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"A collection of essays that analyzes China's foremost social cleavage: the rural-urban gap. It examines the historical background of rural-urban relations; the size and trend in the income gap between rural and urban residents; aspects of inequality apart from income; and, experiences of discrimination, particularly among urban migrants." -- BOOK PUBLISHER WEBSITE.
Global Monitoring Report 2013 by World Bank,International Monetary Fund Pdf
The Global Monitoring Report 2013: Rural-Urban Dynamics and the Millennium Development Goals examines rural-urban disparities in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and how urbanization, if managed well, can contribute to the attainment of these goals. The report provides information about the differences in progress toward the MDGs across geographical areas and recognizes that urban populations are better off than their rural brethren. However, unfettered urbanization can cause migrants and the urban poor to end up in slums where attainment of the MDGs lags. GMR 2013 calls for an integrated strategy to better manage the planning-connecting-financing formula of urbanization. Notwithstanding the importance of urbanization in poverty reduction and MDG attainment, rural areas remain a huge challenge--one that underscores the importance of policies that can improve rural livelihoods. The rural-urban spectrum ranges from small towns to large cities. The general experience is that poverty is lowest in the largest cities and considerably higher in smaller towns. The MDGs reflect the basic needs of all citizens, and governments should aim to meet them fully in both urban and rural areas. However, resources are scarce, so priorities must be set and trade-offs made. The report argues that the sequencing of actions be tailored to local conditions when it comes to the degree of urbanization and rural-urban differences in MDG outcomes. The world has met four global MDG targets. New estimates confirm the 2012 reports that MDG 1.a--reducing the $1.25-a-day poverty rate (2005 purchasing power parity)--was reached in 2010, falling below half of its 1990 value. The world also met part of MDG 7.c--to halve the proportion of people without safe access to drinking water--in 2010. MDG 7.d--to improve significantly the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020--was also achieved. Finally, the first part of MDG 3.a--to eliminate gender disparity in primary education-- was accomplished in 2010. Global progress on the full MDG 3.a (to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education) is close to being on track. Global Monitoring Report 2013 was prepared jointly by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, with consultations and collaborations with regional development banks and other multilateral partners.
Healthy Longevity in China by Yi Zeng,Dudley L. Poston,Denese Ashbaugh Vlosky,Danan Gu Pdf
Key research in the world’s largest aging population – in China – has fed into this important new work, which aims to answer questions critical to older people worldwide. These include: is the period of disability compressing or expanding with increasing life expectancy and what factors are associated with these trends in the recent decades? And is it possible to realize morbidity compression with a prolongation of the life span in the future? Essential reading for gerontologists.
A prizewinning political scientist traces the origins of urban-rural political conflict and shows how geography shapes elections in America and beyond Why is it so much easier for the Democratic Party to win the national popular vote than to build and maintain a majority in Congress? Why can Democrats sweep statewide offices in places like Pennsylvania and Michigan yet fail to take control of the same states' legislatures? Many place exclusive blame on partisan gerrymandering and voter suppression. But as political scientist Jonathan A. Rodden demonstrates in Why Cities Lose, the left's electoral challenges have deeper roots in economic and political geography. In the late nineteenth century, support for the left began to cluster in cities among the industrial working class. Today, left-wing parties have become coalitions of diverse urban interest groups, from racial minorities to the creative class. These parties win big in urban districts but struggle to capture the suburban and rural seats necessary for legislative majorities. A bold new interpretation of today's urban-rural political conflict, Why Cities Lose also points to electoral reforms that could address the left's under-representation while reducing urban-rural polarization.
Growing Rural-urban Disparity in Bihar by Shyam Sunder Pd. Sharma Pdf
Determining The Disparities Between Rural And Urban Areas Is Apparently More Difficult Than It Appears Since It Is Possible To Redefine What Is Urban And What Is Rural. Governments In Asia Use Different Definitions For Urban Areas And Do Not Define Rural Areas, Treating Them As The Undefined Residual. An Area Is Designated As Urban When It Crosses A Certain Population Limit (For Example, 5,000 Inhabitants) Or When Its Population Density Reaches To A Certain Level (For Example, 1,000 Per Square Kilometre). Small Changes In Criteria Can Have A Considerable Impact On The Urbanization Level Of A Country. Rather Than Defining Rural And Urban In Geographical Or Demographic Terms, It Is Desirable To Look At The Character Of The Rural And Urban Society And Its Economy. Economists Define An Area As Urban When The Economy Is Characterized By Non-Extractive Occupations, For Example, Industry, Commerce, That Benefit Particularly From A High Population Density And The Accompanying Infrastructure. Sociologically, Urban May Typify Wider, But Less Personal And Social Relations And A Lifestyle Characterized By Individualism, Anonymity And A Segmentation Of Life. However, Improved Transport And The Relative Reduction In Transport Costs Have Made It Easier To Commute Between An Urban Area And Its Surrounding Rural Areas Or To Temporarily Migrate From Rural To Urban Areas. Resultantly, An Increasing Number Of People Find Temporary Or Permanent Urban Employment In The Urban Areas, While Living Or At Least Being Registered To Live In A Rural Area.
RURAL URBAN DISPARITY by S. Ramaswamy, S. Ramachandran Pdf
Chapter I - Introduction, Chapter II - Rural–Urban Disparity Scenario in India, Chapter III - Rural-Urban Disparity Scenario in Tamil Nadu, Chapter IV - Profile of the Study Regions, Chapter V - Social Dimensions of Rural-Urban Disparity: Micro Level Study, Chapter VI - Economic Dimensions of Rural-Urban Disparity: Micro Level Study, Chapter VII - Summary of Major Findings, Policy Options and Conclusion.
Internal Migration, Urbanization and Poverty in Asia: Dynamics and Interrelationships by Kankesu Jayanthakumaran,Reetu Verma,Guanghua Wan,Edgar Wilson Pdf
This book is Open Access under a CC BY license. This volume offers an essential resource for economic policymakers as well as students of development economics focusing on the interrelationships of migration, urbanization and poverty in Asia. The continent’s recent demographic transitions and rural-urban structural transformations are extraordinary, and involve complexities that require in-depth study. The chapters within this volume examine those complexities using a range of traditional and non-traditional measures, such as multidimensional poverty, gaps and polarization, to arrive at the conclusion that poverty is now an urban issue. In short, the book will help students of development economics and policymakers understand the interrelationships between internal migration, urbanization and poverty, paving the way for the improved management of internal migration and disadvantaged and vulnerable populations.
Skills Development for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in Developing Asia-Pacific by Rupert Maclean,Shanti Jagannathan,Jouko Sarvi Pdf
Focusing on the Asia-Pacific region, which in recent years has been the engine of global economic growth , this volume surveys trends and prospects in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) with particular reference to achieving inclusive growth and the greening of economies. Underlying the increasing pressure for new models of TVET provision is the rapid pace of technological change, demand for a work force which is highly responsive to evolving needs and a transforming market place that calls for higher order skills and lifelong learning. The book proposes a re-engineered, modernized TVET system that fosters an innovative approach which enhances the employability of workers as well as the sustainability of their livelihoods. The book includes contributions from leading policy makers, researchers, and practitioners, including those in the private sector in analyzing and forecasting the most urgent priorities in skills development. The book argues for creative approaches to TVET design and delivery particularly with a view to improve job prospects , and meeting the goals of inclusion, sustainable development and social cohesion. Addressing issues such as the chronic mismatches between skills acquired and actual skills required in the work place, the volume proposes diversified approaches towards workforce development and partnerships with the private sector to improve the quality and relevance of skills development . The new imperatives created by ‘greening’ economies and responses required in skills development and training are addressed. Developing TVET is a high priority for governments in the Asia Pacific region as they seek to achieve long-term sustainable growth since the .continued success of their economic destinies depend on it. The volume also includes an emerging framework for skills development for inclusive and sustainable growth in the Asia and Pacific region.
Rural--urban Divide by Sneh Sangwan,Randhir Singh Sangwan Pdf
Attempts To Provide A Spatial View Of Rural-Urban Differentials In Select Aspects Of Demography In India. Provides New Insights For Population Policy Makers And Planners Also. Students/Researchers In Social Sciences And Agricultural Science.
Modern Epidemiology by Kenneth J. Rothman,Sander Greenland,Timothy L. Lash Pdf
The thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition of the acclaimed Modern Epidemiology reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasingly focal role that epidemiology plays in dealing with public health and medical problems. Coauthored by three leading epidemiologists, with sixteen additional contributors, this Third Edition is the most comprehensive and cohesive text on the principles and methods of epidemiologic research. The book covers a broad range of concepts and methods, such as basic measures of disease frequency and associations, study design, field methods, threats to validity, and assessing precision. It also covers advanced topics in data analysis such as Bayesian analysis, bias analysis, and hierarchical regression. Chapters examine specific areas of research such as disease surveillance, ecologic studies, social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, reproductive epidemiology, and clinical epidemiology.
Managing the Urban-rural Divide Through an Inclusive Framework by Ayobami Popoola,Hope Magidimisha-Chipungu,Lovemore Chipungu Pdf
"This book captures the spatial, economic and socio-environmental divide of the urban and rural space, providing a global departure from the common rural or urban argument, but rather a balanced premise that offers true perspectives of diversity, inclusion, equity, justice and fairness within social realms"--
Growing Rural-urban Disparity in Uttarakhand by Shyam Sunder Pd. Sharma,Nilabja Ghosh,Sabyasachi Kar,Suresh Sharma Pdf
The Growing Disparity In India Between Regions, Sectors And Sections Of The Population, Is A Blot On Our Civilization. Although The Economic Reforms Have Ushered In An Era Of High Growth, The Unequal Distribution Of These Gains- Particularly Between Rural And Urban Sectors-Has Thrown Up Questions About The Distributional Impact Of Such Growth Processes. This Book Studies The Nature Of Rural Urban Disparity For The Hilly State Of Uttarakhand. Based On Secondary Data And A Primary Survey, It Takes An Extensive Look At Both Social And Economic Aspects Of Development In The State And The Extent Of Inequality In These Sectors
Handbook of Research on Managing the Urban-Rural Divide Through an Inclusive Framework by Popoola, Ayobami Abayomi,Magidimisha-Chipungu, Hangwelani Hope,Chipungu, Lovemore Pdf
In recent years, the growing disparities between rural and urban areas in developing countries have been a cause of major concern. The rural-urban gap remains the single most well-documented development and welfare disparity in the developing world. This gap can be seen in the low economic activities, higher poverty levels, and lower quality infrastructure and services in rural areas as opposed to urban areas. While the magnitude of this rural-urban divide is well-documented, very little has been documented about its impact on inclusive and sustainable urban development. The Handbook of Research on Managing the Urban-Rural Divide Through an Inclusive Framework aims to capture the spatial and socio-economic divide between rural and urban areas and provides a road map to revamping the discussion that surrounds the urban-rural sphere. Covering key topics such as development, food security, and rural regions, this premier reference source is ideal for policymakers, government officials, industry professionals, researchers, academicians, practitioners, scholars, instructors, and students.
