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A unique, practical manual for identifying and analyzing item bias in standardized tests. Osterlind discusses five strategies for detecting bias: analysis of variance, transformed item difficulties, chi square, item characteristic curve, and distractor response. He covers specific hypotheses under test for each technique, as well as the capabilities and limitations of each strategy.
Methods for Identifying Biased Test Items by Gregory Camilli,Lorrie A. Shepard Pdf
In this book, the authors provide a cogent review of statistical and interpretive procedures that, in combination, can be used to reduce the likelihood that tests contain items that favor members of one gender, age, racial, or ethnic group over equally able members of another group, for reasons that are unrelated to the objectives and purposes of measurement. Such test items are said to be biased against the equally able members of the group that is not favored. The methods described and illustrated in this book have the potential to reducing the incidence of tests that are, in their construction, biased against members of one or more groups. These methods have the potential of controlling an important source of invalidity when test results are interpreted.
Bias in Mental Testing by Arthur Robert Jensen Pdf
Illuminating detailed methods for assessing bias in commonly used I.Q., aptitude, and achievement tests, Jensen argues that standardized tests are not biased against Englishspeaking minority groups and describes the uses of such tests in education and employment.
Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research by Alex C. Michalos Pdf
The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide a comprehensive reference work on scientific and other scholarly research on the quality of life, including health-related quality of life research or also called patient-reported outcomes research. Since the 1960s two overlapping but fairly distinct research communities and traditions have developed concerning ideas about the quality of life, individually and collectively, one with a fairly narrow focus on health-related issues and one with a quite broad focus. In many ways, the central issues of these fields have roots extending to the observations and speculations of ancient philosophers, creating a continuous exploration by diverse explorers in diverse historic and cultural circumstances over several centuries of the qualities of human existence. What we have not had so far is a single, multidimensional reference work connecting the most salient and important contributions to the relevant fields. Entries are organized alphabetically and cover basic concepts, relatively well established facts, lawlike and causal relations, theories, methods, standardized tests, biographic entries on significant figures, organizational profiles, indicators and indexes of qualities of individuals and of communities of diverse sizes, including rural areas, towns, cities, counties, provinces, states, regions, countries and groups of countries.
Institute of Medicine,Board on the Health of Select Populations,Committee on Psychological Testing, Including Validity Testing, for Social Security Administration Disability Determinations
Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on the Health of Select Populations,Committee on Psychological Testing, Including Validity Testing, for Social Security Administration Disability Determinations Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 246 pages File Size : 55,7 Mb Release : 2015-06-29 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309370936
Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination by Institute of Medicine,Board on the Health of Select Populations,Committee on Psychological Testing, Including Validity Testing, for Social Security Administration Disability Determinations Pdf
The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two disability programs: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), for disabled individuals, and their dependent family members, who have worked and contributed to the Social Security trust funds, and Supplemental Security Income (SSSI), which is a means-tested program based on income and financial assets for adults aged 65 years or older and disabled adults and children. Both programs require that claimants have a disability and meet specific medical criteria in order to qualify for benefits. SSA establishes the presence of a medically-determined impairment in individuals with mental disorders other than intellectual disability through the use of standard diagnostic criteria, which include symptoms and signs. These impairments are established largely on reports of signs and symptoms of impairment and functional limitation. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination considers the use of psychological tests in evaluating disability claims submitted to the SSA. This report critically reviews selected psychological tests, including symptom validity tests, that could contribute to SSA disability determinations. The report discusses the possible uses of such tests and their contribution to disability determinations. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination discusses testing norms, qualifications for administration of tests, administration of tests, and reporting results. The recommendations of this report will help SSA improve the consistency and accuracy of disability determination in certain cases.
Perspectives on Bias in Mental Testing by Cecil Reynolds Pdf
The cultural-test-bias hypothesis is one of the most important scien tific questions facing psychology today. Briefly, the cultural-test-bias hypothesis contends that all observed group differences in mental test scores are due to a built-in cultural bias of the tests themselves; that is, group score differences are an artifact of current psychomet ric methodology. If the cultural-test-bias hypothesis is ultimately shown to be correct, then the 100 years or so of psychological research on human differences (or differential psychology, the sci entific discipline underlying all applied areas of human psychology including clinical, counseling, school, and industrial psychology) must be reexamined and perhaps dismissed as confounded, contam inated, or otherwise artifactual. In order to continue its existence as a scientific discipline, psychology must confront the cultural-test-bias hypothesis from the solid foundations of data and theory and must not allow the resolution of this issue to occur solely within (and to be determined by) the political Zeitgeist of the times or any singular work, no matter how comprehensive. In his recent volume Bias in Mental Testing (New York: Free Press, 1980), Arthur Jensen provided a thorough review of most of the empirical research relevant to the evaluation of cultural bias in psychological and educational tests that was available at the time that his book was prepared. Nevertheless, Jensen presented only one per spective on those issues in a volume intended not only for the sci entific community but for intelligent laypeople as well.
Differential Item Functioning by Paul W. Holland,Howard Wainer Pdf
Test fairness is a moral imperative for both the makers and the users of tests. This book focuses on methods for detecting test items that function differently for different groups of examinees and on using this information to improve tests. Of interest to all testing and measurement specialists, it examines modern techniques used routinely to insure test fairness. Three of these relevant to the book's contents are: * detailed reviews of test items by subject matter experts and members of the major subgroups in society (gender, ethnic, and linguistic) that will be represented in the examinee population * comparisons of the predictive validity of the test done separately for each one of the major subgroups of examinees * extensive statistical analyses of the relative performance of major subgroups of examinees on individual test items.
Sources of item bias located in characteristics of the test item were studied in a reasoning test developed in South Africa. Subjects were 1,056 White, 1,063 Indian, and 1,093 Black students from standard 7 in Afrikaans and English schools. Format and content of the 85-item Reasoning Test were manipulated to obtain information about bias or differential group achievement. Bias indices were calculated by the Scheuneman technique and the three-parameter logistical model. The Junior Aptitude Tests, the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, and a biographical questionnaire were used, along with the Reasoning Test, in this investigation. Results suggest a distinction between true and apparent item bias. True item bias included aspects such as language factors, overly attractive distractors, and a lack of the knowledge and concepts that are usually acquired informally. Apparent bias--a feature of the examinee's test behavior rather than of the item--was indicated as a tendency to use associative, rather than conceptual similarity in classification, selective attention, and an insufficiently logical approach. Findings also suggest that: (1) items in which a statement was made functioned less well than did other types; (2) story-type items led to poor performance; (3) sayings were not suitable open item types; (4) figures were superior to language in terms of content; (5) figural analogies were superior to verbal analogies; (6) series were better than analogies in terms of format; and (7) syllogisms were not suitable item types. Twenty-seven tables and one figure contain study data. (SLD)
Psychological Testing by George Domino,Marla L. Domino Pdf
This book is an introductory text to the field of psychological testing primarily suitable for undergraduate students in psychology, education, business, and related fields. This book will also be of interest to graduate students who have not had a prior exposure to psychological testing and to professionals such as lawyers who need to consult a useful source. Psychological Testing is clearly written, well-organized, comprehensive, and replete with illustrative materials. In addition to the basic topics, the text covers in detail topics that are often neglected by other texts such as cross-cultural testing, the issue of faking tests, the impact of computers and the use of tests to assess positive behaviors such as creativity.
