Sectarianism In Islam

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Sectarianism in Islam

Adam R. Gaiser
Sectarianism in Islam Book PDF

Author : Adam R. Gaiser
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 253 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2022-11-24
Category : History
ISBN : 9781009325059

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Sectarianism in Islam by Adam R. Gaiser Pdf

Sectarian divisions within the Islamic world have long been misunderstood and misconstrued by the media and the general public. In this book, Adam R. Gaiser offers an accessible introduction to the main Muslim sects and schools, returning to the roots of the sectarian divide in the Medieval period. Beginning with the death of Muhammed and the ensuing debate over who would succeed him, Gaiser outlines how the umma (Muslim community) came to be divided. He traces the history of the main Muslim sects and schools – the Sunnis, Shi'ites, Kharijites, Mu'tazila and Murji'a – and shows how they emerged, developed, and diverged from one another. Exploring how medieval Muslims understood the idea of 'sect', Gaiser challenges readers to consider the usefulness and scope of the concept of 'sectarianism' in this historical context. Providing an overview of the main Muslim sects while problematising the assumptions of previous scholarship, this is a valuable resource for both new and experienced readers of Islamic history.

Sectarianism in Islam:

Abbas Ali
Sectarianism in Islam Book PDF

Author : Abbas Ali
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Islam and politics
ISBN : 1536158887

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Sectarianism in Islam: by Abbas Ali Pdf

"Drawing on historical evidence and the Islamic instructions, Sectarianism in Islam: Power, Tribalism and Commercial Interests provides readers with the knowledge needed to recognize that sectarianism is and has long been an effective instrument for manipulation, endorsed and utilized by powerful players. The book is a careful reflection on and exploration of a subject that has fundamentally changed the course of action for various political and ambitious actors. The book challenges readers to place events in their historical and social contexts, without ignoring the existing political maneuvers. Furthermore, it underscores the power of the mind in the rise of Islamic civilization. The author provides powerful arguments essential for understanding the interplay of various actors who have exploited sectarianism to enhance their positions and achieve their goals. Several evolutionary stages of sectarianism are identified. Though tribal conflicts took place before the inception of Islam, after the rise of Islam rivals projected themselves as religiously motivated. In recent years, two powerful players have espoused contradictory allegiances, which have further divided the Muslim world. The book, in fact, shows that the past and the present are alive and that they profoundly shape the memories of various communities today, and possibly for many decades to come. Sectarianism in Islam: Power, Tribalism and Commercial Interests challenges you to let go of common myths, assumptions and uninformed beliefs that have been treated as given facts. The book addresses certain difficulties and setbacks that are pressing social and political actors to shoulder their responsibilities in the face of misconstruction and destructive strategies that have led to tragic events. Indeed, the book is not only a relevant work of scholarship, but it is also a practical call to enhance civility in conduct and circumvent pointless conflicts"--

Islam, Sectarianism, and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya

Gabriel Warburg
Islam Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya Book PDF

Author : Gabriel Warburg
Publisher : Univ of Wisconsin Press
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : History
ISBN : 0299182940

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Islam, Sectarianism, and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya by Gabriel Warburg Pdf

Gabriel Warburg contends that efforts in Sudan to enforce an Islamic state and an Islamic constitution on a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society have led to prolonged civil war, endless military coups, and political, social, and economic bankruptcy. He analyzes the history of Sudan's Islamic politics to illuminate current conflicts in the region. The revolt in 1881 was led by a Mahdi who came to renew and purify Islam. It was in effect an uprising against a corrupt Islamic regime, the largely alien Turco-Egyptian ruling elite. The Mahdiyya was therefore an anti-colonial movement, seeking to liberate Sudan from alien rule and to unify the Muslim Umma, and it later evolved into the first expression of Sudanese nationalism and statehood. Post-independence Islamic radicalism, in turn, can be viewed against the background of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899-1956). It also thrived as a result of the resurgence of Islam since the mid-1960s, when Nasserism and other popular ideologies were swept aside. Finally, Sudan has emerged as the center of militancy in Sunni Islam since June 1989, when a group of radical Islamic officers, under the guidance of Dr. Hassan al-Turabi and the NIF, assumed power.

Shi’i Sectarianism in the Middle East

Elisheva Machlis
Shi i Sectarianism in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Elisheva Machlis
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 328 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2014-09-17
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780857737786

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Shi’i Sectarianism in the Middle East by Elisheva Machlis Pdf

The eruption of violent sectarianism in Iraq following the US invasion in 2003 brought the question of Sunni-Shi'i relations in the country to the forefront of the international public agenda. It also strengthened the popular belief that contemporary Shi'ism is inherently sectarian. Yet several decades earlier, Ayatollah Khomeini had declared an Islamic revolution and downplayed its Shi'i origins and links. So what is the true orientation of Shi'i Islam in the contemporary era and how did modernisation alter its sectarian affiliation? This book contends that early Shi'i reformist thought set the foundations for a more universal-oriented Shi'ism. Prominent reformists in the first half of the twentieth century from the holy cities of Karbala and Najaf in Iraq and from the Shi'i centres in Southern Lebanon played a significant role in the renewal of Shi'ism and laid the groundwork for its reinvention in the modern era. Exploring this shift towards a more ecumenical perception of Islam, Elisheva Machlis here provides a fresh perspective on inter-sectarian relations in contemporary Iraq and illuminates the intellectual roots of the Islamic revolution, by examining networks of Shi'i scholars such as Mu?ammad ?usayn K?shif al-Ghi??' and Mu?sin al-Am?n al-'?mil?, operating within a more globalised Muslim world. Drawing on the experiences of early Shi'i reformists, such as 'Abd al-?usayn Sharaf al-D?n al-M?saw? in Lebanon and Mu?ammad Jaw?d Mughniyya in Damascus, this book gives new insight on the future of inter-Muslim relations at a time of growing inter-sectarian contention, from the Iran-Iraq war to the post-2003 Sunni-Shi'i conflict in Iraq and al-Qa'ida's anti-Shi'i message, taking into account questions of theology, historiography, jurisprudence and politics which all played a vital role in the transition to the contemporary era. The author here analyses the broad scholarly connections between Iran, Iraq and Lebanon in the twentieth century, while debating paramount questions of leadership, identity and group membership in the development of modern Shi'ism. Examining the relationship between intellectual thought and socio-political development in the region, this book provides a new perspective concerning the future of an increasingly globalised Muslim world and will prove essential reading for students and specialists.

Understanding 'Sectarianism'

Fanar Haddad
Understanding Sectarianism Book PDF

Author : Fanar Haddad
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 378 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2020-02-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780197536100

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Understanding 'Sectarianism' by Fanar Haddad Pdf

"Sectarianism" is one of the most over-discussed yet under-analyzed concepts in debates about the Middle East. Despite the deluge of commentary, there is no agreement on what "sectarianism" is. Is it a social issue, one of dogmatic incompatibility, a historic one or one purely related to modern power politics? Is it something innately felt or politically imposed? Is it a product of modernity or its antithesis? Is it a function of the nation-state or its negation? This book seeks to move the study of modern sectarian dynamics beyond these analytically paralyzing dichotomies by shifting the focus away from the meaningless '-ism' towards the root: sectarian identity. How are Sunni and Shi'a identities imagined, experienced and negotiated and how do they relate to and interact with other identities? Looking at the modern history of the Arab world, Haddad seeks to understand sectarian identity not as a monochrome frame of identification but as a multi-layered concept that operates on several dimensions: religious, subnational, national and transnational. Far from a uniquely Middle Eastern, Arab, or Islamic phenomenon, a better understanding of sectarian identity reveals that the many facets of sectarian relations that are misleadingly labelled "sectarianism" are echoed in intergroup relations worldwide.

The New Sectarianism

Geneive Abdo
The New Sectarianism Book PDF

Author : Geneive Abdo
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2016-11-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190233167

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The New Sectarianism by Geneive Abdo Pdf

The Shi'a-Sunni conflict is one of the most significant outcomes arising from the Arab rebellions. Yet, there is little understanding of who is driving this tension and the underlying causes. By delving deeply into the historical factors leading up to the present-day conflict, The New Sectarianism sheds new light on how Shi'a and Sunni perceive one another after the Arab uprisings, how these perceptions have affected the Arab world, and why the dream of a pan-Islamic awakening was misplaced. Geneive Abdo describes a historical backdrop that serves as a counterpoint to Western media coverage of the so-called Arab Spring. Already by the 1970s, she says, Shi'a and Sunni communities had begun to associate their religious beliefs and practices with personal identity, replacing their fragile loyalty to the nation state. By the time the Arab risings erupted into their full fury in early 2011, there was fertile ground for instability. The ensuing clash-between Islamism and Nationalism, Shi'a and Sunni, and other factions within these communities-has resulted in unprecedented violence. So, Abdo asks, what does religion have to do with it? This sectarian conflict is often presented by the West as rivalry over land use, political power, or access to education. However, Abdo persuasively argues that it must be understood as flowing directly from religious difference and the associated identities that this difference has conferred on both Shi'a and Sunni. The New Sectarianism considers the causes for this conflict in key countries such as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Bahrain and the development of regional trends. Abdo argues that in these regions religion matters, not only in how it is utilized by extremists, moderate Islamists, and dictators alike for political purposes, but how it perpetually evolves and is perceived and practiced among the vast majority of Muslims. Shi'a and Sunni today are not battling over territory alone; they are fighting for their claim to a true Islamic identity.

Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East

Simon Mabon,Lucia Ardovini
Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East Book PDF

Author : Simon Mabon,Lucia Ardovini
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2018-02-02
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351578585

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Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East by Simon Mabon,Lucia Ardovini Pdf

In recent years, the term sectarianism has been widely used to explain contemporary affairs across the Middle East and North Africa. A range of assumptions about the nature of sectarianism have become prevalent amongst scholars and policy makers who engage with these areas, in part driven by the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran (the two dominant Sunni and Shi’a states) and the emergence of ISIS. Despite its prevalence, few scholars have engaged critically with the meaning of the term and its application across the Middle East. Whilst many associate sectarianism with Islam, Sectarianism in the Contemporary Middle East interrogates the political, economic and security factors surrounding the term within both Islam and Judaism, leading to a better understanding of the contemporary politics of the Middle East. This book was originally published as a special issue of Global Discourse.

Shi’i Sectarianism in the Middle East

Elisheva Machlis
Shi i Sectarianism in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Elisheva Machlis
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 328 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2014-09-17
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781786739513

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Shi’i Sectarianism in the Middle East by Elisheva Machlis Pdf

The eruption of violent sectarianism in Iraq following the US invasion in 2003 brought the question of Sunni-Shi'i relations in the country to the forefront of the international public agenda. It also strengthened the popular belief that contemporary Shi'ism is inherently sectarian. Yet several decades earlier, Ayatollah Khomeini had declared an Islamic revolution and downplayed its Shi'i origins and links. So what is the true orientation of Shi'i Islam in the contemporary era and how did modernisation alter its sectarian affiliation? This book contends that early Shi'i reformist thought set the foundations for a more universal-oriented Shi'ism. Prominent reformists in the first half of the twentieth century from the holy cities of Karbala and Najaf in Iraq and from the Shi'i centres in Southern Lebanon played a significant role in the renewal of Shi'ism and laid the groundwork for its reinvention in the modern era. Exploring this shift towards a more ecumenical perception of Islam, Elisheva Machlis here provides a fresh perspective on inter-sectarian relations in contemporary Iraq and illuminates the intellectual roots of the Islamic revolution, by examining networks of Shi'i scholars such as Mu?ammad ?usayn K?shif al-Ghi??' and Mu?sin al-Am?n al-'?mil?, operating within a more globalised Muslim world. Drawing on the experiences of early Shi'i reformists, such as 'Abd al-?usayn Sharaf al-D?n al-M?saw? in Lebanon and Mu?ammad Jaw?d Mughniyya in Damascus, this book gives new insight on the future of inter-Muslim relations at a time of growing inter-sectarian contention, from the Iran-Iraq war to the post-2003 Sunni-Shi'i conflict in Iraq and al-Qa'ida's anti-Shi'i message, taking into account questions of theology, historiography, jurisprudence and politics which all played a vital role in the transition to the contemporary era. The author here analyses the broad scholarly connections between Iran, Iraq and Lebanon in the twentieth century, while debating paramount questions of leadership, identity and group membership in the development of modern Shi'ism. Examining the relationship between intellectual thought and socio-political development in the region, this book provides a new perspective concerning the future of an increasingly globalised Muslim world and will prove essential reading for students and specialists.

Islam and Sectarian Violence in Pakistan

Eamon Murphy
Islam and Sectarian Violence in Pakistan Book PDF

Author : Eamon Murphy
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 231 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781351709613

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Islam and Sectarian Violence in Pakistan by Eamon Murphy Pdf

This book analyses the growth of sectarian-based terrorist violence in Pakistan, one of the Muslim majority states most affected by sectarian violence, ever since it was established in 1947. Sectarian violence among Muslims has emerged as a major global security problem in recent years. The author argues that the upsurge in sectarian violence in Pakistan, particularly since the late 1970s, has had less to do with theological differences between the various sects of Islam, but is a consequence of the specific political, social, economic, demographic and cultural changes that have taken place in Pakistan since it was established as an independent state. A major theme of the book is the increasing violence, extent and expressions of sectarian conflict which have emerged as new forms of sectarian terrorism. The volume provides an in-depth empirical case study which addresses some major theoretical questions raised by Critical Terrorism Studies researchers in respect of the links between religion and sectarian terrorism in Pakistan and more widely. This book will be of much interest to students of critical terrorism studies, Asian politics and history, religious studies and International Relations in general.

Sectarianism without Sects

Azmi Bishara
Sectarianism without Sects Book PDF

Author : Azmi Bishara
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 549 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2022-03-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780197650325

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Sectarianism without Sects by Azmi Bishara Pdf

This volume analyses the transformation of social sectarianism into political sectarianism across the Arab world. Using a framework of social theories and socio-historical analysis, the book distinguishes between ta'ifa, or 'sect', and modern ta'ifiyya, 'sectarianism', arguing that sectarianism itself produces 'imaginary sects'. It charts and explains the evolution of these phenomena and their development in Arab and Islamic history, as distinct from other concepts used to study religious groups within Western contexts. Bishara documents the role played by internal and external factors and rivalries among political elites in the formulation of sectarian identity, citing both historical and contemporary models. He contends that sectarianism does not derive from sect, but rather that sectarianism resurrects the sect in the collective consciousness and reproduces it as an imagined community under modern political and historical conditions. Sectarianism without Sects is a vital resource for engaging with the sectarian crisis in the Arab world. It provides a detailed historical background to the emergence of sect in the region, as well as a complex theoretical exploration of how social identities have assumed political significance in the struggle for power over the state.

Beyond Sunni and Shia

Frederic Wehrey
Beyond Sunni and Shia Book PDF

Author : Frederic Wehrey
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 409 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2018-02-01
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9780190911195

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Beyond Sunni and Shia by Frederic Wehrey Pdf

This collection seeks to advance our understanding of intra-Islamic identity conflict during a period of upheaval in the Middle East. Instead of treating distinctions between and within Sunni and Shia Islam as primordial and immutable, it examines how political economy, geopolitics, domestic governance, social media, non- and sub-state groups, and clerical elites have affected the transformation and diffusion of sectarian identities. Particular attention is paid to how conflicts over distribution of political and economic power have taken on a sectarian quality, and how a variety of actors have instrumentalized sectarianism. The volume, covering Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf, Iran, and Egypt, includes contributors from a broad array of disciplines including political science, history, sociology, and Islamic studies. Beyond Sunni and Shia draws on extensive fieldwork and primary sources to offer insights that are empirically rich and theoretically grounded, but also accessible for policy audiences and the informed public.

Medieval Islamic Sectarianism

Christine D. Baker
Medieval Islamic Sectarianism Book PDF

Author : Christine D. Baker
Publisher : Past Imperfect
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Religion
ISBN : 1641890827

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Medieval Islamic Sectarianism by Christine D. Baker Pdf

This book asks readers to re-examine their view of the Islamic world and the development of sectarianism in the Middle East by shining a light on the complexity and diversity of early Islamic society. The focus here is on the tenth century, a period in Middle Eastern history that has often been referred to as the "Shiʿi Century," when two Shiʿi dynasties rose to power: the Fatimids of North Africa and the Buyids of Iraq and Iran. Historians often call the period after the Shiʿi Century the "Sunni Revival" because that was when Sunni control was restored, but these terms present a misleading image of a unified medieval Islam that was predominately Sunni. While Sunni Islam eventually became politically and numerically dominant, Sunni and Shiʿi identities took centuries to develop as independent communities. When modern discussions of sectarianism in the Middle East reduce these identities to a 1400-year war between Sunnis and Shiʿis, we create a false narrative.

Sectarianism in the Middle East

Heather M. Robinson,Ben Connable,David E. Thaler,Ali G. Scotten
Sectarianism in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Heather M. Robinson,Ben Connable,David E. Thaler,Ali G. Scotten
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2019-01-08
Category : History
ISBN : 0833096990

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Sectarianism in the Middle East by Heather M. Robinson,Ben Connable,David E. Thaler,Ali G. Scotten Pdf

"Present unrest in the Middle East has many causes and takes on many forms. A collective sense of disenfranchisement, inadequate governance, geopolitical discord, and religious extremism all contribute to the conflicts in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Yemen, and Libya. Many Western observers and policymakers view unrest in the Middle East through the lens of binary religious sectarianism, focusing on the divisions between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. This split is most clearly articulated in the geopolitical competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran, and it plays out through violence in Iraq and Syria. But the complexities of human identity and of regional culture and history do not lend themselves to this arguably too-simplistic interpretation of the situation. The authors analyze sectarianism in the region, evaluate other factors that fan the flames of violent conflict, and suggest a different interpretation of both identity and the nature of regional unrest"--Back cover.

Sectarianization

Nader Hashemi,Danny Postel
Sectarianization Book PDF

Author : Nader Hashemi,Danny Postel
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2017-03-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190862664

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Sectarianization by Nader Hashemi,Danny Postel Pdf

As the Middle East descends ever deeper into violence and chaos, 'sectarianism' has become a catch-all explanation for the region's troubles. The turmoil is attributed to 'ancient sectarian differences', putatively primordial forces that make violent conflict intractable. In media and policy discussions, sectarianism has come to possess trans-historical causal power. This book trenchantly challenges the lazy use of 'sectarianism' as a magic-bullet explanation for the region's ills, focusing on how various conflicts in the Middle East have morphed from non-sectarian (or cross-sectarian) and nonviolent movements into sectarian wars. Through multiple case studies -- including Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Yemen and Kuwait -- this book maps the dynamics of sectarianisation, exploring not only how but also why it has taken hold. The contributors examine the constellation of forces -- from those within societies to external factors such as the Saudi-Iran rivalry -- that drive the sectarianisation process and explore how the region's politics can be de-sectarianised. Featuring leading scholars -- and including historians, anthropologists, political scientists and international relations theorists -- this book will redefine the terms of debate on one of the most critical issues in international affairs today.

Beyond Sectarianism

Tehseen Thaver
Beyond Sectarianism Book PDF

Author : Tehseen Thaver
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2024-05-14
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781512825954

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Beyond Sectarianism by Tehseen Thaver Pdf

In this groundbreaking book, Tehseen Thaver offers a fundamental reevaluation of how one should think about the relationship between the Qur’an, Shi‘ism, and religious identity. Beyond Sectarianism focuses on the literary Arabic Qur’an exegesis of the highly influential yet less studied poet, historian, and exegete al-Sharif al-Radi (d. 1015). Al-Radi’s fascinating interpretations sought to resolve Qur’anic ambiguities or mutashabihat. Through a philologically layered and historically attuned analysis, Thaver argues that al-Radi’s efforts at resolving Qur’anic ambiguities were interlocked with the project of the canonization of the Arabic language. Although he was marked as a Shi‘i scholar, the interpretive and political horizons that informed al-Radi’s scholarly endeavors could not be reduced to predetermined templates of sectarian identity. Rather, Thaver argues, al-Radi was an active participant and beneficiary of critical intellectual currents and debates that animated the wider Muslim humanities during his life, especially on questions of language, poetry, and theology. Thaver thus leads her readers to reconsider their assumptions about the interaction of sectarian identity and scriptural interpretation in the study of Islam and religion. Though centered on the context of late tenth- and eleventh-century Baghdad under the Buyid dynasty, Beyond Sectarianism raises and addresses crucial questions of religious thought and identity with major ramifications for how we imagine the narrative of Islam and the place of sectarianism in it today.