Sectarianism De Sectarianization And Regional Politics In The Middle East

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Sectarianism, De-Sectarianization and Regional Politics in the Middle East

Samira Nasirzadeh,Elias Ghazal,Ana Maria Kumarasamy,Eyad Alrefai,Simon Mabon
Sectarianism De Sectarianization and Regional Politics in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Samira Nasirzadeh,Elias Ghazal,Ana Maria Kumarasamy,Eyad Alrefai,Simon Mabon
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 253 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2024-01-25
Category : History
ISBN : 9780755639199

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Sectarianism, De-Sectarianization and Regional Politics in the Middle East by Samira Nasirzadeh,Elias Ghazal,Ana Maria Kumarasamy,Eyad Alrefai,Simon Mabon Pdf

Following the Arab Uprisings, new ways of understanding sectarianism and sect-based differences emerged. But these perspectives, while useful, reduced sectarian identities to a consequence of either primordial tensions or instrumentalised identities. While more recently 'third way' approaches addressed the problems with these two positions, the complexity of secatarian identities within and across states remains unexplored. This book fills the gap in the literature to offer a more nuanced reading of both sectarian identities and also de-sectarianization across the Middle East. To do so, the volume provides a comparative account, looking at Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon. It examines the ways in which sect-based difference shapes regional politics and vice versa. The book also contributes to burgeoning debates on the role of protest movements in sectarianism. Chapters are split across three main sections: the first looks at sects and states; the second traces the relationship between sects and regional dynamics; and the third examines de-sectarianization, that is, the contestation and destablization of sectarian identities in socio-political life. Each section provides a more holistic understanding of the role of sectarian identities in the contemporary Middle East and shows how sectarian groups operate within and across state borders, and why this has serious implications for the ordering of life across the Middle East.

Sectarianization

Nader Hashemi,Danny Postel
Sectarianization Book PDF

Author : Nader Hashemi,Danny Postel
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2017-03-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190862664

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Sectarianization by Nader Hashemi,Danny Postel Pdf

As the Middle East descends ever deeper into violence and chaos, 'sectarianism' has become a catch-all explanation for the region's troubles. The turmoil is attributed to 'ancient sectarian differences', putatively primordial forces that make violent conflict intractable. In media and policy discussions, sectarianism has come to possess trans-historical causal power. This book trenchantly challenges the lazy use of 'sectarianism' as a magic-bullet explanation for the region's ills, focusing on how various conflicts in the Middle East have morphed from non-sectarian (or cross-sectarian) and nonviolent movements into sectarian wars. Through multiple case studies -- including Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Yemen and Kuwait -- this book maps the dynamics of sectarianisation, exploring not only how but also why it has taken hold. The contributors examine the constellation of forces -- from those within societies to external factors such as the Saudi-Iran rivalry -- that drive the sectarianisation process and explore how the region's politics can be de-sectarianised. Featuring leading scholars -- and including historians, anthropologists, political scientists and international relations theorists -- this book will redefine the terms of debate on one of the most critical issues in international affairs today.

The Struggle for Supremacy in the Middle East

Simon Mabon
The Struggle for Supremacy in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Simon Mabon
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 311 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2023-03-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781108577366

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The Struggle for Supremacy in the Middle East by Simon Mabon Pdf

Since 1979, few rivalries have affected Middle Eastern politics as much as the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran. However, too often the rivalry has been framed purely in terms of 'proxy wars', sectarian difference or the associated conflicts that have broken out in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen. In this book, Simon Mabon presents a more nuanced assessment of the rivalry, outlining its history and demonstrating its impact across the Middle East. Highlighting the significance of local groups, Mabon shows how regional politics have shaped and been shaped by the rivalry. The book draws from social theory and the work of Pierre Bourdieu to challenge problematic assumptions about 'proxy wars', the role of religion, and sectarianism. Exploring the changing political landscape of the Middle East as a whole and the implications for regional and international security, Mabon paints a complex picture of this frequently discussed but oft-misunderstood rivalry.

The New Sectarianism

Geneive Abdo
The New Sectarianism Book PDF

Author : Geneive Abdo
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2016-11-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190233167

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The New Sectarianism by Geneive Abdo Pdf

The Shi'a-Sunni conflict is one of the most significant outcomes arising from the Arab rebellions. Yet, there is little understanding of who is driving this tension and the underlying causes. By delving deeply into the historical factors leading up to the present-day conflict, The New Sectarianism sheds new light on how Shi'a and Sunni perceive one another after the Arab uprisings, how these perceptions have affected the Arab world, and why the dream of a pan-Islamic awakening was misplaced. Geneive Abdo describes a historical backdrop that serves as a counterpoint to Western media coverage of the so-called Arab Spring. Already by the 1970s, she says, Shi'a and Sunni communities had begun to associate their religious beliefs and practices with personal identity, replacing their fragile loyalty to the nation state. By the time the Arab risings erupted into their full fury in early 2011, there was fertile ground for instability. The ensuing clash-between Islamism and Nationalism, Shi'a and Sunni, and other factions within these communities-has resulted in unprecedented violence. So, Abdo asks, what does religion have to do with it? This sectarian conflict is often presented by the West as rivalry over land use, political power, or access to education. However, Abdo persuasively argues that it must be understood as flowing directly from religious difference and the associated identities that this difference has conferred on both Shi'a and Sunni. The New Sectarianism considers the causes for this conflict in key countries such as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Bahrain and the development of regional trends. Abdo argues that in these regions religion matters, not only in how it is utilized by extremists, moderate Islamists, and dictators alike for political purposes, but how it perpetually evolves and is perceived and practiced among the vast majority of Muslims. Shi'a and Sunni today are not battling over territory alone; they are fighting for their claim to a true Islamic identity.

Understanding 'Sectarianism'

Fanar Haddad
Understanding Sectarianism Book PDF

Author : Fanar Haddad
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2020-02-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780197536049

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Understanding 'Sectarianism' by Fanar Haddad Pdf

"Sectarianism" is one of the most over-discussed yet under-analyzed concepts in debates about the Middle East. Despite the deluge of commentary, there is no agreement on what "sectarianism" is. Is it a social issue, one of dogmatic incompatibility, a historic one or one purely related to modern power politics? Is it something innately felt or politically imposed? Is it a product of modernity or its antithesis? Is it a function of the nation-state or its negation? This book seeks to move the study of modern sectarian dynamics beyond these analytically paralyzing dichotomies by shifting the focus away from the meaningless '-ism' towards the root: sectarian identity. How are Sunni and Shi'a identities imagined, experienced and negotiated and how do they relate to and interact with other identities? Looking at the modern history of the Arab world, Haddad seeks to understand sectarian identity not as a monochrome frame of identification but as a multi-layered concept that operates on several dimensions: religious, subnational, national and transnational. Far from a uniquely Middle Eastern, Arab, or Islamic phenomenon, a better understanding of sectarian identity reveals that the many facets of sectarian relations that are misleadingly labelled "sectarianism" are echoed in intergroup relations worldwide.

Jihadism, Sectarianism and Politics in a Changing Middle East

Adib Abdulmajid
Jihadism Sectarianism and Politics in a Changing Middle East Book PDF

Author : Adib Abdulmajid
Publisher : Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2021-05-07
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9789463013444

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Jihadism, Sectarianism and Politics in a Changing Middle East by Adib Abdulmajid Pdf

Jihadism, Sectarianism and Politics in a Changing Middle East tackles questions of core significance for understanding the current religio-political scene in the Middle East. It addresses the doctrinal tenets associated with the emergence of influential Islamist organizations, the rise of sectarian-based extremist groups, and the challenges encountered by the culturally-diverse populations amidst such developments. It constitutes an exploration of sectarianism, Islamism, Salafism and jihadism. This book also delves into the historical events that have shaped the Middle East as we know it today. It further examines the key factors behind the rise of the most influential sectarian-guided, jihadi-based extremist groups in the recent years. The emergence and growth of sectarian Islamist militant organizations, whether Sunni or Shia, is deemed to be the fruit of the emerging radical interpretations and elucidations of the conception of jihad, and the evolution of the movement of Islamism in general. The main objective of this book is to help the reader understand the complex religio-political scene in today’s Middle East and the ideological principles and agendas of key influential movements, whose beliefs and actions constitute a serious threat to cultural diversity in the region.

Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East

Simon Mabon,Lucia Ardovini
Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East Book PDF

Author : Simon Mabon,Lucia Ardovini
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2018-02-02
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351578585

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Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East by Simon Mabon,Lucia Ardovini Pdf

In recent years, the term sectarianism has been widely used to explain contemporary affairs across the Middle East and North Africa. A range of assumptions about the nature of sectarianism have become prevalent amongst scholars and policy makers who engage with these areas, in part driven by the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran (the two dominant Sunni and Shi’a states) and the emergence of ISIS. Despite its prevalence, few scholars have engaged critically with the meaning of the term and its application across the Middle East. Whilst many associate sectarianism with Islam, Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East interrogates the political, economic and security factors surrounding the term within both Islam and Judaism, leading to a better understanding of the contemporary politics of the Middle East. This book was originally published as a special issue of Global Discourse.

Sectarian Politics in the Gulf

Frederic M. Wehrey
Sectarian Politics in the Gulf Book PDF

Author : Frederic M. Wehrey
Publisher : Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Persian Gulf States
ISBN : 0231165137

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Sectarian Politics in the Gulf by Frederic M. Wehrey Pdf

One of Foreign Policy's Best Five Books of 2013, chosen by Marc Lynch of The Middle East Channel Beginning with the 2003 invasion of Iraq and concluding with the aftermath of the 2011 Arab uprisings, Frederic M. Wehrey investigates the roots of the Shi'a-Sunni divide now dominating the Persian Gulf's political landscape. Focusing on three Gulf states affected most by sectarian tensions--Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait--Wehrey identifies the factors that have exacerbated or tempered sectarianism, including domestic political institutions, the media, clerical establishments, and the contagion effect of external regional events, such as the Iraq war, the 2006 Lebanon conflict, the Arab uprisings, and Syria's civil war. In addition to his analysis, Wehrey builds a historical narrative of Shi'a activism in the Arab Gulf since 2003, linking regional events to the development of local Shi'a strategies and attitudes toward citizenship, political reform, and transnational identity. He finds that, while the Gulf Shi'a were inspired by their coreligionists in Iraq, Iran, and Lebanon, they ultimately pursued greater rights through a nonsectarian, nationalist approach. He also discovers that sectarianism in the region has largely been the product of the institutional weaknesses of Gulf states, leading to excessive alarm by entrenched Sunni elites and calculated attempts by regimes to discredit Shi'a political actors as proxies for Iran, Iraq, or Lebanese Hizballah. Wehrey conducts interviews with nearly every major Shi'a leader, opinion shaper, and activist in the Gulf Arab states, as well as prominent Sunni voices, and consults diverse Arabic-language sources.

The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East

Nathan J. Brown,Emad Shahin
The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Nathan J. Brown,Emad Shahin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2013-07-03
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781135198329

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The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East by Nathan J. Brown,Emad Shahin Pdf

Many residents of the Middle East - and more recently, Western powers - have placed great hope in democratization in the region. Yet authoritarianism remains the norm and movement towards democracy is both slow and uneven. The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East examines democracy and democratization in the light of regional realities rather than the wishful thinking of outsiders. Specialists from the region analyze democratic prospects in the region, while accomplished scholars from the United States and the United Kingdom analyze Western policy, providing a wide-ranging survey of the efforts of individual countries and the effect of external influences. Addressing themes including sectarianism, culture, religion, security and the promotion of democracy, the book examines the experiences of activists, political parties, religious groups and governments and highlights the difficulties involved in bringing democracy to the Middle East. Providing a multifaceted approach to the issue of democratization, this book will be a valuable reference for courses on Middle Eastern politics, political science and democracy.

Sectarianism in Iraq

Khalil Osman
Sectarianism in Iraq Book PDF

Author : Khalil Osman
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2014-10-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781317674863

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Sectarianism in Iraq by Khalil Osman Pdf

This book links sectarianism in Iraq to the failure of the modern nation-state to resolve tensions between sectarian identities and concepts of unified statehood and uniform citizenry. After a theoretical excursus that recasts the notion of primordial identity as a socially constructed reality, the author sets out to explain the persistence of sectarian affiliations in Iraq since its creation following the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. Despite the adoption of homogenizing state policies, the uneven sectarian composition of the ruling elites nurtured feelings of political exclusion among marginalized sectarian groups, the Shicites before 2003 and the Sunnis in the post-2003 period. The book then examines how communal discourses in the educational curriculum provoked masked forms of resistance that sharpened sectarian consciousness. Tracing how the anti-Persian streak in the nation-state’s Pan-Arab ideology, which camouflaged anti-Shicism, undermined Iraq’s national integration project, Sectarianism in Iraq delves into the country’s slide from a totalizing Pan-Arab ideology in the pre-2003 period toward the atomistic impulse of the federalist debate in the post-2003 period. Employing extensive fieldwork, this book sheds light on the dynamics of political life in post-Saddam Iraq and is essential reading for Iraqi and Middle East specialists, as well as those interested in understanding the current heightening of sectarian Sunni-Shicite tensions in the Middle East.

Beyond Sunni and Shia

Frederic Wehrey
Beyond Sunni and Shia Book PDF

Author : Frederic Wehrey
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2018-02-01
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9780190911515

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Beyond Sunni and Shia by Frederic Wehrey Pdf

This collection seeks to advance our understanding of intra-Islamic identity conflict during a period of upheaval in the Middle East. Instead of treating distinctions between and within Sunni and Shia Islam as primordial and immutable, it examines how political economy, geopolitics, domestic governance, social media, non- and sub-state groups, and clerical elites have affected the transformation and diffusion of sectarian identities. Particular attention is paid to how conflicts over distribution of political and economic power have taken on a sectarian quality, and how a variety of actors have instrumentalized sectarianism. The volume, covering Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf, Iran, and Egypt, includes contributors from a broad array of disciplines including political science, history, sociology, and Islamic studies. Beyond Sunni and Shia draws on extensive fieldwork and primary sources to offer insights that are empirically rich and theoretically grounded, but also accessible for policy audiences and the informed public.

Can sectarianism explain the conflict in Syria?

Rebekka Schliep
Can sectarianism explain the conflict in Syria Book PDF

Author : Rebekka Schliep
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 15 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2017-06-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783668470149

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Can sectarianism explain the conflict in Syria? by Rebekka Schliep Pdf

Essay from the year 2017 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Region: Near East, Near Orient, grade: 69/100, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, course: Political Society of the Middle East, language: English, abstract: In mid-March 2011, protests against arbitrary leadership and for democratic institutions took place in Syria's major cities. The Syrian regime has responded brutally and the dynamics have since been developing into an ongoing armed conflict. Soon counting its sixth year, the Syrian conflict has been described as sectarian in character. Other scholars have criticized the usage of this term and the concept behind it in this particular context. Overall, this paper will argue that the concept of "sectarianism" does help to explain the current conflict in Syria, while listing and explaining the areas in which the concept helps, as well as stressing the dangers implied when using the term and which analyses have to accompany the usage of the concept, i.e. how the concept does not help to explain the conflict. For this purpose, a historical perspective will be avoided in order to account for the modernity of the involvement of sectarianism in Syrian politics. The author attempts to put the concept into its modern context. Main time frames and features of the conflict outlined in the following are regarded as critical in the sectarianization of the political sphere, and therefore in the development of the conflict. This includes Hafez al-Assad's coup to power, and the strategies employed by his regime before and after the uprisings. In particular, the building of a sectarian narrative and how it serves to supply resources to the regime will be described. Lastly, this paper will outline the involvement of sectarianism in international as well as extremist participation in the conflict. Taking all these factors into account, the main argument of this paper is that non-doctrinal sectarianism is involved in the conflict and needs to be taken into account when attempting an explanation of the conflict. However, it will also argue that sectarianism does not serve to superficially explain the conflict as an outbreak of age-old hatreds between Sunni and Shii Muslims, and that, most importantly, many more fault lines, additional to sect, are involved. These arguments lead to a conclusion that an explanation of the conflict will involve the concept of "sectarianism", but most importantly needs to go beyond simple binaries and has to include the multi-dimensionality, heterogeneity, and complexity of the political set-up before the uprisings, during the uprisings, as well as during the conflict up to this day.

Sectarianism without Sects

Azmi Bishara
Sectarianism without Sects Book PDF

Author : Azmi Bishara
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 549 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2022-03-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780197650325

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Sectarianism without Sects by Azmi Bishara Pdf

This volume analyses the transformation of social sectarianism into political sectarianism across the Arab world. Using a framework of social theories and socio-historical analysis, the book distinguishes between ta'ifa, or 'sect', and modern ta'ifiyya, 'sectarianism', arguing that sectarianism itself produces 'imaginary sects'. It charts and explains the evolution of these phenomena and their development in Arab and Islamic history, as distinct from other concepts used to study religious groups within Western contexts. Bishara documents the role played by internal and external factors and rivalries among political elites in the formulation of sectarian identity, citing both historical and contemporary models. He contends that sectarianism does not derive from sect, but rather that sectarianism resurrects the sect in the collective consciousness and reproduces it as an imagined community under modern political and historical conditions. Sectarianism without Sects is a vital resource for engaging with the sectarian crisis in the Arab world. It provides a detailed historical background to the emergence of sect in the region, as well as a complex theoretical exploration of how social identities have assumed political significance in the struggle for power over the state.

Sectarianism in the Middle East

Heather M. Robinson,Ben Connable,David E. Thaler,Ali G. Scotten
Sectarianism in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Heather M. Robinson,Ben Connable,David E. Thaler,Ali G. Scotten
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2019-01-08
Category : History
ISBN : 0833096990

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Sectarianism in the Middle East by Heather M. Robinson,Ben Connable,David E. Thaler,Ali G. Scotten Pdf

"Present unrest in the Middle East has many causes and takes on many forms. A collective sense of disenfranchisement, inadequate governance, geopolitical discord, and religious extremism all contribute to the conflicts in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Yemen, and Libya. Many Western observers and policymakers view unrest in the Middle East through the lens of binary religious sectarianism, focusing on the divisions between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. This split is most clearly articulated in the geopolitical competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran, and it plays out through violence in Iraq and Syria. But the complexities of human identity and of regional culture and history do not lend themselves to this arguably too-simplistic interpretation of the situation. The authors analyze sectarianism in the region, evaluate other factors that fan the flames of violent conflict, and suggest a different interpretation of both identity and the nature of regional unrest"--Back cover.

Sectarian Politics in the Gulf

Frederic M. Wehrey
Sectarian Politics in the Gulf Book PDF

Author : Frederic M. Wehrey
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 351 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2013-12-17
Category : History
ISBN : 9780231536103

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Sectarian Politics in the Gulf by Frederic M. Wehrey Pdf

One of Foreign Policy's Best Five Books of 2013, chosen by Marc Lynch of The Middle East Channel Beginning with the 2003 invasion of Iraq and concluding with the aftermath of the 2011 Arab uprisings, Frederic M. Wehrey investigates the roots of the Shi'a-Sunni divide now dominating the Persian Gulf's political landscape. Focusing on three Gulf states affected most by sectarian tensions—Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait—Wehrey identifies the factors that have exacerbated or tempered sectarianism, including domestic political institutions, the media, clerical establishments, and the contagion effect of external regional events, such as the Iraq war, the 2006 Lebanon conflict, the Arab uprisings, and Syria's civil war. In addition to his analysis, Wehrey builds a historical narrative of Shi'a activism in the Arab Gulf since 2003, linking regional events to the development of local Shi'a strategies and attitudes toward citizenship, political reform, and transnational identity. He finds that, while the Gulf Shi'a were inspired by their coreligionists in Iraq, Iran, and Lebanon, they ultimately pursued greater rights through a nonsectarian, nationalist approach. He also discovers that sectarianism in the region has largely been the product of the institutional weaknesses of Gulf states, leading to excessive alarm by entrenched Sunni elites and calculated attempts by regimes to discredit Shi'a political actors as proxies for Iran, Iraq, or Lebanese Hizballah. Wehrey conducts interviews with nearly every major Shi'a leader, opinion shaper, and activist in the Gulf Arab states, as well as prominent Sunni voices, and consults diverse Arabic-language sources.