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Snow Hydrology: Principles and Applications by Alfred Mills Pdf
Snow hydrology is a specialized field of hydrology that is of particular importance to study the composition, dispersion and movement of snow and ice. Accumulation and melting of snow in watersheds at high altitude and mountain terrain is an important hydrological process and includes mass and energy balance calculations of snow packs over a time. This field is influenced by the location, morphology, vegetation, and redistribution of wind during watershed. Terrestrial measurements, remote sensing, thermatic mapping, radiometer, spectrometer and scanners are used to understand the movements of glaciers and snow. The field aims to understand the density, depth, composition and possible runoff of snow. This book outlines the principles and applications of snow hydrology in detail. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of snow hydrology and its utmost significance in modern times. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.
Principles of Snow Hydrology by David R. DeWalle,Albert Rango Pdf
Principles of Snow Hydrology describes the factors that control the accumulation, melting and runoff of water from seasonal snowpacks over the surface of the earth. The book addresses not only the basic principles governing snow in the hydrologic cycle, but also the latest applications of remote sensing, and techniques for modeling streamflow from snowmelt across large mixed land-use river basins. Individual chapters are devoted to climatology and distribution of snow, snowpack energy exchange, snow chemistry, ground-based measurements and remote sensing of snowpack characteristics, snowpack management, and modeling snowmelt runoff. Many chapters have review questions and problems with solutions available online. This book is a reference book for practicing water resources managers and a text for advanced hydrology and water resources courses which span fields such as engineering, earth sciences, meteorology, biogeochemistry, forestry and range management, and water resources planning.
Author : Donald Maurice Gray Publisher : Water Information Center Incorporated Page : 726 pages File Size : 54,7 Mb Release : 1973 Category : Science ISBN : UOM:39015011737569
This manual provides technical background and guidance for computing basin snowmelt runoff as is necessary in the design and operation of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) water control projects. This manual discusses the basic theoretical principles of snow hydrology and the practical applications of this theory in forecasting and design. It summarizes several important snowmelt runoff models and offers guidelines for model selection. This manual represents an update of EM 1110-2-1406, Runoff from Snowmelt, dated 5 January 1960, which is now obsolete. While many of the basic principles and techniques presented in that manual have been retained, numerous advancements in computer, communications, and data acquisition technologies are now reflected. This manual is applicable to USACE offices in which snow hydrology considerations affect runoff and streamflow derivations.
Snow Hydrology: Composition and Movement of Snow by Alfred Mills Pdf
The scientific field of hydrology that is concerned with the composition, dispersion and movement of snow and ice is referred to as snow hydrology. Important hydrological processes include snowfall, accumulation and melt in watershed at high altitudes and latitudes. Snow melt is useful in many areas as it supplies water to reservoirs and populations, and is also used for agricultural activities. Snow hydrology provides knowledge which is used in weather forecasting. Information of snow composition and movement is gathered through density, depth and composition readings and by using various remote sensing techniques. This book outlines the processes and applications of snow hydrology in detail. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.
This book provides an updated discussion of snow and glacier hydrology, drawing on the results of recent investigations. It serves as a source of reference at the senior undergraduate or beginning graduate level and stimulates further interest in this important part of the hydrologic cycle.
Runoff from Snowmelt by U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Pdf
This manual provides technical background and guidance for computing basin snowmelt runoff as is necessary in the design and operation of water control projects. This manual discusses the basic theoretical principles of snow hydrology and the practical applications of this theory in forecasting and design. It summarizes several important snowmelt runoff models and offers guidelines for model selection.
An Introduction to Snow Melt Data Collection by J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. Pdf
Introductory technical guidance for civil engineers and other water resources professionals interested in snow melt data collection. Here is what is discussed: 1. INTRODUCTION 2. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES 3. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF BASIC DATA.
Applied Principles of Hydrology by John C. Manning Pdf
Less than 1% of the Earth’s water is available for human use, the average family uses 400 gallons of water daily, and expected population growth means an increase in water use. The study of hydrology—how water behaves as it moves through the water cycle—is vital to reducing strains on our water supply and infrastructure. Written for those who want to understand hydrologic principles without a background in mathematics, Manning’s basic water science text begins with the physical and chemical attributes that make water a unique substance and proceeds with a step-by-step discussion of the water cycle. Scientific principles are illustrated by real-world examples, while “investigations” sections offer practical suggestions for making measurements and/or interpretations of hydrological variables in the local environment and for applying principles discussed in the text. This well-structured, reader-friendly text benefits not only students in elementary hydrology courses, but also those studying broader areas of natural resources, ecology, geography, and urban planning.
Research and Design of Snow Hydrology Sensors and Instrumentation by Raman K. Attri Pdf
This book is a collection of seven in-depth and detailed research papers authored by Dr. Raman K Attri between 1996 to 2005. The book presents early-career scientific work by the author as a scientist at a research organization. The book provides the conceptual background and key electronics and mechanical design principles used in designing sensors and instrumentation systems to measure snow hydrological parameters. The systems discussed in this book can be used to measure snow depth, layer temperature, temperature distribution profile, surface porosity, etc. The snow parameters measured from instruments and sensors discussed in this book are integrated into larger systems and are used in computer-driven models for snow avalanche predictions. The book presents the design challenges and design methods from electronics and instrumentation design point of view. While the book provides essential understanding of analog electronics design and associated mechanical design for snow hydrological sensors, the book also presents the background theoretical and mathematical models from snow hydrology physics that governs this electronics design. The first research paper discusses the design control techniques used to the design a remote surface detector to detect objects with porous, uneven, irregular surfaces like snow using ultrasonic beams. The second research paper describes signal processing techniques and electronics design approaches to design a snow depth sensor with improved sensitivity and directional response using Ultrasonic Pulse-Transit Method. The third research paper explains theoretical and mathematical model that governs the physical, mechanical, and electronics design to implement the theory of Arrayed Ultrasonic transducers to shape up the directional response and beam width of an ultrasonic beam to improve the chances of receiving sufficient reflection from the non-smooth, highly porous, uneven, non-planar, irregular snow surface. The fourth paper presents the design considerations and performance characteristics of Snow Temperature Profile Sensing System used to measure the temperature gradient and temperature distributions within and outside the snowpack at different depths. The fifth research paper focuses on describing the design of Snow Temperature Profile Sensing System in details and discusses the theoretical and mathematical model that outline important temperature parameters. Then the paper describes how the system is implemented to record or measure those parameters. The sixth paper presents the design considerations, constraints and design techniques used to use RTD temperature sensors for snow temperature measurement applications. The paper also presents the performance evaluation and suitability of such sensors. The seventh paper focuses design techniques for front-end analog signal conditioning module and the design challenges faced when interfacing analog unit to a data acquisition system. The eighth paper describes the design of snow air temperature sensing probe and methods to ensure that it measures true air temperature over a snow cover and is not influenced by solar radiations and winds. The book may be read as an applied text-book in conjunction with standard electronics and instrumentation design textbooks. The book will guide students on how to apply basic principles of instrumentation systems design, integrate concepts of physical sciences and measurement sciences for the field applications.
