Sir Claude Macdonald The Open Door And British Informal Empire In China 1895 1900

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Sir Claude MacDonald, the Open Door, and British Informal Empire in China, 1895-1900

Mary H. Wilgus
Sir Claude MacDonald the Open Door and British Informal Empire in China 1895 1900 Book PDF

Author : Mary H. Wilgus
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 339 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2018-03-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781351120210

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Sir Claude MacDonald, the Open Door, and British Informal Empire in China, 1895-1900 by Mary H. Wilgus Pdf

First published in 1987. Great Britain secured and expanded its informal empire in China during the five years following the Sino-Japanese War. From 1895 through 1900 Lord Salisbury accepted England’s traditional, commercially oriented China policy and adapted it to dramatically altered political conditions in East Asia. Through the efforts of Sir Claude MacDonald, Britain met the commercial and political challenges of its European competitors and implemented the "open door," a strong but maligned policy. With the assistance of Britain’s indigenous collaborators, England managed to maintain a greatly weakened Manchu dynasty and to increase its financial, commercial, and informal political power in China without the use of military force or formal alliance. In order to help the reader understand Britain’s informal empire in China, the author reviews the historical background which brought China into Britain’s expanding economy.

Sir Claude MacDonald, the Open Door, and British Informal Empire in China, 1895-1900

Mary H. Wilgus
Sir Claude MacDonald the Open Door and British Informal Empire in China 1895 1900 Book PDF

Author : Mary H. Wilgus
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2018-03-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781351120203

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Sir Claude MacDonald, the Open Door, and British Informal Empire in China, 1895-1900 by Mary H. Wilgus Pdf

First published in 1987. Great Britain secured and expanded its informal empire in China during the five years following the Sino-Japanese War. From 1895 through 1900 Lord Salisbury accepted England’s traditional, commercially oriented China policy and adapted it to dramatically altered political conditions in East Asia. Through the efforts of Sir Claude MacDonald, Britain met the commercial and political challenges of its European competitors and implemented the "open door," a strong but maligned policy. With the assistance of Britain’s indigenous collaborators, England managed to maintain a greatly weakened Manchu dynasty and to increase its financial, commercial, and informal political power in China without the use of military force or formal alliance. In order to help the reader understand Britain’s informal empire in China, the author reviews the historical background which brought China into Britain’s expanding economy.

Framing China

Ariane Knüsel
Framing China Book PDF

Author : Ariane Knüsel
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 359 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2016-04-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317133599

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Framing China by Ariane Knüsel Pdf

Framing China sheds new light on Western relations with and perceptions of China in the first half of the twentieth century. In this ground-breaking book, Ariane Knüsel examines how China was portrayed in political debates and the media in Britain, the USA and Switzerland between 1900 and 1950. By focusing on the political, economic, cultural and social context that led to the construction of the particular images of China in each country, the author demonstrates that national interests, anxieties and issues influenced the way China was framed and resulted in different portrayals of China in each country. The author’s meticulous analysis of a vast amount of newspaper and magazine articles, commentaries, editorials, cartoons and newsreels that have previously not been studied before also focuses on the transnational circulation of images of China. While previous publications have dealt with the occurrence of the Yellow Peril and Red Menace in particular countries, Framing China reveals that these images were interpreted differently in every nation because they both reflected and contributed to the discursive construction of nationhood in each country and were influenced by domestic issues, cultural values, pre-existing stereotypes, pressure groups and geopolitical aspirations.

Britain's Imperial Retreat from China, 1900-1931

Phoebe Chow
Britain s Imperial Retreat from China 1900 1931 Book PDF

Author : Phoebe Chow
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 262 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2016-07-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317437413

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Britain's Imperial Retreat from China, 1900-1931 by Phoebe Chow Pdf

Britain’s relationship with China in the nineteenth and early twentieth century is often viewed in terms of gunboat diplomacy, unequal treaties, and the unrelenting pursuit of Britain’s own commercial interests. This book, however, based on extensive original research, demonstrates that in Britain after the First World War a combination of liberal, Labour party, pacifist, missionary and some business opinion began to argue for imperial retreat from China, and that this movement gathered sufficient momentum for a sympathetic attitude to Chinese demands becoming official Foreign Office policy in 1926. The book considers the various strands of this movement, relates developments in Britain to the changing situation in China, especially the rise of nationalism and the Guomindang, and argues that, contrary to what many people think, the reassertion of China’s national rights was begun successfully in this period rather than after the Communist takeover in 1949.

The China Question

T. G. Otte
The China Question Book PDF

Author : T. G. Otte
Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2007-04-05
Category : History
ISBN : 9780199211098

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The China Question by T. G. Otte Pdf

A global study of British policy over the 'China Question' from 1894-1905, emphasizing the connections between European and overseas developments, and encompassing diplomatic, commercial, financial, and strategic factors as well as the politics of foreign policy.

The Boxers, China, and the World

Robert Bickers,R. G. Tiedemann
The Boxers China and the World Book PDF

Author : Robert Bickers,R. G. Tiedemann
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Page : 263 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2007-07-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9780742571976

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The Boxers, China, and the World by Robert Bickers,R. G. Tiedemann Pdf

In 1900, China chose to take on imperialism by fighting a war with the world on the parched north China plain. This multidisciplinary volume explores the causes behind what is now known as the Boxer War, examining its particular cruelties and its impact on China, foreign imperialism in China, and on the foreign imagination. This war introduced the world to the "Boxers," the seemingly fanatical, violent xenophobes who, believing themselves invulnerable to foreign bullets, died in their thousands in front of foreign guns. But 1900 also saw the imperialism of the 1890s checked and the Qing rulers of China move to embark on a series of shattering reforms. The Boxers have often been represented as a force from China's past, resisting an enforced modernity. Here, expert contributors argue that this rebellion was instead a wholly modern resistance to globalizing power, representing new trends in modern China and in international relations. The allied invasion of north China in late summer 1900 was the first multinational intervention in the name of "civilization," with the issues and attendant problems that have become all too familiar in the early twenty-first century. Indeed, understanding the Boxer rising and the Boxer war remains a pressing contemporary issue. This volume will appeal to readers interested in modern Chinese, East Asian, and European history as well as the history of imperialism, colonialism, warfare, missionary work, and Christianity. Contributions by: C. A. Bayly, Lewis Bernstein, Robert Bickers, Paul A. Cohen, Henrietta Harrison, James L. Hevia, Ben Middleton, T. G. Otte, Roger R. Thompson, R. G. Tiedemann, and Anand A. Yang.

The Origins of the Boxer War

Lanxin Xiang
The Origins of the Boxer War Book PDF

Author : Lanxin Xiang
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 405 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2014-02-04
Category : History
ISBN : 9781136865824

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The Origins of the Boxer War by Lanxin Xiang Pdf

This is the first book to provide a panoramic view of the origins of the Boxer War. Comprehensively examining this historical conundrum of the 20th century from a detached perspective, the book is based on ten years of exhaustive research of both unpublished and published materials from all nine countries involved. Analysing the misunderstanding between the Chinese and foreign governments of the day, Lanxin Xiang debunks the traditional view that the anti-foreign Empress Dowager of the Chinese Empire was chiefly responsible for this catastrophic episode which altered the course of 20th century China's relationship with the west.

Discourses of Disease

Howard Y. F. Choy
Discourses of Disease Book PDF

Author : Howard Y. F. Choy
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 291 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2016-05-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789004319219

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Discourses of Disease by Howard Y. F. Choy Pdf

This edited volume includes studies of discourses about bodily and psychiatric illness in modern China, bringing together scholarships that reconfigure the fields of history, literature, film, psychology, anthropology, and gender studies by tracing the pathological path of China through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries into the new millennium.

Trans-Pacific Relations

Richard Jensen,Jon Davidann,Yoneyuki Sugita
Trans Pacific Relations Book PDF

Author : Richard Jensen,Jon Davidann,Yoneyuki Sugita
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2003-01-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780313013232

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Trans-Pacific Relations by Richard Jensen,Jon Davidann,Yoneyuki Sugita Pdf

This broad-based study of Western-Asian relations considers images of and actions by the United States, along with Britain and Germany, in the course of dealings with Asian nations such as China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Other case studies focus on inter-Asian relations between Japan and Korea; China and Japan; and Thailand and Vietnam. The essays encompass a wide range of recent scholarship, including cultural, economic, demographic, and intellectual approaches to military and diplomatic themes. Western influence, primarily American, in Asia grew consistently during the 20th century. While interaction often occurred on unequal terms, this study reveals the ability of Asians to assert their agency in the face of such immense Western power. The collection as a whole offers a window on relations across the Pacific in numerous spheres of activity over the course of one hundred years. As such, it introduces and adds to our understanding of the depth and variety of trans-Pacific relations.

Britain, China, and Colonial Australia

Benjamin Mountford
Britain China and Colonial Australia Book PDF

Author : Benjamin Mountford
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 318 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : History
ISBN : 9780198790549

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Britain, China, and Colonial Australia by Benjamin Mountford Pdf

Towards the end of the nineteenth century the British Empire was confronted by two great Chinese questions. The first of these questions (often known as the 'Far Eastern question') related specifically to the maintenance of British interests on the China Coast and the broader implications for British foreign policy in East Asia. While safeguarding British interests in the Far East presented British policymakers with a range of significant challenges, as they wrestled with this first Chinese question, another question kept knocking at the door. Since the eighteenth century, when plans for the establishment of a British colony at New South Wales had begun to materialize, Australia's potential relations with China had attracted considerable interest. During the first sixty years of European settlement, China retained a prominent place in both metropolitan and colonial schemes for the development of British Australia. From the 1850s, however, when large numbers of Cantonese miners travelled to the Pacific gold rushes, these earlier visions began to appear hopelessly naive. By the late 1880s the coming of the Chinese to Australia, and the reaction to their arrival, had developed into one of the most difficult issues within British imperial affairs. This book sets out to tell that story. Reaching back to the arrival of the British in the 1780s, it explores the early history of Australian engagement with China and traces the development of colonial Australia into an important point of contact between the British and Chinese Empires.

China and the Victorian Imagination

Ross G. Forman
China and the Victorian Imagination Book PDF

Author : Ross G. Forman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2013-08-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781107013155

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China and the Victorian Imagination by Ross G. Forman Pdf

What happens to our understanding of 'orientalism' and imperialism when we consider British-Chinese relations during the nineteenth century, rather than focusing on India, Africa or the Caribbean? This book explores China's centrality to British imperial aspirations and literary production, underscoring the heterogeneous, interconnected nature of Britain's formal and informal empire. To British eyes, China promised unlimited economic possibilities, but also posed an ominous threat to global hegemony. Surveying anglophone literary production about China across high and low cultures, as well as across time, space and genres, this book demonstrates how important location was to the production, circulation and reception of received ideas about China and the Chinese. In this account, treaty ports matter more than opium. Ross G. Forman challenges our preconceptions about British imperialism, reconceptualizes anglophone literary production in the global and local contexts, and excavates the little-known Victorian history so germane to contemporary debates about China's 'rise'.

A Century of Travels in China

Douglas Kerr,Julia Kuehn
A Century of Travels in China Book PDF

Author : Douglas Kerr,Julia Kuehn
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
Page : 255 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2007-05-01
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789622098459

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A Century of Travels in China by Douglas Kerr,Julia Kuehn Pdf

Writings of travelers have shaped ideas about an evolving China, while preconceived ideas about China also shaped the way they saw the country. A Century of Travels in China explores the impressions of these writers on various themes, from Chinese cities and landscapes to the work of Europeans abroad. From the time of the first Opium War to the declaration of the People's Republic, China's history has been one of extraordinary change and stubborn continuities. At the same time, the country has beguiled, scared and puzzled people in the West. The Victorian public admired and imitated Chinese fashions, in furniture and design, gardens and clothing, while maintaining a generally negative idea of the Chinese empire as pagan, backward and cruel. In the first half of the twentieth century, the fascination continued. Most foreigners were aware that revolutionary changes were taking place in Chinese politics and society, yet most still knew very little about the country. But what about those few people from the English-speaking world who had first-hand experience of the place? What did they have to say about the "real" China? To answer this question, we have to turn to the travel accounts and memoirs of people who went to see for themselves, during China's most traumatic century. While this book represents the work of expert scholars, it is also accessible to non-specialists with an interest in travel writing and China, and care has been taken to explain the critical terms and ideas deployed in the essays from recent scholarship of the travel genre.

Imperial Designs

Shirley Ann Smith
Imperial Designs Book PDF

Author : Shirley Ann Smith
Publisher : Lexington Books
Page : 209 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2012-03-08
Category : History
ISBN : 9781611475029

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Imperial Designs by Shirley Ann Smith Pdf

Imperial Designs is the first text in English to deal comprehensively with the subject of the Italian colonial experience in China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Recent scholarship on both the Liberal and Fascist Italian colonial enterprises centers on the Mediterranean and Northern Africa: expeditions, wars, ultimate occupation of territories, and their effect on Italy. This study looks at three Italian enclaves on the other side of the globe: Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. These present both a window into the Italian experience in the Far East and confirmation of imperial policy. Their very presence confirms the rhetoric of conquest. Journalist Luigi Barzini, Sr.; diplomats Salvago Raggi, Varè, and Ciano; various military personnel; and other foreign nationals tell the story through letters and diaries. They all interact with the local metropolitan and rural poor and cultivate a generalized colonial white man’s detachment from their surroundings. A brief summary of the presence of chinoiserie in the Italian imaginary shows how the Celestial Empire has continued to function in the construction of Italian identity as part of the dichotomy between self and other.

Imperial Bodies in London

Kristin Hussey
Imperial Bodies in London Book PDF

Author : Kristin Hussey
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
Page : 249 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2021-10-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780822988441

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Imperial Bodies in London by Kristin Hussey Pdf

Winner, 2022 Whitfield Prize for First Monograph in the Field of British and Irish History Since the eighteenth century, European administrators and officers, military men, soldiers, missionaries, doctors, wives, and servants moved back and forth between Britain and its growing imperial territories. The introduction of steam-powered vessels, and deep-docks to accommodate them at London ports, significantly reduced travel time for colonists and imperial servants traveling home to see their families, enjoy a period of study leave, or recuperate from the tropical climate. With their minds enervated by the sun, livers disrupted by the heat, and blood teeming with parasites, these patients brought the empire home and, in doing so, transformed medicine in Britain. With Imperial Bodies in London, Kristin D. Hussey offers a postcolonial history of medicine in London. Following mobile tropical bodies, her book challenges the idea of a uniquely domestic medical practice, arguing instead that British medicine was imperial medicine in the late Victorian era. Using the analytic tools of geography, she interrogates sites of encounter across the imperial metropolis to explore how medical research and practice were transformed and remade at the crossroads of empire.

The Foreign Office, Commerce and British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century

John Fisher,Effie G. H. Pedaliu,Richard Smith
The Foreign Office Commerce and British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century Book PDF

Author : John Fisher,Effie G. H. Pedaliu,Richard Smith
Publisher : Springer
Page : 599 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2017-02-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781137465818

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The Foreign Office, Commerce and British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century by John Fisher,Effie G. H. Pedaliu,Richard Smith Pdf

This book addresses the interface of the British Foreign Office, foreign policy and commerce in the twentieth century. Two related questions are considered: what did the Foreign Office do to support British commerce, and how did commerce influence British foreign policy? The editors of this work collect a range of case studies that explore the attitude of the Foreign Office towards commerce and trade promotion, against the backdrop of a century of relative economic decline, while also considering the role of British diplomats in creating markets and supporting UK firms. This highly researched and detailed examination is designed for readers aiming to comprehend the role that commerce played in Britain’s foreign relations, in a century when trade and commerce have become an inseparable element in foreign and security policies.