School Enrollment Decline In Sub Saharan Africa

Author : Joseph W. B. Bredie,Girindre K. Beeharry
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 1998-01-01
Category : Education
ISBN : 0821343122

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School Enrollment Decline in Sub-Saharan Africa by Joseph W. B. Bredie,Girindre K. Beeharry Pdf

The overarching objective of the World Bank's assistance to Sub-Saharan African countries is poverty reduction through sustained economic growth at a high level and improved social services. Past experience shows that a minimum level of educational attainment has been a prerequisite for the success of such a strategy. The current level of education development has been low, and the development of primary education has stagnated and even declined in some countries since the early 1980s. This paper examines the likely causes for deteriorating enrollment rates in Africa. It looks at the constraints in the demand for schooling and gives possible reasons for stagnation.

Author : Peter Darvas,Shang Gao,Yijun Shen,Bilal Bawany
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 118 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2017-11-15
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781464810510

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Sharing Higher Education's Promise beyond the Few in Sub-Saharan Africa by Peter Darvas,Shang Gao,Yijun Shen,Bilal Bawany Pdf

Despite a spectacular expansion of the higher education sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, the supply of tertiary education has generally failed to keep pace with demand and the region continues to lag all other regions in terms of access to tertiary education. This is in part a consequence of deeply entrenched patterns of inequitable access to higher education, and the perpetuation of what researchers refer to as “elite systems†?. To date, access to tertiary education in Sub-Saharan Africa has unduly benefitted students drawn from the region’s wealthiest households, and overall enrollment remains disproportionately male, and metropolitan. These factors stifle the catalytic potential of higher education, corroding its potential for driving economic growth and sustaining poverty reduction. Instead, patterns of access to tertiary education have generally reinforced and reproduced social inequality, instead of eroding its pernicious social and economic effects. This report aims to inform an improved understanding of equity in tertiary enrollment in Sub-Saharan African countries, and to examine the extent to which inequity functions as a bottleneck inhibiting the ability of African universities to effectively drive improvements in overall quality of life and economic competitiveness. In our survey of the evidence, we also aim to identify which policies most effectively address the challenge of promoting equity of access in SSA tertiary education systems. In order to achieve these objectives, the report collects, generates and analyzes empirical evidence on patterns of equity, examines the underlying causes of inequity, and evaluates government policies for addressing inequity.

Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Working Group on Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 269 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1993-02-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780309049443

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Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use in Sub-Saharan Africa by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Working Group on Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use Pdf

This book discusses current trends in contraceptive use, socioeconomic and program variables that affect the demand for and supply of children, and the relationship of increased contraceptive use to recent fertility declines.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 1995-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0821333437

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Labor and the Growth Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa by Anonim Pdf

Annotation Reviews labor market outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and analyzes what is required to spur economic growth through increased efficiency of physical and human capital. "World Development Report 1995: Workers in an Integrating World" examines ways of improving labor outcomes in low- and middle-income economies. This regional perspective focuses on Sub-Saharan Africa in relation to the four areas in need of labor policy reform that were identified in the Report: development strategy, international integration, labor market interventions, and transformation to greater market orientation. The paper reviews labor market outcomes in the region and analyzes what is required to achieve economic growth through increased efficiency of physical and human capital. It examines Africa's role in the world economy and why greater integration is essential to the region. It also discusses labor policies and how workers in the region are affected by the transition to open development strategies. The prospects for the region's growing labor force are briefly reviewed.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Education
ISBN : PSU:000052067006

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Resources in Education by Anonim Pdf

Author : Ron J. Lesthaeghe
Publisher : Univ of California Press
Page : 570 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2023-11-10
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780520335455

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Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ron J. Lesthaeghe Pdf

Unlike most Asian and Latin American countries, sub-Saharan Africa has seen both an increase in population growth rates and a weakening of traditional patterns of child-spacing since the 1960s. It is tempting to conclude that sub-Saharan countries have simply not reached adequate levels of income, education, and urbanization for a fertility decline to occur. This book argues, however, that such a socioeconomic threshold hypothesis will not provide an adequate basis for comparison. These authors take the view that any reproductive regime is also anchored to a broader pattern of social organization, including the prevailing modes of production, rules of exchange, patterns of religious systems, kinship structure, division of labor, and gender roles. They link the characteristic features of the African reproductive regime with regard to nuptiality, polygyny, breastfeeding, postpartum abstinence, sterility, and child-fostering to other specifically African characteristics of social organization and culture. Substantial attention is paid to the heterogeneity that prevails among sub-Saharan societies and considerable use is made, therefore, of interethnic comparisons. As a result the book goes considerably beyond mere demographic description and builds bridges between demography and anthropology or sociology. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1989.

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2008-02-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821373439

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Transitions in Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa by World Bank Pdf

This World Bank Working Paper discusses equity and efficiency issues in secondary education transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Its main purpose is to identify and analyze national, regional, and local measures that may lead to the development of more efficient and seamless transitions between post-primary education pathways. In most African countries student transition from primary to junior secondary is still accompanied by significant repetition and dropout. Transitions within the secondary cycle also cause significant losses and should use more effective assessment and selection methodologies. According to global trends, Africa needs to revisit its post-primary structures to provide more diversified (academic and non-academic) pathways of learning which respond better to the continent's present economic and social realities. In the end, the main goal should be to produce young people who can become productive citizens and lead healthy lives, as demonstrated by middle and higher-income economies.

Author : Keith M. Lewin
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 188 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2008-02-27
Category : Education
ISBN : 0821371169

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Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa by Keith M. Lewin Pdf

Investment in secondary schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa has been neglected since the World Conference on Education for All at Jomtien. The World Education Forum at Dakar began to recognize the growing importance of post-primary schooling for development. Only 25 percent of school-age children attend secondary school in the region--and fewer complete successfully, having consequences for gender equity, poverty reduction, and economic growth. As universal primary schooling becomes a reality, demand for secondary schools is increasing rapidly. Gaps between the educational levels of the labor force in Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions remain large. Girls are more often excluded from secondary schools than boys. Secondary schooling costs are high to both governments and households. This study explores how access to secondary education can be increased. Radical reforms are needed in low-enrollment countries to make secondary schooling more affordable and to provide more access to the majority currently excluded. The report identifies the rationale for increasing access, reviews the status of secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa, charts the growth needed in different countries to reach different levels of participation, identifies the financial constraints on growth, and discusses the reforms needed to make access affordable. It concludes with a road map of ways to increase the probability that more of Africa's children will experience secondary schooling.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 172 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 1997-01-01
Category : History
ISBN : 0821336983

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Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa by Anonim Pdf

World Bank Technical Paper No. 356. The fragmentation in African financial markets and its persistence despite reforms to liberalize those markets have been difficult to explain. This paper reports findings from surveys of formal and informal institutions and their clients in Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania to test hypotheses explaining different aspects of fragmentation, which occurs when different market segments are poorly linked and interest rate differentials cannot be fully explained by differences in costs and risks. The study concludes that financial development strategies, and World Bank operations supporting them, should explicitly include informal and semi-formal financial institutions to improve the extent and efficiency of financial intermediation in the medium term.

Author : Peter Darvas,Shang Gao,Yijun Shen,Bilal Bawany
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2018-04-11
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781464812675

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Enseignement supérieur et équité en Afrique subsaharienne by Peter Darvas,Shang Gao,Yijun Shen,Bilal Bawany Pdf

Despite a spectacular expansion of the higher education sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, the supply of tertiary education has generally failed to keep pace with demand, and the region continues to lag behind all other regions in terms of access to tertiary education. This is in part a consequence of deeply entrenched patterns of inequitable access to higher education, and the perpetuation of what researchers refer to as “elite systems.†? To date, access to tertiary education in Sub-Saharan Africa has unduly benefited students drawn from the region’s wealthiest households, and overall enrollment remains disproportionately male and metropolitan. These factors stifle the catalytic potential of higher education, corroding its potential for driving economic growth and sustaining poverty reduction. Instead, patterns of access to tertiary education have generally reinforced and reproduced social inequality, instead of eroding its pernicious social and economic effects. Sharing Higher Education’s Promise beyond the Few in Sub-Saharan Africa aims to inform an improved understanding of equity in tertiary enrollment in Sub-Saharan African countries and to examine the extent to which inequity functions as a bottleneck, inhibiting the ability of African universities to effectively drive improvements in overall quality of life and economic competitiveness. In our survey of the evidence, we also aim to identify which policies most effectively address the challenge of promoting equity of access in Sub-Saharan African tertiary education systems. To achieve these objectives, the book collects, generates, and analyzes empirical evidence on patterns of equity; examines the underlying causes of inequity; and evaluates government policies for addressing inequity.

Author : Federica Carfagna,Raffaello Cervigni,Pierre Fallavier
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2018-04-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781464812279

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Mitigating Drought Impacts in Drylands by Federica Carfagna,Raffaello Cervigni,Pierre Fallavier Pdf

Drylands account for three-quarters of Sub-Saharan Africa's cropland, two-thirds of cereal production, and four-fifths of livestock holdings. Today frequent and severe shocks, especially droughts, limit the livelihood opportunities available to millions of households and undermine efforts to eradicate poverty in the drylands. Prospects for sustainable development of drylands are assessed in this book through the lens of resilience, understood here to mean the ability of people to withstand and respond to droughts and other shocks. An original model was developed expressly to consistently and coherently evaluate different type of interventions on the ground, which provided a common framework to anticipate the scale of the challenges likely to arise in drylands, as well as to generate insights into opportunities for addressing those challenges. Such modeling framework consisted in a) estimating the baseline vulnerability profiles of people living in drylands (2010), b) estimate the evolution of vulnerability by 2030 under a range of assumptions, c) calculated the number of people affectedby drought in the different administrative units of each country, and d) evaluate different types of interventions in agriculture and livestock for mitigating drought impact by calculating the potential for reducing the number of people affected for each scenario and conducting a simplified · benefit/cost (B/C) analysis for each type of intervention. For livestock, simulation models were used to estimate the impacts of feed balances, livestock production, and household income resilience interventions under different climate scenarios). For agriculture, the DSSAT (Decision Support System for·Agrotechnology Transfer) framework was used to assess the potential impact on yields likely to result from adoption of five crop farming technologies: (1) drought-tolerant varieties, (2) heat-tolerant varieties, (3) additional fertilizer, (4) agroforestry practices, (S) irrigation (6) water-harvesting techniques and selected combinations thereof.

Author : Nancy Birdsall,Allen C. Kelley,Steven Sinding
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 457 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2001-08-30
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780191529535

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Population Matters by Nancy Birdsall,Allen C. Kelley,Steven Sinding Pdf

The effect of demography on economic performance has been the subject of intense debate in economics for nearly two centuries. In recent years opinion has swung between the Malthusian views of Coale and Hoover, and the cornucopian views of Julian Simon. Unfortunately, until recently, data were too weak and analytical models too limited to provide clear insights into the relationship. As a result, economists as a group have not been clear or conclusive. This volume, which is based on a collection of papers that heavily rely on data from the 1980s and 1990s and on new analytical approaches, sheds important new light on demographic—economic relationships, and it provides clearer policy conclusions than any recent work on the subject. In particular, evidence from developing countries throughout the world shows a pattern in recent decades that was not evident earlier: countries with higher rates of population growth have tended to see less economic growth. An analysis of the role of demography in the "Asian economic miracle" strongly suggests that changes in age structures resulting from declining fertility create a one-time "demographic gift" or window of opportunity, when the working age population has relatively few dependants, of either young or old age, to support. Countries which recognize and seize on this opportunity can, as the Asian tigers did, realize healthy bursts in economic output. But such results are by no means assured: only for countries with otherwise sound economic policies will the window of opportunity yield such dramatic results. Finally, several of the studies demonstrate the likelihood of a causal relationship between high fertility and poverty. While the direction of causality is not always clear and very likely is reciprocal (poverty contributes to high fertility and high fertility reinforces poverty), the studies support the view that lower fertility at the country level helps create a path out of poverty for many families. Population Matters represents an important further step in our understanding of the contribution of population change to economic performance. As such, it will be a useful volume for policymakers both in developing countries and in international development agencies.

Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Working Group on the Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 1993-02-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780309048972

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Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Working Group on the Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility Pdf

This examination of changes in adolescent fertility emphasizes the changing social context within which adolescent childbearing takes place.

Author : Loretta Elizabeth Bass
Publisher : Lynne Rienner Publishers
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1588262863

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Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa by Loretta Elizabeth Bass Pdf

Bass's comprehensive, systematic study examines the complex factors framing child labor in Africa and offers a window on the lives of the child workers themselves.

Author : Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Mr.Erwin Tiongson,Marijn Verhoeven
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 26 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 1999-02-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781451843897

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Does Higher Government Spending Buy Better Results in Education and Health Care? by Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Mr.Erwin Tiongson,Marijn Verhoeven Pdf

There is little empirical evidence to support the claim that public spending improves education and health indicators. This paper uses cross-sectional data for 50 developing and transition countries to show that expenditure allocations within the two social sectors improve both access to and attainment in schools and reduce mortality rates for infants and children. The size and efficiency of these allocations are important for promoting equity and furthering second-generation reforms.