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Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 53 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Science and law
ISBN : 0646052616
Author : Public Interest Advocacy Centre (Sydney N.S.W.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Chemicals
ISBN : 1863160256
Author : National Library of Australia
Publisher : National Library Australia
Page : 1976 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 1988
Category : Australia
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Soraya Boudia,Nathalie Jas
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1782382364
In spite of decades of research on toxicants, along with the growing role of scientific expertise in public policy and the unprecedented rise in the number of national and international institutions dealing with environmental health issues, problems surrounding contaminants and their effects on health have never appeared so important, sometimes to the point of appearing insurmountable. This calls for a reconsideration of the roles of scientific knowledge and expertise in the definition and management of toxic issues, which this book seeks to do. It looks at complex historical, social, and political dynamics, made up of public controversies, environmental and health crises, economic interests, and political responses, and demonstrates how and to what extent scientific knowledge about toxicants has been caught between scientific, economic, and political imperatives. Soraya Boudia is Professor of Science, Technology, and Innovation Studies at the University of Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée. Her scholarly work focuses on the transnational government of technological and health environmental risks. She has co-edited a special issue of History and Technology, "Risk and risk Society in Historical Perspective" (2007), and Toxicants, Health and Regulations Since 1945 (Pickering & Chatto, 2013), both with Nathalie Jas. Nathalie Jas is a Senior Researcher at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA). A historian and a STS scholar, her scholarly work analyses the intensification of agriculture and its social, environmental, and health effects. She has co-edited a special issue of History and Technology, "Risk and risk Society in Historical Perspective" (2007), and Toxicants, Health and Regulations Since 1945 (Pickering & Chatto, 2013), both with Soraya Boudia.
Author : Carl F. Cranor
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 273 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 1993-02-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780195344912
The proliferation of chemical substances in commerce poses scientific and philosophical problems. The scientific challenge is to develop data, methodologies, and techniques for identifying and assessing toxic substances before they cause harm to human beings and the environment. The philosophical problem is how much scientific information we should demand for this task consistent with other social goals we might have. In this book, Cranor utilizes material from ethics, philosophy of law, epidemiology, tort law, regulatory law, and risk assessment, to argue that the scientific evidential standards used in tort law and administrative law to control toxics ought to be evaluated with the purposes of the law in mind. Demanding too much for this purpose will slow the evaluation and lead to an excess of toxic substances left unidentified and unassessed, thus leaving the public at risk. Demanding too little may impose other costs. An appropriate balance between these social concerns must be found. Justice requires we use evidentiary standards more appropriate to the legal institutions in question and resist the temptation to demand the most intensive scientific evaluation of each substance subject to legal action.
Author : Carl F. Cranor
Publisher : Environmental Ethics and Scien
Page : 278 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780195074369
This treatise on the legal assessment of risks regarding toxic chemicals addresses the standards of evidence in legal proceedings and the regulatory decisions covering these chemicals.
Author : Carl F. Cranor
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780190635756
A world awash in little understood chemicals tragically harms adults and children alike. Laws keep health agencies in the dark about toxicants; slow, well motivated research hampers protections; and strenuous vested opposition exacerbates the harm. How science is used in the tort law can facilitate or frustrate redress of harm. This book recommends better approaches. -- Provided by publisher.
Author : Joel Tickner
Publisher : Island Press
Page : 418 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2002-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1597263133
The "precautionary principle"—the idea that society should guard against potentially harmful activities even if some cause and effect relationships have not been fully established—has often been attacked for being unscientific. However leading scientists studying the issue have begun to make the case that the precautionary principle is in fact science based, and that it creates a need for more rigorous and transparent science in examining complex and uncertain environmental risks.Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy is the first book to explore the role of science in developing a more precautionary approach to environmental and public health policy. The book brings together leading scientists, legal experts, philosophers, environmental health professionals, and environmentalists to offer a multi-disciplinary perspective on the controversial debate over science and precaution. The book:discusses the critical need for science in promoting sustainabilityoutlines the ethical imperative of a more precautionary science and the philosophical foundations of that new approachconsiders some of the ways in which the current conduct of environmental science works against precautionary policiesexamines how the role and use of science differs across cultures and political systemsprovides the components of an approach to environmental science that more effectively supports precautionary decisionsThe book also offers case studies that consider various types of uncertainty and sets forth a framework for evaluating and addressing uncertainty in decision-making.Contributors include Juan Almendares, Katherine Barrett, Kamaljit Bawa, Finn Bro-Rasmussen, Donald Brown, Theofanis Christoforou, Terry Collins, Barry Commoner, Carl Cranor, Stephen Dovers, David Gee, Elizabeth Guillette, Cato ten Hallers-Tjabbes, James Huff, Matthias Kaiser, Richard Levins, Mary O'Brien, Carolyn Raffensperger, Jerry Ravetz, Vandana Shiva, Boyce Thorne-Miller, Joe Thornton, Reginald Victor, and Alistair Woodward.Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy presents a broad overview of the role of science in implementing the precautionary principle and makes a compelling case that science should be used not just to study problems but to develop solutions.
Author : Adam D. K. Abelkop,John D. Graham,Todd V. Royer
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 303 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781482298789
Developed from the efforts of a multiyear, international project examining how persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals are evaluated and managed, Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Chemicals: Technical Aspects, Policies, and Practices focuses on improving the processes that govern PBTs. Incorporating science and policy literature—as well as interviews and panel discussions featuring experts from around the world—this book provides you with an international perspective of PBT policies (centering on Europe, Asia, and North America), and reveals major findings and recommendations for improving PBT science, laws, and policies. It includes case studies of specific chemicals, provides an introduction to the overall subject of toxic chemicals, and weighs in on science and policy expansion for PBTs. It also provides summary tables of important PBTs, and discussions on the number of PBTs in commerce, weight of evidence approaches, market deselection, and international management. The text: Assesses the history, current practice, and future of PBT management Considers the roles scientific data, modeling, and conventions play in identifying and regulating PBTs Explores the number of PBTs in commerce and the growing role of weight of evidence (WOE) in the making of PBT determinations Identifies issues that are likely to come up in WOE judgments Examines international, national, subnational, and regional PBT policies Includes a comprehensive and easy-to-understand analysis of PBT science and policy This book reviews the current science, policies, and practices surrounding the regulation of PBTs. It also provides relevant research, recommendations, and suggestions for improving the management and oversight of PBTs.
Author : Thomas O. McGarity,Wendy E. Wagner
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 397 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2010-03-15
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780674251823
What do we know about the possible poisons that industrial technologies leave in our air and water? How reliable is the science that federal regulators and legislators use to protect the public from dangerous products? As this disturbing book shows, ideological or economic attacks on research are part of an extensive pattern of abuse. Thomas O. McGarity and Wendy E. Wagner reveal the range of sophisticated legal and financial tactics political and corporate advocates use to discredit or suppress research on potential human health hazards. Scientists can find their research blocked, or find themselves threatened with financial ruin. Corporations, plaintiff attorneys, think tanks, even government agencies have been caught suppressing or distorting research on the safety of chemical products. With alarming stories drawn from the public record, McGarity and Wagner describe how advocates attempt to bend science or “spin” findings. They reveal an immense range of tools available to shrewd partisans determined to manipulate research. Bending Science exposes an astonishing pattern of corruption and makes a compelling case for reforms to safeguard both the integrity of science and the public health.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 1985
Category : Environmental health
ISBN : UCR:31210012715767
Author : Carl F. Cranor
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 328 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2011-02-15
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780674058927
Take a random walk through your life and you’ll find it is awash in industrial, often toxic, chemicals. Sip water from a plastic bottle and ingest bisphenol A. Prepare dinner in a non-stick frying pan or wear a layer of Gore-Tex only to be exposed to perfluorinated compounds. Hang curtains, clip your baby into a car seat, watch television—all are manufactured with brominated flame-retardants. Cosmetic ingredients, industrial chemicals, pesticides, and other compounds enter our bodies and remain briefly or permanently. Far too many suspected toxic hazards are unleashed every day that affect the development and function of our brain, immune system, reproductive organs, or hormones. But no public health law requires product testing of most chemical compounds before they enter the market. If products are deemed dangerous, toxicants must be forcibly reduced or removed—but only after harm has been done. In this scientifically rigorous legal analysis, Carl Cranor argues that just as pharmaceuticals and pesticides cannot be sold without pre-market testing, other chemical products should be subject to the same safety measures. Cranor shows, in terrifying detail, what risks we run, and that it is entirely possible to design a less dangerous commercial world.
Author : CQ Researcher,
Publisher : CQ Press
Page : 465 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2019-11-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781544374802
This collection of nonpartisan and thoroughly researched reports focuses on sixteen hot-button policy issues written by award-winning CQ Researcher journalists. Because it is an annual volume and comes together just months before publication, each report is as current as possible. And because it is CQ Researcher, the policy reports are expertly researched and written, showing all sides of an issue. Chapters follow a set organization, exploring three issue questions, then offering background, the current situation, and a look ahead, as well as featuring a yes-no debate box. All issues include a chronology, bibliography, photos, charts, and figures.
Author : Kathryn Harrison,George Hoberg
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 1994-11-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780773565050
Paying particular attention to how politicians and bureaucrats in the two countries deal with the scientific uncertainty that pervades environmental decision making, Harrison and Hoberg analyse case studies of seven controversial substances suspected of causing cancer in humans: the pesticides Alar and alachlor, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, radon gas, dioxin, saccharin, and asbestos. They weigh the strengths and weaknesses of each country's approach according to five criteria: stringency and timeliness of the regulatory decision, balancing of risks and benefits by decision makers, opportunities for public participation, and the interpretation of science in regulatory decision making. The Canadian approach is exemplified by closed decision making, case-by-case review that relies heavily on expert judgement, and limited public debate about the scientific basis of regulatory decisions. In contrast, regulatory science in the United States is characterized by publication of lengthy rationales for regulatory decisions, reliance on standardized procedures for risk assessment, and controversy surrounding the interpretation of scientific evidence.
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Electronic
ISBN : UCAL:B5139314