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Author : Makoto Taniguchi,Isaac R. Santos,Henrietta Dulai,Ryo Sugimoto,Abhijit Mukherjee,Jun Shoji
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 158 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2021-03-03
Category : Science
ISBN : 9782889665358
Author : Igor S. Zektser,Lorne G. Everett,Roald G. Dzhamalov
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2006-09-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781420005257
Sustainable management of water resources is quickly increasing in importance on a global scale. An important piece of the puzzle is the characterization of marine water and determining its importance to geochemical budgets. To do this, submarine groundwater discharges must be carefully studied. Comprehensively exploring the subject, Submarine G
Author : Nicholas Reed De Sieyes
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:711574197
The focus of this dissertation is submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), the direct flow of groundwater from the seabed to the sea, and onsite wastewater treatment systems in coastal California. The research focuses primarily on a single coastal community in central California, Stinson Beach, where conventional onsite treatment systems, or septic systems, are used exclusively for wastewater disposal. The overarching goal of the work has been to quantify the magnitude and timing of SGD at the site and to provide insight into how onsite wastewater treatment at Stinson Beach affects local groundwater quality and, via SGD, surface water quality, all with the broader goal of informing and guiding future development along the California coast. The dissertation includes four research chapters, each focused on one or more important aspects of the issue of SGD and coastal septic systems at Stinson Beach. The first research chapter entitled "Submarine discharge of nutrient-enriched fresh groundwater at Stinson Beach, California is enhanced during neap tides" describes a 14-day study investigating the influence of fortnightly spring-neap tidal variability on submarine discharge of fresh and saline groundwaters at the site. Fresh, shallow groundwater at the site was observed to contain high concentrations of nutrients including dissolved inorganic nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphate, and silicate, as well as human fecal bacteria. A groundwater-derived freshening and nutrification of the surf zone was observed at neap tide, and was followed by a 4-day increase in chlorophyll a concentrations in the surf zone. Analytical models and a fresh water budget in the surf zone were used to estimate the saline and fresh SGD at both neap and spring tides. Fresh SGD at the site was estimated at between 1.2 and 4.7 L min-1 m-1 shoreline during neap tides compared to 0.1 and 0.5 L min-1 m-1 during spring tides. This compares to saline SGD estimates of 15.9 and 22.0 L min-1 m-1 during neap and spring tides, respectively. Despite the smaller total discharge of groundwater during neap compared to spring tides, the larger fresh discharge component during neap tides raised surf zone silicate, DIN, and SRP by 14%, 35%, and 27%, respectively, relative to spring tides. The observed fortnightly 'pulse' of fresh groundwater-derived nutrients into the surf zone was consistent with seaward hydraulic gradients across the fresh part of the beach aquifer, which varied due to aquifer overheight, or the mounding of groundwater due to variable infiltration of salt water during tides, adjacent the beach face. Darcy-Dupuit estimates of seaward fresh groundwater flow in this area agreed well with the fresh discharge results of the mass balance.vvThe second research chapter of the dissertation entitled "Submarine groundwater discharge to a high-energy surf zone at Stinson Beach, California, estimated using radium isotopes" describes and compares results from a pair of two-week long experiments conducted in the dry season (July 2006) and wet season (March 2007) to examine tidal, wave-driven and seasonal variability of SGD at the site using natural radium tracers. Tide stage, tide range, breaker height and season each explained a significant degree of radium variability in the surf zone. A mass balance of excess radium in the surf zone was used to estimate SGD and associated nutrient fluxes during each season, confirming larger discharge rates during the wet season. Our results indicate median groundwater discharge rates of 6 to 8 L min-1 m-1 in July 2006 and 38 to 43 L min-1 m-1 in March 2007. SGD from 200 m of Stinson Beach in March 2007 was shown to contribute a flux of phosphate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen approximately equal to that associated with all local creeks and streams within 6 km of the study site at that time. The third research chapter "Fresh submarine groundwater discharge from a coastal aquifer forced by the Mediterranean climate of central California" is a numerical investigation of groundwater flow at the land-sea interface forced by precipitation and evapotranspiration typical of the Mediterranean climate of coastal California. A numerical groundwater model was developed using the variable density groundwater flow code SEAWAT-2000 to examine the influence of seasonally variable recharge conditions typical of coastal California on the magnitude and timing of fresh submarine groundwater discharge from a generic coastal aquifer with a constant head (non-tidal) ocean boundary. Model dimensions and hydrogeologic characteristics were chosen based on a combination of observations from field studies at Stinson Beach, California, and published numerical investigations of coastal groundwater flow. Average monthly recharge was calculated from historical precipitation records and potential evapotranspiration rates calculated from climatological observations made near the field site. Calculated recharge was approximately sinusoidal across the year, with positive recharge rates dominated by precipitation during the rainy winter and negative recharge rates dominated by evapotranspiration during the hot, precipitation-free summer. Rates of fresh discharge from the model aquifer to the ocean exhibited similar temporal characteristics for two modeled scenarios, a first including a constant head fresh landward boundary condition and a second including a constant flux fresh landward boundary condition. Discharge in both models peaked in January during the period of maximum precipitation and recharge, and declined until reaching a minimum in September, two months after the minimum recharge period in July. Minimum simulated discharge rates for two simulated scenarios were 17% and 18% lower in September than the maximum simulated discharges in winter. Monthly mean discharge from Lagunitas Creek, a creek near Stinson Beach, reached maximum and minimum values in February and September, respectively. The exponential decline in creek discharge was fast compared to the decline in modeled SGD, however, suggesting that fresh SGD and associated nutrient fluxes may play a particularly important role in coastal ecosystems in early summer when surface water discharge has nearly reached a minimum but discharge of substantial quantities of fresh groundwater is still substantial. The final research chapter "Nitrogen, fecal indicator bacteria, and coliphage attenuation and flux from a septic leach field to the coastal ocean" describes a two-year field study to measure the flux and attenuation of nitrogen, fecal indicator bacteria, and bacteriophage in groundwater adjacent to a large coastal septic system in Central California. The study was carried out at Stinson Beach Park, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, sixteen kilometers northwest of the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge. Long-term measurements of septic effluent quality and volumetric discharge to the leach field, synoptic DC resistivity profiling of the saltwater/freshwater interface, continuous measurements of hydraulic head in the coastal aquifer, and the installation and subsequent monitoring of a dense array of multi-level monitoring wells adjacent to the leach field for chemical and microbiological constituents were carried out. Our results indicate a nitrogen- and inorganic carbon-rich plume of septic effluent flowing from the leach field through the beach to the subterranean estuary, or the mixing zone of fresh and saline groundwaters. Attenuation of E. coli and coliphage was complete within the vadose zone and the first few meters of transport. Enterococci were detected throughout the well network during one sampling event during which no attenuation was observed, and no attenuation of total nitrogen was observed along the flowpath during the experiment. Median estimates of total nitrogen fluxing toward the ocean downgradient from the leach field ranged from 1.6 to 70.6 moles day-1, depending on season and transect location. Except for enterococcus, the behavior of nitrogen and microbial pollutants in the field was consistent with results from laboratory experiments, which demonstrated low denitrification potential in slurry tests, but fast fecal indicator bacteria and virus attenuation rates in saturated column experiments. Comparisons of total nitrogen flux to the subterranean estuary in this study agree well with SGD-associated nutrient flux estimates from prior studies at the site, suggesting that septic systems at the site are a persistent source of nitrogen to the subterranean estuary and may at times also be a source of enterococci. Denitrification potentials measured at the site suggest a possible role for in-situ remediation strategies to optimize nutrient removal in the beach aquifer.
Author : Karen Lisa Knee
Publisher : Stanford University
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Electronic
ISBN : STANFORD:pw597kg8181
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a spatially pervasive phenomenon that adds freshwater, nutrients, dissolved metals, bacteria, and other constituents to the coastal ocean. This dissertation investigated SGD-related inputs of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp.) to coastal waters in two Hawaiian locations, the north shore of Kaua'i and the Kona coast of Hawai'i. Concentrations of caffeine, which has been used previously as a wastewater tracer, were measured in groundwater and surface water on the north shore of Kaua'i. Both study areas have relatively light levels of urban and agricultural development, and maintaining good water quality is essential for their tourism-based economies, coral reefs, fisheries, and traditional way of life. Radium (Ra), an element with naturally elevated concentrations in coastal groundwater, was used as an SGD tracer and a mass-balance approach was used to quantify SGD. On the north shore of Kaua'i, agriculture was associated with higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations in the fresh SGD component, while phosphate and silica appeared to be controlled by geological differences in aquifer substrate. High ammonium concentrations in the fresh SGD component at one site may have been caused by a leaky cesspool. In Kona, no relation between urban development or agriculture and groundwater nutrient concentrations was observed, but bare lava rock was associated with higher nitrate + nitrite and silica concentrations in fresh SGD. Sites closer to golf courses also had higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations. Conservative estimates of total SGD on the north shore of Kaua'i ranged from 1.3 to 7.8 L per meter per minute, or up to 10% of Hanalei River discharge, and SGD contributed significant nitrate + nitrite inputs to Hanalei Bay. Estimates of SGD in Kona ranged from 5 to 1200 L per meter per minute, with between 10 and 100% of the brackish SGD comprised by the fresh SGD component. SGD-related water and nutrient fluxes on the Kona Coast -- where no rivers and streams are present -- were large compared to those reported for other sites worldwide. Caffeine concentrations in environmental waters on the north shore of Kaua'i ranged from 0-88 ng/L, on the low end of what has been reported for other locations. Metribuzin, an herbicide, was also detected at concentrations from 4-11 ng/L in five groundwater and surface water samples. A sensitivity analysis of Ra-based methods of estimating water ages and coastal mixing rates revealed that water ages shorter than 3 d cannot be estimated with confidence using Ra-based methods, even if the only uncertainty considered is analytical error. In conclusion, this dissertation provides new data about SGD and related inputs of nutrients and bacteria to Hawaiian coastal waters, suggests that even low levels of development may influence nutrient concentrations in coastal groundwater, presents the first caffeine concentrations measured in environmental water samples collected in a tropical setting, and explores the limits of applicability of Ra-based methods of estimating water ages and coastal mixing rates, providing guidance for researchers conducting Ra-based SGD studies in the future.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 4604 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2012-03-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780080878850
The study of estuaries and coasts has seen enormous growth in recent years, since changes in these areas have a large effect on the food chain, as well as on the physics and chemistry of the ocean. As the coasts and river banks around the world become more densely populated, the pressure on these ecosystems intensifies, putting a new focus on environmental, socio-economic and policy issues. Written by a team of international expert scientists, under the guidance of Chief Editors Eric Wolanski and Donald McClusky, the Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, Ten Volume Set examines topics in depth, and aims to provide a comprehensive scientific resource for all professionals and students in the area of estuarine and coastal science Most up-to-date reference for system-based coastal and estuarine science and management, from the inland watershed to the ocean shelf Chief editors have assembled a world-class team of volume editors and contributing authors Approach focuses on the physical, biological, chemistry, ecosystem, human, ecological and economics processes, to show how to best use multidisciplinary science to ensure earth's sustainability Provides a comprehensive scientific resource for all professionals and students in the area of estuarine and coastal science Features up-to-date chapters covering a full range of topics
Author : Karen Lisa Knee
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:748776975
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a spatially pervasive phenomenon that adds freshwater, nutrients, dissolved metals, bacteria, and other constituents to the coastal ocean. This dissertation investigated SGD-related inputs of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp.) to coastal waters in two Hawaiian locations, the north shore of Kaua'i and the Kona coast of Hawai'i. Concentrations of caffeine, which has been used previously as a wastewater tracer, were measured in groundwater and surface water on the north shore of Kaua'i. Both study areas have relatively light levels of urban and agricultural development, and maintaining good water quality is essential for their tourism-based economies, coral reefs, fisheries, and traditional way of life. Radium (Ra), an element with naturally elevated concentrations in coastal groundwater, was used as an SGD tracer and a mass-balance approach was used to quantify SGD. On the north shore of Kaua'i, agriculture was associated with higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations in the fresh SGD component, while phosphate and silica appeared to be controlled by geological differences in aquifer substrate. High ammonium concentrations in the fresh SGD component at one site may have been caused by a leaky cesspool. In Kona, no relation between urban development or agriculture and groundwater nutrient concentrations was observed, but bare lava rock was associated with higher nitrate + nitrite and silica concentrations in fresh SGD. Sites closer to golf courses also had higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations. Conservative estimates of total SGD on the north shore of Kaua'i ranged from 1.3 to 7.8 L per meter per minute, or up to 10% of Hanalei River discharge, and SGD contributed significant nitrate + nitrite inputs to Hanalei Bay. Estimates of SGD in Kona ranged from 5 to 1200 L per meter per minute, with between 10 and 100% of the brackish SGD comprised by the fresh SGD component. SGD-related water and nutrient fluxes on the Kona Coast -- where no rivers and streams are present -- were large compared to those reported for other sites worldwide. Caffeine concentrations in environmental waters on the north shore of Kaua'i ranged from 0-88 ng/L, on the low end of what has been reported for other locations. Metribuzin, an herbicide, was also detected at concentrations from 4-11 ng/L in five groundwater and surface water samples. A sensitivity analysis of Ra-based methods of estimating water ages and coastal mixing rates revealed that water ages shorter than 3 d cannot be estimated with confidence using Ra-based methods, even if the only uncertainty considered is analytical error. In conclusion, this dissertation provides new data about SGD and related inputs of nutrients and bacteria to Hawaiian coastal waters, suggests that even low levels of development may influence nutrient concentrations in coastal groundwater, presents the first caffeine concentrations measured in environmental water samples collected in a tropical setting, and explores the limits of applicability of Ra-based methods of estimating water ages and coastal mixing rates, providing guidance for researchers conducting Ra-based SGD studies in the future.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Coastal zone management
ISBN : 9292200062
Author : Robert W. Buddemeier
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Coastal ecology
ISBN : PSU:000032312805
Author : Paul M. Barlow
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Government publications
ISBN : 9790607951942
Author : Jean Margat,Jac van der Gun
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2013-03-19
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780203772140
This book presents a unique and up-to-date summary of what is known about groundwater on our planet, from a global perspective and in terms of area-specific factual information. Unlike most textbooks on groundwater, it does not deal with theoretical principles, but rather with the overall picture that emerges as a result of countless observations,
Author : John D. Milliman,Katherine L. Farnsworth
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2013-03-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 1107612187
Rivers provide the primary link between land and sea. Utilizing the world's largest database, this book presents a detailed analysis and synthesis of the processes affecting fluvial discharge of water, sediment and dissolved solids. The ways in which climatic variation, episodic events, and anthropogenic activities - past, present and future - affect the quantity and quality of river discharge are discussed in the final two chapters. The book contains 26 tables and more than 165 figures - many in full color - including global and regional maps. The book's extensive appendix presents the 1534-river database as a series of 44 tables and 132 maps that provide quantitative data regarding the discharge of water, sediment and dissolved solids. The complete database is also presented within a GIS-based package available online at www.cambridge.org/milliman. River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean provides an invaluable resource for researchers, professionals and graduate students in hydrology, oceanography, geology, geomorphology and environmental policy.
Author : Babin, Marcel,Roesler, Collin S.,Cullen, John J.
Publisher : UNESCO
Page : 880 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2008-06-05
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9789231040429
The proliferation of harmful phytoplankton in marine ecosystems can cause massive fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, impact local and regional economies and dramatically affect ecological balance. Real-time observations are essential for effective short-term operational forecasting, but observation and modelling systems are still being developed. This volume provides guidance for developing real-time and near real-time sensing systems for observing and predicting plankton dynamics, including harmful algal blooms, in coastal waters. The underlying theory is explained and current trends in research and monitoring are discussed.Topics covered include: coastal ecosystems and dynamics of harmful algal blooms; theory and practical applications of in situ and remotely sensed optical detection of microalgal distributions and composition; theory and practical applications of in situ biological and chemical sensors for targeted species and toxin detection; integrated observing systems and platforms for detection; diagnostic and predictive modelling of ecosystems and harmful algal blooms, including data assimilation techniques; observational needs for the public and government; and future directions for research and operations.
Author : Jacob Bear,A. Cheng,S. Sorek,D. Ouazar,I. Herrera
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 652 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2013-03-09
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789401729697
Coastal aquifers serve as major sources for freshwater supply in many countries around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid zones. Many coastal areas are also heavily urbanized, a fact that makes the need for freshwater even more acute. Coastal aquifers are highly sensitive to disturbances. Inappropriate management of a coastal aquifer may lead to its destruction as a source for freshwater much earlier than other aquifers which are not connected to the sea. The reason is the threat of seawater intrusion. In many coastal aquifers, intrusion of seawater has become one of the major constraints imposed on groundwater utilization. As sea water intrusion progresses, existing pumping wells, especially those close to the coast, become saline and have to be abandoned. Also, the area above the intruding seawater wedge is lost as a source of natural replenishment to the aquifer. Despite the importance of this subject, so far there does not exist a book that integrates our present knowledge of seawater intrusion, its occurrences, physical mechanism, chemistry, exploration by geo physical and geochemical techniques, conceptual and mathematical modeling, analytical and numerical solution methods, engineering measures of combating seawater intrusion, management strategies, and experience learned from case studies. By presenting this fairly comprehensive volume on the state-of-the-art of knowledge and ex perience on saltwater intrusion, we hoped to transfer this body of knowledge to the geologists, hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, water resources planners, managers, and governmental policy makers, who are engaged in the sustainable development of coastal fresh ground water resources.
Author : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 1807 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2022-05-19
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781009178464
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author : Anthony J Jakeman,Olivier Barreteau,Randall J Hunt,Jean-Daniel Rinaudo,Andrew Ross
Publisher : Springer
Page : 756 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2016-08-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319235769
The aim of this book is to document for the first time the dimensions and requirements of effective integrated groundwater management (IGM). Groundwater management is a formidable challenge, one that remains one of humanity’s foremost priorities. It has become a largely non-renewable resource that is overexploited in many parts of the world. In the 21st century, the issue moves from how to simply obtain the water we need to how we manage it sustainably for future generations, future economies, and future ecosystems. The focus then becomes one of understanding the drivers and current state of the groundwater resource, and restoring equilibrium to at-risk aquifers. Many interrelated dimensions, however, come to bear when trying to manage groundwater effectively. An integrated approach to groundwater necessarily involves many factors beyond the aquifer itself, such as surface water, water use, water quality, and ecohydrology. Moreover, the science by itself can only define the fundamental bounds of what is possible; effective IGM must also engage the wider community of stakeholders to develop and support policy and other socioeconomic tools needed to realize effective IGM. In order to demonstrate IGM, this book covers theory and principles, embracing: 1) an overview of the dimensions and requirements of groundwater management from an international perspective; 2) the scale of groundwater issues internationally and its links with other sectors, principally energy and climate change; 3) groundwater governance with regard to principles, instruments and institutions available for IGM; 4) biophysical constraints and the capacity and role of hydroecological and hydrogeological science including water quality concerns; and 5) necessary tools including models, data infrastructures, decision support systems and the management of uncertainty. Examples of effective, and failed, IGM are given. Throughout, the importance of the socioeconomic context that connects all effective IGM is emphasized. Taken as a whole, this work relates the many facets of effective IGM, from the catchment to global perspective.