foreign actors, the biofuels boom and Africa, and pointed to catastrophic consequences for the rural poor. Subsequently scholars carried out local case studies in diverse world regions. The contributors to this volume advance the discussion to a new stage, critically scrutinizing alarmist claims of the first wave of research, probing the historical antecedents of today’s land grabbing, examining large-scale land acquisitions in light of international human rights and investment law, and considering anew longstanding questions in agrarian political economy about forms of dispossession and accumulation and grassroots resistance. Readers of this collection will learn about the impacts of land and water grabbing; the relevance of key theorists, including Marx, Polanyi and Harvey; the realities of China’s involvement in Africa; how contemporary land grabbing differs from earlier plantation agriculture; and how social movements—and rural people in general—are responding to this new threat. This book was published as a special issue of Third World Quarterly.

Land Grabbing and Global Governance

Matias E. Margulis,Nora McKeon,Saturnino M. Borras Jr.
Land Grabbing and Global Governance Book PDF

Author : Matias E. Margulis,Nora McKeon,Saturnino M. Borras Jr.
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2016-05-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781134952236

Get Book

Land Grabbing and Global Governance by Matias E. Margulis,Nora McKeon,Saturnino M. Borras Jr. Pdf

Land grabbing per se is not a new phenomenon, given its historical precedents in the eras of imperialism. However, the character, scale, pace, orientation and key drivers of the recent wave of land grabs is a distinct historical event closely tied to the changing dynamics of the global agri-food, feed and fuel complex. Land grabbing is facilitated by ever greater flows of capital, goods, and ideas across borders, and these flows occur through axes of power that are far more polycentric than the North-South imperialist tradition. Land grabs occur in the context of changes in the character of the global food regime, formerly anchored by North Atlantic empires; the integrated food-energy complex seems to be headed towards multiple centres of power, especially with the rise of the BRICS and the proliferation of middle income countries participating in many of the land transactions. Land Grabbing and Global Governance offers insights from leading scholars and experts on contemporary land grabs. This volume examines land grabs in direct relation to a global economy undergoing profound change and the role of new configurations of actors and power in governance institutions and practices. This book was published as a special issue of Globalizations.

Beyond the Global Land Grab

Gustavo de L. T. Oliveira,Juan Liu,Ben M. McKay
Beyond the Global Land Grab Book PDF

Author : Gustavo de L. T. Oliveira,Juan Liu,Ben M. McKay
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 220 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2021-11-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781000478440

Get Book

Beyond the Global Land Grab by Gustavo de L. T. Oliveira,Juan Liu,Ben M. McKay Pdf

The conjunction of climate, food, and financial crises in the late 2000s triggered renewed interest in farmland and agribusiness investments around the world. This phenomenon became known as the "global land grab", and sparked vibrant debates among social movements, NGOs, international development agencies and various government agencies and academics worldwide. This book addresses four key areas that are moving the debate "beyond land grabs". These include the role of contract farming and differentiation among farm workers in the consolidation of farmland; the broader forms of dispossession and mechanisms of control and value grabbing beyond "classic" land grabs for agricultural production; discourses about, and responses to, Chinese agribusiness investments abroad; and the relationship between financialization and land grabbing. The chapters in this edited volume propose new directions to deepen and even transform the research agenda on land struggles and agro-industrial restructuring around the world. This book will be of great interest to scholars and researchers interested in development studies, agrarian changes and land struggles. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the journal, Globalizations.

Routledge Handbook of Insect Conservation

James S. Pryke,Michael J. Samways,Tim R. New,Pedro Cardoso,René Gaigher
Routledge Handbook of Insect Conservation Book PDF

Author : James S. Pryke,Michael J. Samways,Tim R. New,Pedro Cardoso,René Gaigher
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 812 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2024-06-14
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781040023426

Get Book

Routledge Handbook of Insect Conservation by James S. Pryke,Michael J. Samways,Tim R. New,Pedro Cardoso,René Gaigher Pdf

This handbook presents a comprehensive overview of insect conservation and provides practical solutions to counteract insect declines, at a time where insects are facing serious threats across the world from habitat destruction to invasive species and climate change. The Routledge Handbook of Insect Conservation consist of six sections, covering all aspects of insect conservation, containing contributions from academics, researchers and practitioners from across the globe. Section I addresses the fundamentals of insect conservation and outlines the reason why insects are important and discusses the greatest drivers of insect decline. The chapters in Section II examine the approaches that can be used for insect conservation globally, such as protected areas and agroecology, while highlighting the importance of insects in the composition and function of ecosystems. The chapters in Section III focus on insect populations in the major biomes around the world, from temperate and tropical forests to savannas and grasslands, with the chapters in Section IV focusing on natural and manmade ecosystems of the world, including mountain, soil, urban, island and agricultural habitats. They discuss the unique pressures and challenges for each biome and ecosystem and offer practical solutions for conserving their insect populations. Section V focuses on the assessment and monitoring of insects for conservation, discussing how we can implement practical monitoring protocols and what options are available. A wide variety of methods and tools are examined, including citizen science, bioindication, the role of taxonomy, drones and eDNA. The book concludes by examining policy and education strategies for insect conservation in Section VI. The chapters discuss key issues around social and policy strategies and conservation legislation for ensuring the long-term protection of insects. This book is essential reading for students and scholars of biodiversity conservation and entomology as well as professionals and policymakers involved in conservation looking for real-world solutions to the threats facing insects across the globe.

Routledge Handbook of Urban Biodiversity

Charles H. Nilon,Myla F.J. Aronson
Routledge Handbook of Urban Biodiversity Book PDF

Author : Charles H. Nilon,Myla F.J. Aronson
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 660 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2023-10-16
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781000963984

Get Book

Routledge Handbook of Urban Biodiversity by Charles H. Nilon,Myla F.J. Aronson Pdf

This handbook provides a state-of-the-art, comprehensive overview of the expanding field of urban biodiversity. The field of urban biodiversity has emerged from within the broad discipline of urban ecology in the past two decades and is now a significant field in its own right. In view of this, the Routledge Handbook of Urban Biodiversity presents a thorough treatment of this field detailing the history of urban biodiversity, theoretical foundations, current state of knowledge, and application of that knowledge. The handbook is split into four parts: Part I: Setting the Stage for Urban Biodiversity Research and Practice Part II: Foundational Concepts and Theory in Urban Biodiversity Research Part III: Population and Community Ecology of Key Urban Taxa Part IV: Urban Biodiversity Practice: Management, Planning, and Design for Healthy Communities This volume contains interdisciplinary and global contributions from established and early career academics as well as professionals and practitioners, addressing two key fields in urban biodiversity: fundamental research focused on answering questions about the mechanisms explaining the distribution of species among and within cities; and applied research and work by practitioners to address concerns about urban biodiversity conservation, restoration, planning, design, and public involvement. This handbook is essential reading for students, academics, and professionals interested and working in the fields of urban biodiversity, ecology, nature conservation, urban planning, and landscape architecture.

Routledge Handbook of Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities

Victoria Reyes-García
Routledge Handbook of Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities Book PDF

Author : Victoria Reyes-García
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 604 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2023-12-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781003802716

Get Book

Routledge Handbook of Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities by Victoria Reyes-García Pdf

This Handbook examines the diverse ways in which climate change impacts Indigenous Peoples and local communities and considers their response to these changes. While there is well-established evidence that the climate of the Earth is changing, the scarcity of instrumental data oftentimes challenges scientists’ ability to detect such impacts in remote and marginalized areas of the world or in areas with scarce data. Bridging this gap, this Handbook draws on field research among Indigenous Peoples and local communities distributed across different climatic zones and relying on different livelihood activities, to analyse their reports of and responses to climate change impacts. It includes contributions from a range of authors from different nationalities, disciplinary backgrounds, and positionalities, thus reflecting the diversity of approaches in the field. The Handbook is organised in two parts: Part I examines the diverse ways in which climate change – alone or in interaction with other drivers of environmental change – affects Indigenous Peoples and local communities; Part II examines how Indigenous Peoples and local communities are locally adapting their responses to these impacts. Overall, this book highlights Indigenous and local knowledge systems as an untapped resource which will be vital in deepening our understanding of the effects of climate change. The Routledge Handbook of Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities will be an essential reference text for students and scholars of climate change, anthropology, environmental studies, ethnobiology, and Indigenous studies.

Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions 'from Below'

Marc Edelman,Ruth Hall,Saturnino M. Borras Jr.,Ian Scoones,Ben White,Wendy Wolford
Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions from Below Book PDF

Author : Marc Edelman,Ruth Hall,Saturnino M. Borras Jr.,Ian Scoones,Ben White,Wendy Wolford
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2017-08-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351622400

Get Book

Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions 'from Below' by Marc Edelman,Ruth Hall,Saturnino M. Borras Jr.,Ian Scoones,Ben White,Wendy Wolford Pdf

When the 2007-2008 food and financial crises triggered a global wave of land grabbing, scholars, activists and policy practitioners assumed that this would be met with massive peasant resistance. As empirical evidence accumulated, however, it became clear that political reactions ‘from below’ to land grabbing were quite varied and complex. Violent resistance, outright expulsions, everyday ‘weapons of the weak’ and demands for better terms of incorporation into land deals were among the outcomes that emerged. Readers of this collection will encounter a multinational group of scholars who use the tools of social movements theory and critical agrarian studies to examine cases from Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Colombia, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Uganda, Mali, Ukraine, India, and Laos, as well as the Rio +20 Sustainable Development Conference. Initiatives ‘from below’ in response to land deals have involved local and transnational alliances and the use of legal and extra-legal methods, and have brought victories and defeats. This book was first published as a special issue of The Journal of Peasant Studies.

Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration

Robert McLeman,François Gemenne
Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration Book PDF

Author : Robert McLeman,François Gemenne
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 518 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2018-03-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317272243

Get Book

Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration by Robert McLeman,François Gemenne Pdf

The last twenty years have seen a rapid increase in scholarly activity and publications dedicated to environmental migration and displacement, and the field has now reached a point in terms of profile, complexity, and sheer volume of reporting that a general review and assessment of existing knowledge and future research priorities is warranted. So far, such a product does not exist. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration provides a state-of-the-science review of research on how environmental variability and change influence current and future global migration patterns and, in some instances, trigger large-scale population displacements. Drawing together contributions from leading researchers in the field, this compendium will become a go-to guide for established and newly interested scholars, for government and policymaking entities, and for students and their instructors. It explains theoretical, conceptual, and empirical developments that have been made in recent years; describes their origins and connections to broader topics including migration research, development studies, and international public policy and law; and highlights emerging areas where new and/or additional research and reflection are warranted. The structure and the nature of the book allow the reader to quickly find a concise review relevant to conducting research or developing policy on particular topics, and to obtain a broad, reliable survey of what is presently known about the subject.

Climate Change and Human Health Scenarios

Rais Akhtar
Climate Change and Human Health Scenarios Book PDF

Author : Rais Akhtar
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 473 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2024-01-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783031388781

Get Book

Climate Change and Human Health Scenarios by Rais Akhtar Pdf

The objective of the present edited book is to encompass studies from both developed and developing countries of Asia, Africa Europe, and Americas, to understand and present a comparative scenario of the climate change and other environmental determinants of health and disease in geographically diversified countries. Environment and health perspective dates back to Hippocrates treatise written 400 B.C.E. In his book On Airs, Waters and Places, Hippocrates described diseases as associated with environmental conditions, “Whoever wishes to investigate medicine properly, should proceed thus: in the first place to consider the seasons of the year, and what effects each of them produces for they are not at all alike, but differ much from themselves in regard to their changes. Then the winds, the hot and the cold, especially such as are common to all countries, and then such as are peculiar to each locality. We must also consider the qualities of the waters, for as they differ from one another in taste and weight, so also do they differ much in their qualities. In the same manner, when one comes into a city to which he is a stranger, he ought to consider its situation, how it lies as to the winds and the rising of the sun; for its influence is not the same whether it lies to the north or the south, to the rising or to the setting sun”. There has been a greater emphasis in the last four decades on understanding environmental factors which affect human health, after United Nations established Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 aimed at to evaluate research on changing environmental condition, particularly climate change and its impacts on human wellbeing, including human health, as consequences of extreme heat waves conditions, sea level rise, forced migration, air pollution, droughts, and wildfires. From these studies, risk levels of vulnerable populations and regions can be assessed and level of resilience of healthcare infrastructure that may be used in environmental health policy and equity of these countries.