Sustainable Development Of Algal Biofuels In The United States
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National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels
Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 247 pages File Size : 45,8 Mb Release : 2013-01-18 Category : Science ISBN : 9780309260329
Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels in the United States by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels Pdf
Biofuels made from algae are gaining attention as a domestic source of renewable fuel. However, with current technologies, scaling up production of algal biofuels to meet even 5 percent of U.S. transportation fuel needs could create unsustainable demands for energy, water, and nutrient resources. Continued research and development could yield innovations to address these challenges, but determining if algal biofuel is a viable fuel alternative will involve comparing the environmental, economic and social impacts of algal biofuel production and use to those associated with petroleum-based fuels and other fuel sources. Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels was produced at the request of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Algal Biofuel by Richa Kothari,Vinayak V Pathak,V V Tyagi Pdf
Algal Biofuel: Sustainable Solution primarily focuses on the different aspects of bioenergy production using algal biomass as microalgae are considered the optimum feedstock for bioenergy production. The major aim is to thoroughly review the available bioenergy options, challenges in bioenergy production, availability of bioenergy feedstock, and biomass to bioenergy conversion process. This book also highlights the feasibility of lignocellulosic biomass, crop residues, and non-edible oil seeds for generation of different bioenergy products. It will be helpful for researchers and other stakeholders working in the area of bioenergy production for development of innovative concepts in emerging areas of bioenergy. Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan).
Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean by Barry D. Solomon,Robert Bailis Pdf
This book examines recent developments in Latin American biofuel production. Taking “sustainable development” as a central theme, each chapter considers one country in the region and explores how biofuel production is evolving given concerns about food sovereignty, trade and other social issues. Environmental conservation, as well as an increasingly complex and globalized economic structure, Is also taken into account. The contributions to this volume critically explore the ways in which biofuel production in Latin America impact social, economic and environmental systems: the so-called “three pillars of sustainability". Numerous stakeholders, drawn from government, industry, civil society and academia have attempted to define “Sustainable Development” in the context of biofuel production and to operationalize it through a series of principles, criteria, and highly specific indicators. Nevertheless, it remains a fluid and contested concept with deep political and social ramifications, which each chapter explores in detail.
Algal Biofuels by Sanjay Kumar Gupta,Anushree Malik,Faizal Bux Pdf
This edited volume focuses on comprehensive state-of-the-art information about the practical aspects of cultivation, harvesting, biomass processing and biofuel production from algae. Chapters cover topics such as synthetic ecological engineering approaches towards sustainable production of biofuel feedstock, and algal biofuel production processes using wastewater. Readers will also discover more about the role of biotechnological engineering in improving ecophysiology, biomass and lipid yields. Particular attention is given to opportunities of commercialization of algal biofuels that provides a realistic assessment of various techno-economical aspects of pilot scale algal biofuel production. The authors also explore the pre-treatment of biomass, catalytic conversion of algal lipids and hydrothermal liquefaction with the biorefinery approach in detail. In a nut shell, this volume will provide a wealth of information based on a realistic evaluation of contemporary developments in algal biofuel research with an emphasis on pilot scale studies. Researchers studying and working in the areas of environmental science, biotechnology, genetic engineering and biochemistry will find this work instructive and informative.
Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry by Armen Avagyan Pdf
The book is devoted to the current problem of global sustainable development; conflicts with the effective system working that allow making some conclusion for further compatibility improvements. At foremost, analyses look at recent international and own researchers dealing with algae technology and conversation to energy. The total global production of macroalgae is superior about 100 times compared to microalgae or 19 - 23 million tons by dry weight and market at $5 - 6 billion. Macroalgal biomass has a potential for the production of biofuels and can be used also for decentralized wastewater cleaning. The analyses showed that development microalgae producing have all necessary unlimited resources such as land and water (wastewater and groundwater). Food waste use for microalgae cultivation can lead to GHG mitigation up to 3.3 GTCO2e/yr or 8 % of global emissions. The UNEP ignored high carbon capture and storage (CCS) potential of algae. Simultaneously, international organization and researchers as main constraints for microalgae biofuels have described the cost of their production based on comparing with prices of oil fuels and crop biofuels. Comparison of the cost of microalgal biofuel production with a subsided prices of oil and crops biofuel is a methodical mistake as the governments have paid part of their fuel price from public funds as well as it is necessary to take into account also large scale production competitive benefits. It is stressed that many projects and Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) are based on using fertilizers for nutrition microalgae. According to the ISO/TS 14067, we estimated day input of including fertilizers with nitrogen content in the total emissions of the product full life cycle by expanding of LCA boundary. Calculation emission by the use of last U.S. NPEL design of microalgae to biofuel showed that only used fertilizers with nitrogen content for the day microalgae biomass production release CO2 emission 63.56 kgCO2e per kg of the produced microalgae biomass. This is more that impact of CCS by algae cultivation - 1.83 kgCO2e per kg of algal biomass, gasoline and diesel emissions by combustion in motor vehicles (gasoline is realized 2.29 kgCO2/L (E10 - 2.21 and E85 - 1.61 kgCO2/L ) and diesel - 2.66 kgCO2/L (B5 - 2.65 and B20 - 2.62 kgCO2/L)) as well as sum of crude oils extraction-to-refining (4 to 50 gCO2e/megajoule (MJ) (about half of the total EU plants has extraction-to-refining emission from 4 to 9 gCO2/MJ) and combustion in motor vehicle emissions of 73 gCO2e/MJ). This proves that phototrophic growth of microalgae has no perspective for commercial production. The additional stressed issue is that in 2016, biofuel crops boost fertilizer industry and nitrogen fertilizer consumption intended to biofuels production. Therefore, it offered that first generation biofuel producers should seriously think about the use of feedstock yields originated by the use of organic agriculture approach. As a result of system analyses, it made the conclusion that sole main barrier for realizing of algae biofuel potential is ineffective international and governmental policies which create difficulties in the coupling of the goals between economic development and environmental activity. Therefore, we offered the new design of environmental police and relevant innovative financial mechanisms in a framework of Public/Private Partnership for archiving of effective investment flow to mitigation pollution. This policy based on recognizing of Life Conserve industry as the separate branch of production and each company which activity direct or indirect decrease pollution must receive payment for the impact of their products. Simultaneously, the analysis provides that near-term microalgae come to big feed additives market as feed additives for animals and for the fishmeal replacement in aquaculture due to competitive cost archived by technological advancement and benefits of their content.
Algal Biofuel by Richa. Kothari,Vineet V. Tyagi,Vinayak Vandan Pathak Pdf
Present energy situation around the globe is unsustainable due to unequal distribution of natural resources as well as different environmental, geopolitical, and economical concerns. Rise in population with accelerated increase in industrial sector has led to rapid increase in the consumption of energy sources, which will make them extinct soon. To combat environmental pollution and mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases, it has become imperative that an alternative energy source is found which is sustainable and renewable. Biofuels is one such renewable, sustainable and affordable energy source that has the potential to replace conventional energy sources. Algal Biofuel: sustainable solution explores a wide spectrum of bioenergy sources, including their applications. It provides latest information in the field of bioenergy technologies and their future prospect including lipid content. It discusses governance of biofuel at global and national level and the potential of biofuel to meet the rising energy demand. The book focuses towards the strategies to ensure the availability of algal biomass, effective cultivation and harvesting techniques. The strategies to enhance the algal lipid synthesis and its conversion for biodiesel production have been also elaborated. Detailed Table of Contents: Foreword Preface 1. Biorefinery: A Future Approach for a Sustainable Bioeconomy Introduction Role of Government, Public, and Private Stakeholders Conclusion 2. Algal biomass harvesting for biofuel production Introduction Harvesting process Future prospects and conclusions 3. Biogas as Bioenergy Option: Advances and Challenges Introduction Biochemical Processes of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstock materials Microbial community Important parameters Properties of Biogas Upgradation of Biogas Types of Digesters Applications of Biogas Challenges/bottlenecks Conclusion 4. Application of algal biomass as a feedstock 93for fermentative biohydrogen production Introduction Microalgae Advantages and Limitations of Biohydrogen from Microalgae Conclusion 5. Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic/Algal Biomass: 107Potential Sustainable Approach Introduction Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Material Conclusion 6. Crop Residues as a Potential Substrate for 121Bioenergy Production: An Overview Introduction Agricultural Residues for Bioenergy Production Biomass-to-bioenergy Conversion Pathways Conclusion 7. Magnetic Harvesting of Microalgae Biomass forCost-effective Algal Biofuel Production Introduction Magnetic Materials for Microalgae Harvesting Factors Influencing Magnetic Harvesting Process Recovery of Magnetic Materials and Biomass Detachment Biocompatibility of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Recovery of Growth Medium Conclusion 8. Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oilseeds Introduction Non-edible Oilseeds as Biodiesel Feedstock Properties of Free Fatty Acids in Non-edible Oils Biodiesel Production Technology for Non-edible Oilseeds Fuel Properties of Biodiesel Economic Feasibility of Biodiesel from Non-edible Oils Advantages of Non-edible Oilseed Crops National Efforts to Promote Non-edible Plant Species Conclusion 9. Carbon Sequestration and Biofuel Production byMicroalgae: An Integrated and Sustainable Approach Introduction Carbon Sequestration Carbon Sequestration by Microalgae Carbon Concentrating Mechanism Algal Species Factors Affecting Microalgal Efficiency Biosynthesis of Lipids in Microalgae Microalgal Biomass Harvesting and Processing Microalgal Lipid Extractions Production of Biofuels Chemical Conversion Thermochemical Conversion Biochemical Conversion Conclusion 10. Role of Meteorological Parameters on Atmospheric Aerosols Concentration and Its Control through Modern Biomass Application Introduction Aerosols Shape and Size of Aerosols Aerosol Sources Aerosol Removal Processes Implications of Aerosols Brief History of Earlier Aerosol Studies Experimental Technique Used Results and Discussion Modern Biomass Application to Control Aerosol Emission Conclusion 11. Application of Immobilized Algae in Water and Wastewater Treatment Immobilization Immobilization Techniques Application of Immobilized Algae Nutrient Removal Metal Removal Removal of Organic Compounds Lipid Content of Immobilized Algae Conclusion and Future Work 12. Recent Biotechnological Approaches for Bioenergy Production: The Path Forward Introduction Biotechnological Approaches in Bioenergy Production Different Biotechnological Approaches for Bioenergy Production Biotechnology and Sustainable Society Conclusion 13. Lipid induction in algal biomass for sustainable bioenergy production Introduction Composition of Microalgal Lipid Factors affecting lipid productivity in algal biomass Engineering efforts of lipid enhancement Conclusion About the Editors Index
U. S. Department of Energy,Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,U. S. Government
Author : U. S. Department of Energy,Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,U. S. Government Publisher : Unknown Page : 250 pages File Size : 54,9 Mb Release : 2017-04-15 Category : Electronic ISBN : 1521071551
Algal Biofuels Guide by U. S. Department of Energy,Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,U. S. Government Pdf
Algal biomass is a fast-growing, renewable resource and a promising feedstock for advanced biofuels. Algal biofuels are generating considerable interest around the world. In the United States, they represent promising pathways for helping to meet the biofuel production targets set by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Algae are a diverse group of primarily aquatic organisms that are capable of using photosynthesis to generate biomass. Some algal strains are able to double their mass several times per day. In some cases, more than half of that mass consists of lipids or tricylglycerides. These bio-oils can be used to produce drop-in replacements for diesel, gasoline, and aviation fuels. Some algae accumulate carbohydrates (including starch), which can also be used to form intermediates for processing into biofuels. Proteins from the residual biomass could provide supplemental feed for livestock and aquaculture operations. Advantages of Algal Feedstocks * A History of Domestic Algal Biofuels Development * Early Work to 1996 * Research from 1996 to Present * Algae-to-Biofuels: Opportunity and Challenges Today * Technology and Analysis Challenges * Regulations and Standards * Public-Private Partnerships * References * Algal Biology * Strain Isolation, Screening and Selection * Isolation and Characterization of Naturally Occurring Algae * Role of Culture Collections as National Algae Data Resource Centers * Selecting Algal Model Systems for Study * Algal Physiology and Biochemistry * Photosynthesis and Light Utilization * Carbon Partitioning and Metabolism * Algal Carbohydrates * Lipid Synthesis and Regulation. * Biohydrogen * Algal Biotechnology * The Genetic Toolbox * Enabling Technologies: "Omics" Approaches and Bioinformatics * Applications of Biotechnology to Algal Bioenergy * Considerations of Genetic Modifications * References * Algal Cultivation * Cultivation Pathways * Microalgae and Cyanobacteria * Macroalgae * Scale-Up Challenges * Stability of Large-Scale Cultures * System Productivity * Nutrient Sources, Sustainability, and Management * Water Management, Conservation, and Recycling * Downstream Processing: Harvesting and Dewatering * Approaches for Microalgae * Harvesting * Drying * Approaches for Macroalgae * Harvesting * Preprocessing * Systems Engineering * References * Preliminary Look at Energy Balance * Extraction of Products from Algae * Current Practices for Lipid Extraction * Mechanical Disruption (i.e., Cell Rupture) * Organic Co-solvent Mixtures * Accelerated Solvent Extraction * Selective Extraction * Subcritical Water Extraction * Supercritical Fluid Extraction * Heterotrophic Production * Challenges * References * Algal Biofuel Conversion Technologies * Direct Production of Biofuels from Algae * Alcohols Alkanes\ * Hydrogen * Processing of Whole Algae * Pyrolysis * Gasification * Liquefaction * Supercritical Processing * Anaerobic Digestion of Whole Algae * Conversion of Algal Extracts * Chemical Transesterification * Biochemical (Enzymatic) Conversion. * Catalytic Cracking * Conversion to Renewable Diesel, Gasoline, and Jet Fuel * Processing of Algal Remnants after Extraction * References * Co-products * Commercial Products from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria * Commercial Products from Macroalgae * Potential Options for the Recovery of Co-products * References * Distribution and Utilization * Distribution * Utilization * Algal Blendstocks to Replace Middle-Distillate Petroleum Products * Algal Blendstocks for Alcohol and Gasoline-Range Petroleum Products * References * Resources and Siting * Resource Requirements for Different Cultivation Approaches * Photoautotrophic Microalgae Approach * Heterotrophic Microalgae Approach * Photoautotrophic Macroalgae Approach * Resources Overview * Climate * Water * Carbon Dioxide * Land * Integration with Water Treatment Facilities * Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Applications * Algae Production Techniques for Wastewater Treatment Plants
Algal Biorefinery by Ajay K. Dalai,Vaibhav V. Goud,Sonil Nanda,Venu Babu Borugadda Pdf
This book enables readers to understand the theoretical aspects, key steps and scientific techniques with a detailed mechanism to produce biofuels from algae. Each chapter provides the latest developments and recent advancements starting from algal cultivation techniques to the production of value-added green fuels, chemicals and products with wide applications. The volume brings together a broad range of international and interdisciplinary experts, including chemical and biological engineers, biotechnologists, process engineers, environmentalists, pharmacists and nutritionists, to one platform to explore the beneficial aspects and challenges for an algal-based biorefinery. Chapters address cutting-edge issues surrounding algal cultivation, including genetic modification of algal strains, design and optimization of photobioreactors and open-pond systems, algal oil extraction techniques and algal-derived fuel products (biodiesel, bio-gasoline, jet fuels and bio-oil). Finally, the book considers the potential environmental impacts for establishing a sustainable algal biorefinery through lifecycle analysis, techno-economic assessment and supply chain management. This book will be an important resource for students, academics and professionals interested in algal cultivation, biofuels and agricultural engineering, and renewable energy and sustainable development more broadly.
Biodiesel: Feedstocks, Technologies, Economics and Barriers by Armen B. Avagyan,Bhaskar Singh Pdf
Air pollution policy is closely connected with climate change, public health, energy, transport, trade, and agriculture, and generally speaking, the Earth has been pushed to the brink and the damage is becoming increasingly obvious. The transport sector remains a foremost source of air pollutants – a fact that has stimulated the production of biofuels. This book focuses on the biodiesel industry, and proposes a modification of the entire manufacturing chain that would pave the way for further improvements. Oil derived from oilseed plantations/crops is the most commonly used feedstock for the production of biodiesel. At the same time, the UK’s Royal Academy of Engineering and 178 scientists in the Netherlands have determined that some biofuels, such as diesel produced from food crops, have led to more emissions than those produced by fossil fuels. Accordingly, this book re-evaluates the full cycle of biodiesel production in order to help find optimal solutions. It confirms that the production and use of fertilizers for the cultivation of crop feedstocks generate considerably more GHG emissions compared to the mitigation achieved by using biodiesel. To address this fertilization challenge, projecting future biofuel development requires a scenario in which producers shift to an organic agriculture approach that includes the use of microalgae. Among advanced biofuels, algae’s advantages as a feedstock include the highest conversion of solar energy, and the ability to absorb CO2 and pollutants; as such, it is the better choice for future fuels. With regard to the question of why algae’s benefits have not been capitalized on for biofuel production, our analyses indicate that the sole main barrier to realizing algae’s biofuel potential is ineffective international and governmental policies, which create difficulties in reconciling the goals of economic development and environmental protection.
Biofuels from Algae by Kuan-Yeow Show,Duu-Jong Lee Pdf
Extensive effort is being made globally to develop various biofuels as an inexhaustible and renewable energy source. Biofuels are viewed as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels because they have the potential to eliminate major environmental problems such as global warming and climate change created by fossil fuels. Among the still-developing biofuel technologies, biodiesel production from algae offers a good prospect for large-scale practical use, considering the fact that algae are capable of producing much more yield than other biofuels such as corn and soybean crops. Although research on algae-based biofuel is still in its developing stage, extensive work on laboratory- and pilot-scale algae-harvesting systems with promising prospects has been reported. This chapter presents a discussion of the literature review of recent advances in algal biomass harvesting. The chapter focuses on stability and separability of algae and algae-harvesting methods. Challenges and prospects of algae harvesting are also outlined. The review aims to provide useful information for future development of efficient and commercially viable algal biodiesel production.
National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Economic and Environmental Impacts of Increasing Biofuels Production
Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Economic and Environmental Impacts of Increasing Biofuels Production Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 416 pages File Size : 42,8 Mb Release : 2012-01-29 Category : Technology & Engineering ISBN : 9780309187510
Renewable Fuel Standard by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Economic and Environmental Impacts of Increasing Biofuels Production Pdf
In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.
Recent Trends and Developments in Algal Biofuels and Biorefinery by Navneeta Bharadvaja,Lakhan Kumar,Soumya Pandit,Srijoni Banerjee,Raksha Anand Pdf
This book presents technoeconomic challenges, recent trends, and developments toward sustainable algal biofuels and biorefinery. The exponential increase in population and thus the demand for energy, the ever-rising threats to climate change with conventional fossil fuels consumption, fluctuations in fossil fuels price and geopolitical instability have made each and every country of the world to think over its energy independence and security by increasing its own domestic energy production and reducing dependence on scarce fossil fuels. The global need to shift towards a sustainable source of energy has led to the discovery of third and fourth generation biofuels, in which microalgae and their genetically modified strains have been exploited. However, these simple photosynthetic organisms are difficult to select and cultivate for the production of biodiesel. Genetic engineering has opened provisions for the introduction of desired traits to such useful strains. There are also scopes for designing of novel photobioreactors (PBRs) having strain-specific physicochemical parameters, adequate CO2 and nutrient supply, and so on. The role of microalgae in CO2 sequestration from the environment is well known fact. Wastewater treatment plants can be used a raceway pond for the microalgal biomass production, and thus, obtained biomass can be used for biofuels and biochemical production. Mathematical modelling can be used to understand the complex phenomena inside the photobioreactor, which can be a great help to overcome the limitations related to design and scale up of PBRs. Flow hydrodynamics in PBRs has significant effect on the microalgae growth. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to study operating and geometry factors in PBRs that influence the flow dynamics, such as the inlet gas flow rate, mixing, mass transfer, reactor geometry. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) particularly artificial neural network model (ANN model), statistical and evolutionary learning-based techniques are some innovative approaches in manipulating and optimizing productivity and costs in algal biofuel production. This book is aimed to bring several aspects of algal biorefinery and microalgal biofuel production, challenges, and future perspective of microalgal biofuel production at a single place.
The Science of Algal Fuels by Richard Gordon,Joseph Seckbach Pdf
This volume, The Science of Algal Fuels (volume 25 of COLE), contains 26 chapters dealing with biofuels contributed by experts from numerous countries and covers several aspects of algal products, one being “oilgae from algae,” mainly oils and fuels for engines. Among the prominent algal groups that participate in this process are the diatoms and green algae (Chlorophyceae). Their metabolism and breeding play an important role in biomass and extraction of crude oil and algal fuel. There is a strong relation between solar energy influencing algal culture and the photobiology of lipid metabolism. Currently, many international meetings and conferences on biofuel are taking place in many countries, and several new books and proceedings of conferences have appeared on this topic. All this indicates that this field is “hot” and in the forefront of applied bioscience.
Bioenergy and Environmental Biotechnology for Sustainable Development by Akinola Rasheed Popoola,Emeka Godfrey Nwoba,James Chukwuma Ogbonna,Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji,Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu,Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim,Benjamin Ewa Ubi Pdf
Emphasizes recent advances in bioremediation techniques towards environmental sustainability Provides detailed information on how to harness indigenous bio-resources including microorganisms as bioenhancement agents for environmental remediation Introduces new frontiers in the area of waste water treatment using microalgae important for sustainability and water safety Reviews biotechniques that could enhance higher level of sustainability in heavily polluted environment as well as provides intelligent monitoring system for waste recycling and environmental remediation, and fostering a low-carbon renewable energy based bioeconomy. Discusses the need for review of existing guidelines on chlorine disinfectant usage for enhanced water quality
This book focuses on the importance of Algae biofuels. It highlights the various tools and technique that are used in the process of extraction of the biofuels from algae. The book is divided into eight chapters which deal with the Algal biofuel source, extraction process, and their uses in the market. Algae have been used commercially for decades, but not for the production of biofuels. Several factors are driving the search for renewed fuel. The consortium of oil depletion, desired dependable energy, the need for carbon neutral renewable fuels can be produced without comprising on the environmental health. The first chapter of the book provides a comprehensive introduction of the algal biofuels. It also introduces us to the tools and protocols being used for the sustainable development of biofuelsderived from algae. It further highlights the concept of life cycle assessment for algal biofuels and presents different studies approaches in regards to the production of biofuels from algae.The next chapter discusses various pathways that can be adapted for the production of biofuels. It explains all the steps that are necessary to process algae into biofuels. It also introduces and compares various cultivation systems that can be employed to process algal biomass in to fuels followed by the extraction and harvesting techniques for the collection of bio-fuels. Third chapter in this book talks about the resources inputs (such as water, soil, energy, nutrients) that are requiredfor the production of algal biofuels. algal biofuels. In addition to that, it provides suggestions on how to choose the best algae to maximize the production of bio-fuel. It also presents the concepts of algal farms and artificial rainforests. The ideas are well supported and are based on the recent studies for the production of biofuel at commercial level. The production of algae bio-fuels is technically feasible in a number of ways; and economically and environmentally seems to become a viable substitute for petroleum fuels. The fourth chapter of this book provides a comprehensive explanation of the various environmental impacts of algal bio-fuels including but not limited to the water and air quality, aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. The concept of social acceptability of genetically engineered organisms and their impacts environment and its inhabitants have also been discussed.Chapter five of this bookdemonstratesalgae oils as fuels. The chapter provides a mechanistic approach towards the synthesis of bio-fuels starting from raw material. It provide a comprehensive guide towards the biochemistry for lipid synthesis, substrates requirements for micro algae growth, micro-algal cultivation, followed by trans-esterification techniques towards the preparation of bio-fuels. At the end of this chapter algal fuel properties were also discussed. Sixth chapter of this book focuses on algal biomass harvesting. It starts with stability and separability characteristics of microalgae. These two characteristics greatly affect the decision to choose on a particular harvesting technology and its performance. Various harvesting methods in use have been discussed in detail. The last part of this chapter explains the importance of bioremediation as the process does not involve the use of any chemical and allows the wastes to be recycled into useful product. Chapter seven of this book deals will economic production issues related to the bio-fuels. It presents various methodologies for the cost analysis of algal biofuel production.The last chapter of this talks about the next generation of bioalgal fuels for example green fuel from green algae. It also presents some data and information about the companies that are making biofuels from algae. Hence, the book highlights methodological challenges, recent advances and opportunities towards the production of algal biofuels. The book would be of particular interest to the graduate and the post graduate students and researchers of Applied Biology, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry and Chemical Engineering, working on algae biofuels.