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World Health Organization,International Program on Chemical Safety
Author : World Health Organization,International Program on Chemical Safety Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 91 pages File Size : 45,6 Mb Release : 2008 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 9789241563604
Skin Sensitization in Chemical Risk Assessment by World Health Organization,International Program on Chemical Safety Pdf
This Harmonization Project Document presents the conclusions of an IPCS Workshop on Skin Sensitization in Chemical Risk Assessment. The workshop focused on the question of methods for dose-response assessment, to evaluate the relative ability of a chemical to induce sensitization in the skin, and hence inform risk assessment for humans. In addition this publication includes a series of short articles on this topic by leading experts in the field. The conclusions of the workshop cover such aspects as the nature and utility for risk assessment of the data produced by non-animal test methods (such as quantitative structure-activity relationships), in vitro testing approaches, animal test methods, and epidemiological studies. While traditional animal test methods used for identification and regulation of skin sensitizers have focused on determining whether or not a substance is a sensitizer, this report describes the use of tests for deriving more informative potency information. This book will be useful to toxicologists, researchers, regulatory authorities and industry.
Skin Sensitization in Chemical Risk Assessment by Anonim Pdf
This publication presents the conclusions of an IPCS Workshop on Skin Sensitization in Chemical Risk Assessment. The workshop focused on the question of methods for dose-response assessment, to evaluate the relative ability of a chemical to induce sensitization in the skin, and hence inform risk assessment for humans. In addition this publication includes a series of short articles on this topic by leading experts in the field. The conclusions of the workshop cover such aspects as the nature and utility for risk assessment of the data produced by non-animal test methods (such as quantitative structure-activity relationships), in vitro testing approaches, animal test methods, and epidemiological studies. While traditional animal test methods used for identification and regulation of skin sensitizers have focused on determining whether or not a substance is a sensitizer, this report describes the use of tests for deriving more informative potency information.--Publisher's description.
National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on the Design and Evaluation of Safer Chemical Substitutions: A Framework to Inform Government and Industry Decisions
Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on the Design and Evaluation of Safer Chemical Substitutions: A Framework to Inform Government and Industry Decisions Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 280 pages File Size : 52,6 Mb Release : 2014-10-29 Category : Science ISBN : 9780309310161
A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on the Design and Evaluation of Safer Chemical Substitutions: A Framework to Inform Government and Industry Decisions Pdf
Historically, regulations governing chemical use have often focused on widely used chemicals and acute human health effects of exposure to them, as well as their potential to cause cancer and other adverse health effects. As scientific knowledge has expanded there has been an increased awareness of the mechanisms through which chemicals may exert harmful effects on human health, as well as their effects on other species and ecosystems. Identification of high-priority chemicals and other chemicals of concern has prompted a growing number of state and local governments, as well as major companies, to take steps beyond existing hazardous chemical federal legislation. Interest in approaches and policies that ensure that any new substances substituted for chemicals of concern are assessed as carefully and thoroughly as possible has also burgeoned. The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Chemical alternative assessments are tools designed to facilitate consideration of these factors to assist stakeholders in identifying chemicals that may have the greatest likelihood of harm to human and ecological health, and to provide guidance on how the industry may develop and adopt safer alternatives. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. In addition to hazard assessments, the framework incorporates steps for life-cycle thinking - which considers possible impacts of a chemical at all stages including production, use, and disposal - as well as steps for performance and economic assessments. The report also highlights how modern information sources such as computational modeling can supplement traditional toxicology data in the assessment process. This new framework allows the evaluation of the full range of benefits and shortcomings of substitutes, and examination of tradeoffs between these risks and factors such as product functionality, product efficacy, process safety, and resource use. Through case studies, this report demonstrates how different users in contrasting decision contexts with diverse priorities can apply the framework. This report will be an essential resource to the chemical industry, environmentalists, ecologists, and state and local governments.
Toxicological Risk Assessment of Chemicals by Elsa Nielsen,Grete Ostergaard,John Christian Larsen Pdf
Unlike many existing books on toxicology that cover either toxicity of a particular substance or toxicity of chemicals on particular organ systems, Toxicological Risk Assessment of Chemicals: A Practical Guide lays out the principle activities of conducting a toxicological risk assessment, including international approaches and methods for the risk
A Practical Guide to Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment by Laura Robinson Pdf
Toxicology – the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms is the cornerstone to all aspects of chemical safety and knowledge of the subject is needed in a wide spectrum of fields from the chemical industry to medicine, emergency services, forensics, and regulatory science. Toxicology involves the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning ... especially the poisoning of people. The many problems arising from a poor understanding of toxicology and its applications in hazard communication and chemical safety motivated the author’s training courses and webinars, leading to this valuable book. Providing a practical and accessible guide, A Practical Guide to Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment enables readers to quickly build up knowledge and understanding of toxicology and its use in hazard identification, which is a fundamental part of chemical risk assessment. The book also covers current toxicological testing strategies and the use of physicochemical test data in hazard identification and exposure assessment. Examples are provided throughout the book to highlight important issues along with a summary of the key points that have been covered in each of the respective chapters. The book concludes with a listing of online resources on toxicology and risk assessment.
Dermal Absorption and Toxicity Assessment, Second Edition by Michael S. Roberts,Kenneth A. Walters Pdf
The source Dermal Absorption and Toxicity Assessment supplies a state-of-the-art overview of the dermal absorption process, and is divided into six well organized sections. Written by internationally recognized experts in the field, this Second Edition is a complete revised and updated text, covering the wide range of methods used to assess skin absorption and the various governmental and industrial programs concerned with skin permeation and toxicity. These include alternative in silico, in vitro, and in vivo strategies to conduct studies for regulatory requirements. To make room for this new expanded content, the editors are publishing a concurrent text entitled: Dermatological and Cosmetic Development with a concentration on subjects concerned with dermatological and cosmetic therapies
Azodicarbonamide by R. Cary,Stuart Dobson,World Health Organization Pdf
A concise assessment of the risks to human health posed by exposure to azodicarbonamide, a chemical mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries. The compound is used in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride polyolefins and natural and synthetic rubbers. Although no data on environmental levels are available, the report cites limited evidence suggesting rapid biodegradation in soil. Azodicarbonamide released to surface waters is expected to partition to the hydrosphere with no signification sorption to particulates. No data on exposure of the general population could be identified. Concerning kinetics and metabolism, limited animal studies of exposures via inhalation and ingestion indicate that substantial quantities remain unabsorbed and are rapidly eliminated in the faeces. Studies further suggest that most systemic exposure is to the breakdown product, biurea, and not to the parent compound. Toxicity studies conducted in experimental mammals demonstrate low acute toxicity and no irritation of skin, eye, or respiratory tract. Although azodicarbonamide was found to be a mutagen in bacterial systems, the report found no evidence that this effect would occur in vivo. No adequate studies of carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity in animals or in humans could be identified. Case reports and epidemiological studies in humans have produced abundant evidence that azodicarbonamide can induce asthma, other respiratory symptoms, and skin sensitization in exposed workers. Adverse effects on other systems have not been studied.
National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals
Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 534 pages File Size : 45,9 Mb Release : 2000-07-06 Category : Nature ISBN : 9780309171939
Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals Pdf
Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.
"Addresses the increase of toxic heavy metals in the environment. Sets the standard for future research in interactions between the skin and metals and metal compounds-covering the general toxicology of 35 metals and metalloids, their occurrence in the environment, significance in nutrition, skin diffusivity, occupational exposure risks, and immunotoxicity."
Alternative Toxicological Methods by Harry Salem,Sidney A. Katz Pdf
Bringing together the recent and relevant contributions of over 125 scientists from industry, government, and academia in North America and Western Europe, Alternative Toxicological Methods explores the development and validation of replacement, reduction, and refinement alternatives (the 3Rs) to animal testing. Internationally recognized scientist
Encyclopedic Reference of Immunotoxicology by Hans-Werner Vohr Pdf
This work provides rapid access to focused information on topics of Immunotoxicology not only for scientists and those dealing with laboratory aspects but also for lecturers and advanced students. Over 200 contributing authors – including many of the world’s top specialists – have contributed full essays on all relevant topics, supplemented by keyword definitions of related terms. Full essays are structured uniformly to provide reader-friendly information on all aspects of Immunotoxicology, including methods of testing and analysis, characteristics of substances, the regulatory environment and the relevance of these to humans. The single A–Z format of both types of entry makes this reference book very easy to use. The Encyclopedic Reference of Immunotoxicology is intended to be a comprehensive work of reference which will provide easy access to relevant information in the fast-growing field of Immunotoxicology.
Alternatives to Animal Testing by Hajime Kojima,Troy Seidle,Horst Spielmann Pdf
This open access book presents recent advances in the pure sciences that are of significance in the quest for alternatives to the use of animals in research and describes a variety of practical applications of the three key guiding principles for the more ethical use of animals in experiments – replacement, reduction, and refinement, collectively known as the 3Rs. Important examples from across the world of implementation of the 3Rs in the testing of cosmetics, chemicals, pesticides, and biologics, including vaccines, are described, with additional information on relevant regulations. The coverage also encompasses emerging approaches to alternative tests and the 3Rs. The book is based on the most informative contributions delivered at the Asian Congress 2016 on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. It will be of value for those working in R&D, for graduate students, and for educators in various fields, including the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sciences, pharmacology, toxicology, and animal welfare. The free, open access distribution of Alternatives to Animal Testing is enabled by the Creative Commons Attribution license in International version 4: CC BY 4.0.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis by Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin,David A. Basketter,An Goossens,Ann-Therese Karlberg Pdf
Allergic Contact Dermatitis presents all up-to-date chemical and physio-chemical concepts for the study and understanding of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The book covers all aspects of ACD - skin penetration and metabolism, identification of sensitizers and hapten-protein interaction, including new concepts of increasing importance such as molecular recognition and quantitative structure-activity relationships. In addition, comprehensive references are provided, making this the most complete available text-book for dermatologists. Allergic Contact Dermatitis reaches an equilibrium between fundamental concepts and clinical applications and thus presents an essential guideline to dermatologists, allergologists, biochemists and toxicologists.
