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The son of Pompey the Great cast a long shadow. Acclaimed by the Roman populace in his lifetime, his traditional virtues and military successes put to shame his civil-war rival Octavian. After his death, he was passionately and safely abused by Octavian and Augustan writers as a marginal nuisance, a pirate. The image of a 'second rank' figure has been propagated by scholars into recent times. But a very different story can now be constructed, from the testimony of historians and poets in antiquity and from the eloquent and long-neglected coinage of Sextus Pompeius himself. Here ten studies from an international cast reveal a figure whose actions and image shaped the ethos not just of the civil-war period but of the early Principate.
Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, son of Pompey the Great, fits uneasily - or not at all - into the grand narrative of the civil war of 49-31BC. Modern scholars tend to exclude him or mention him without asking what or whom he represented. Ronald Syme, the father of international orthodoxy in this field, famously remarked that Sextus was 'in reality an adventurer' who was 'easily represented as a pirate'. He was wrong. Sextus Pompeius plays havoc with key elements of the accepted narrative. His military success destroys the myth of continuous Caesarian victory. His commitment to rescuing the victims of Triumviral violence belies claims that only the Caesarian side represented clementia and justice. The naval strategy by which he conducted the war demonstrates his commitment to the same cause and ethics as his father and his father's allies. Welch argues that, far from being a 'side-show' or a 'bit player', Sextus Pompeius was integral to the fight for the res publica. She solves the 'problem' by placing him at the centre of the story of Rome's transition from Republic to Empire and so reveals a very different landscape that emerges as a result.
William Shakespeare wrote during a great age of exploration, of not only England but around the globe. The locales featured in the playwright’s works are crucial to the drama that unfolds in each of his plays. Though England figures in many of his works, his vision encompassed countries all over Europe—from Shylock’s house in The Merchant of Venice to Kronberg castle in Hamlet. In All the World’s a Stage: A Guide to Shakespearean Sites, Joseph Rosenblum identifies and describes all of the settings featured in the bard’s plays—from modest dwellings noted in a brief scene to the wide array of castles depicted in many of his histories and tragedies. Locations that figure significantly in Shakespeare’s plays include Austria in Measure for Measure, Cypress in Othello, Illyria in Twelfth Night, Egypt in Antony and Cleopatra, and Flroence in All’s Well That End’s Well, among others. Historic buildings are also scrutinized, from the Tower of London in several plays to Notre Dame in Henry VI and the Forum in Julius Caesar. In addition to plot summaries, the author analyzes the choice of locations, delineating the historically prominent settings of Shakespeare’s epic dramas, such as the glorified Rome and the sensual Egypt that Marc Antony is torn between in his pursuit of Cleopatra. Rosenblum also discusses how some of Shakespeare’s settings were either altered or invented for dramatic purposes, such as the imagined sea coast of Bohemia in A Winter’s Tale and Prospero’s island in The Tempest. Though focused on plays, this volume also discusses locations associated with Shakespeare that do not appear in his works. In addition to descriptions of very real settings throughout Great Britain, the author notes underground stops in London ideal for tourist exploration. Indeed, anyone interested in a Shakespearean tour of England will find material here for designing such a trip. Meticulously researched and featuring an appendix of works by location, All the World’s a Stage: A Guide to Shakespearean Sites is an invaluable resource for scholars, students, and fans of England’s greatest playwright.
The Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia by Sarah Fielding Pdf
Set in the first century B.C., the Lives presents the stories of two famous women, each of whom played an important role in Roman history during the turbulent period of civil war immediately before the Golden Age of Augustus Caesar.
Triumphs in the Age of Civil War by Carsten Hjort Lange Pdf
Many of the wars of the Late Republic were largely civil conflicts. There was, therefore, a tension between the traditional expectation that triumphs should be celebrated for victories over foreign enemies and the need of the great commanders to give full expression to their prestige and charisma, and to legitimize their power. Triumphs in the Age of Civil War rethinks the nature and the character of the phenomenon of civil war during the Late Republic. At the same time it focuses on a key feature of the Roman socio-political order, the triumph, and argues that a commander could in practice expect to triumph after a civil war victory if it could also be represented as being over a foreign enemy, even if the principal opponent was clearly Roman. Significantly, the civil aspect of the war did not have to be denied. Carsten Hjort Lange provides the first study to consider the Roman triumph during the age of civil war, and argues that the idea of civil war as "normal" reflects the way civil war permeated the politics and society of the Late Roman Republic.
New Perspectives on the Roman Civil Wars of 49–30 BCE by Richard Westall,Hannah Cornwell Pdf
Offering new and original approaches to the Roman civil wars of 49-30 BCE, the eleven papers presented here for the first time shed light on this crucial moment in the forging of Roman identity. They engage with a variety of problems and topics in political discourse (diplomacy, the concept of libertas, divine paternity); socio-economic structures (allied rulers, military officials, civil war finances, Agrippa's family); material culture (the coinage of Julius Caesar, the physical remains of Corfinium); and literary commemoration (Sallust on trauma, the lost Histories of Asinius Pollio). The case studies presented here contribute to our understanding of a period that is just as fundamental for our view of the Romans as it was to the Romans themselves. Arguing for the unity of the period in question, the volume deploys a multiplicity of methodologies to analyse how the trauma of armed conflict and the breakdown of accepted socio-cultural models not only mediated the contemporary experience of Roman civil war, but also left a lasting impression upon how Romans viewed the world. Incisive and critical, these contributions by a diverse team of international researchers, both emerging scholars and leaders in their fields, offer a new window into the world of the late Republic and early Principate.
Since its first appearance in 2008, this book has changed the landscape of Virgilian studies. Analysing closely the logic and the literary genres of Virgil's three poems, it politely confronts the modern orthodoxy that Virgil signalled distaste for the methods of his ruler, Octavian-Augustus. It refreshes the study of Virgil's poetry by comparing it with the detail (normally neglected by scholars) of Rome's civil wars after Julius Caesar's death, when Octavian's survival looked highly unlikely. And it argues that Virgil wrote as a passionate - and brave - partisan of Octavian, who - like a good lawyer - confronted his patron's undeniable failings in order to defend.
After his death, the son of Pompey the Great was vilified by his rival in civil war, Octavian, and dismissed as a pirate. However, Pompeius was acclaimed by the Roman populace in his lifetime for his virtues and military prowess which far outshone those of Octavian.