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Axons and Brain Architecture by Kathleen Rockland Pdf
Several excellent monographs exist which deal with axons. These, however, focus either on the cellular and molecular biology of axons proper or on network organization of connections, the latter with only an incidental or abstract reference to axons per se. Still relatively neglected, however, is the middle ground of terminations and trajectories of single axons in the mammalian central nervous system. This middle level of connectivity, between networks on the one hand and local, in vitro investigations on the other, is to some extent represented by retrograde tracer studies and labeled neurons, but there have so far been many fewer of the complementary anterograde studies, with total visualization of the axonal arborization. The present volume brings together in one source an interrelated treatment of single axons from the perspective of microcircuitry and as substrates of larger scale organization (tractography). Especially for the former area - axons in microcircuitry - an abundance of published data exists, but these are typically in specialty journals that are not often accessed by the broader community. By highlighting and unifying the span from microcircuitry to tractography, the proposed volume serves as a convenient reference source and in addition inspires further interactions between what currently tend to be separate communities. The volume also redresses the imbalance between in vitro/local connectivity and long-distance connections. Focusing on mammalian systems, Part 1 of this book is devoted to anatomical investigations of connections at the single axon level, drawing on modern techniques and classical methods from the 1990s. A particular emphasis is on broad coverage of cortical and subcortical connections from different species, so that common patterns of divergence, convergence, and collateralization can be easily appreciated. Part 2 addresses mechanisms of axon guidance, as these seem particularly relevant to pathways and branching patterns. Part 3 covers axon dynamics and functional aspects; and Part 4 focuses on tractography, notably including comparisons between histological substrates and imaging.
The Axon by Stephen G. Waxman,Jeffery D. Kocsis,Peter K. Stys Pdf
The axon, interposed between the cell body and the synaptic terminals in most neurons, plays a crucial role in connecting neurons and acting as a conduit for the transmission of information between them. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compendium that brings together chapterson the structure, function, and pathophysiology of axons in both the PNS and CNS. Carefully written, well-illustrated with superb illustrations, and generously referenced, the 33 chapters and introduction have been authored by 49 world-renowned authorities. Recent advances in the molecularneurobiology of axons are carefully reviewed, and new areas, such as the molecular biology of ion channels and myelination, the role of calcium in pathophysiology and regeneration, cell adhesion molecules and their roles in axo-glial interactions and axonal guidance, and optical recording methods,are highlighted. This book will provide an essential reference for neuroscientists as well as clinicians such as neurologists, neurosurgeons, and clinical electrophysiologists interested in axons.
In this, the post-genomic age, our knowledge of biological systems continues to expand and progress. As the research becomes more focused, so too does the data. Genomic research progresses to proteomics and brings us to a deeper understanding of the behavior and function of protein clusters. And now proteomics gives way to neuroproteomics as we begin to unravel the complex mysteries of neurological diseases that less than a generation ago seemed opaque to our inquiries, if not altogether intractable. Edited by Dr. Oscar Alzate, Neuroproteomics is the newest volume in the CRC Press Frontiers of Neuroscience Series. With an extensive background in mathematics and physics, Dr. Alzate exemplifies the newest generation of biological systems researchers. He organizes research and data contributed from all across the world to present an overview of neuroproteomics that is practical and progressive. Bolstered by each new discovery, researchers employing multiple methods of inquiry gain a deeper understanding of the key biological problems related to brain function, brain structure, and the complexity of the nervous system. This in turn is leading to new understanding about diseases of neurological deficit such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Approaches discussed in the book include mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, chromatography, surface plasmon resonance, protein arrays, immunoblotting, computational proteomics, and molecular imaging. Writing about their own work, leading researchers detail the principles, approaches, and difficulties of the various techniques, demonstrating the questions that neuroproteomics can answer and those it raises. New challenges wait, not the least of which is the identification of potential methods to regulate the structures and functions of key protein interaction networks. Ultimately, those building on the foundation presented here will advance our understanding of the brain and show us ways to abate the suffering caused by neurological and mental diseases.
National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,Sandra Ackerman
Author : National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,Sandra Ackerman Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 195 pages File Size : 41,7 Mb Release : 1992-01-01 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309045292
Discovering the Brain by National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,Sandra Ackerman Pdf
The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."
The Neuronal Cytoskeleton, Motor Proteins, and Organelle Trafficking in the Axon by Anonim Pdf
The Neuronal Cytoskeleton, Motor Proteins, and Organelle Trafficking in the Axon, a new volume in the Methods in Cell Biology series continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume covers research methods in neuronal cells, and includes sections on such topics as actin transport in axons and neurofilament transport. Covers an increasingly appreciated field in cell biology Includes both established and new technologies Contributed by experts in the field
Recent years have witnessed striking advances in research on axons at a cellular level that substantially impact our current understanding of axonal biology. Newer findings and their ramifications are critically reviewed in the 16 chapters of this volume by authors highly qualified by virtue of their scientific contributions to research areas they know and write about. Five basic areas (I to V) germane to axonal biology are highlighted, beginning with (I) signaling interactions mediating myelination, and differentiation of axonal membrane domains; (IIa) issues surrounding organization and transport dynamics of neurofilaments in axons, (IIb) mechanisms regulating microtubule organization and dynamics, misregulation of which causes axonal degeneration, and (IIc) the roles actin binding proteins play in regulating organization and functions of the actin filament system in mature and growing axons; (IIIa) myosin motor proteins and cargoes intrinsic to the axon compartment, (IIIb) mitochondrial transport motors, and imperatives governing transport dynamics and directional delivery, (IIIc) mechanisms mediating retrograde signaling associated with NGF’s role in trophic-dependent neuronal survival, and (IIId) potential for impaired subcellular targeting of a -synuclein as a mechanism for accumulation of Lewy body inclusions in synucleinopathies; (IVa) occurrence and organization of discrete ribosome-containing domains in axons, (IVb) endogenous mRNAs, classes of proteins translated locally, and RNP trafficking in axons, (IVc) importance of locally synthesized nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins for maintenance, function and survival of axons, (IVd) occurrence of RNA trafficking from glial cells to axons, and significance glial RNA transcripts may play in expression in axons and axon terminals, (IVe) RNA trafficking and localization of RNA transcripts in axonal growth cones, and signaling pathways that modulate local protein synthesis for directional elongation, and (IVf) genetic and molecular defects underlying spinal muscular atrophy, and roles that SMN gene product plays as a molecular chaperone in mRNA transport and translation; (Va) injury-induced local synthesis of a protein forming a retrograde signaling complex in axons to stimulate regeneration, and (Vb) endogenous and exogenous factors that condition axonal regenerative capacity in PNS and CNS, including injury-induced activation of specific genes governing regeneration. Emergent complexities revealed in this volume compel a major revision in the traditional conceptual model of the axon’s intrinsic makeup and capacities.
Neurobiology of the Axon in Health and Disease by Maren Engelhardt,Vann Bennett Pdf
Ever since Santiago Ramón y Cajal sketched his captivating panels of the microscopic structure of the brain with its vast diversity of neuronal morphology over a century ago, scientists have been drawn to this seemingly chaotic network of neurites and processes to uncover how structure relates to function. During the course of a century, we have moved from merely describing neuronal and glial morphology to furthering our understanding of such intricate processes as organelle and factor transport, cellular compartmentalization, neuronal polarity, cytoskeleton dynamics, neurite pathfinding, and the impact of pathophysiological insult on these structures and events. Yet to this day, and likely for the foreseeable future, much work remains to be done to fully grasp the exceptional role of neurites for the function of larger neuronal ensembles and networks. While the somatodendritic domain of neurons has been in the focus of attention for many years, mostly because of its great dynamic remodeling capacity during events of plasticity (e.g. learning), the axonal domain has somehow remained in the background despite the fact that especially recent comprehensive studies from various fields of research underline the axon’s contribution to dynamic plasticity processes. Consequently, this Research Topic focuses on the many exciting aspects of axonal neurobiology – ranging from membrane composition and molecular determination during development to axonal domain specialization and physiology in health and disease. In Chapter 1 “Axons in the PNS”, Bombeiro et al. use immunodeficient mice to study the role of lymphocytes during the regeneration of peripheral nerves, showing that the modulation of immune responses after injury can be an efficient approach to enhance nerve regeneration in the PNS. Using a DRG model, Berbusse et al. identify the onset of damage to mitochondrial structure and dynamics as a key event during early axon degeneration and provide evidence that Nmnat1, a member of the family of nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferases, can have protective effects by preserving normal mitochondrial integrity and dynamics. In another study of PNS nerve regeneration, Law et al. use proteomics approaches via Mass Spectrometry to provide evidence that rosovitine, a synthetic purine nucleoside analog, can successfully promote PNS axon regeneration. In Chapter 2 “Axonal development in the central nervous system”, Yoshimura et al. analyze specialized axonal domains, namely the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier, with regards to their expression profiles of the major scaffolding protein ßIV-spectrin. Super resolution microscopy reveals a potential developmental switch of spectrin isoforms at both axonal domains. In a related study, also using super resolution microscopy, Leterrier et al. examine a potential reciprocal role of membrane partners in ankyrin-G targeting and stabilization at the axonal membrane during development. The authors demonstrate a tight and precocious association of ankyrin-G with its membrane partners. Höfflin et al. address the question of axon initial segment morphology across different cell classes in cortical organotypic slice cultures and find a surprising heterogeneity especially between pyramidal cells and interneurons in primary visual cortex. In a major step towards establishing a successful live label of the axon initial segment, Dumitrescu et al. report the development of a genetically-encoded construct consisting of a voltage-gated sodium channel intracellular domain fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-NaVII-III). Nelson and Jenkins then provide a comprehensive Review article on the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier with a special focus on the various scaffolding protein isoforms and their role in human disease. In Chapter 3 “Axonal physiology and plasticity”, Nikitin et al. investigate fast onset dynamics of action potentials during neuronal development in vitro, showing that encoding of high frequencies improves upon culture maturation, accompanied by the development of passive electrophysiological properties and action potential generation. Using pharmacological and RNA interference approaches, Tapia et al. provide evidence that cannabinoid receptors and their ligands can modulate dendritic morphology and thus, indirectly, also affect ankyrin-G accumulation at the axon initial segment. A Mini Review by Zbili et al. discusses the potential impact of subthreshold changes in presynaptic membrane potential before action potential initiation on neurotransmitter release, and which significant impact such mechanisms could have on information processing in neuronal circuits. Yamada and Kuba close this chapter with a Mini Review on axon initial segment plasticity with a particular focus on ion channels and the biophysics of excitability. In Chapter 4 “Axon degeneration and regeneration”, Hamada et al. investigate the often overlooked question to which extent myelin loss affects action potential propagation along distal branch points and axon collaterals. Using the cuprizone demyelination model and optical voltage-sensitive dye imaging, the authors uncover functional consequences of demyelination that reach well beyond the main axon. In a model of mild traumatic brain injury, Vascak et al. demonstrate complex aspects of this injury type on neocortical circuit function, including changes in inhibitory perisomatic input and axon initial segment-driven output in affected layer V neurons. In a Mini Review, Grosch et al. discuss recent advances in the field of Parkinson’s disease with a focus on early degeneration in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons of the basal ganglia. The last two articles cover the topic of axonal regeneration. Li et al. investigate the role of activated astrocytes in spinal cord lesion and how their functional downregulation via an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission, Mdivi-1, could potentially have positive impact on lesion scar formation and axonal regeneration. In a final Review, Liu et al. highlight recent advances in the development of biomaterial scaffolds and cell transplantation strategies to combine two promising therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury.
Hands-On Cloud-Native Microservices with Jakarta EE by Luigi Fugaro,Mauro Vocale Pdf
Discover how cloud-native microservice architecture helps you to build dynamically scalable applications by using the most widely used and adopted runtime environments Key FeaturesBuild robust cloud-native applications using a variety of toolsUnderstand how to configure both Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Docker clouds for high availabilityExplore common design patterns used in building and deploying microservices architecture.Book Description Businesses today are evolving rapidly, and developers now face the challenge of building applications that are resilient, flexible, and native to the cloud. To achieve this, you'll need to be aware of the environment, tools, and resources that you're coding against. The book will begin by introducing you to cloud-native architecture and simplifying the major concepts. You'll learn to build microservices in Jakarta EE using MicroProfile with Thorntail and Narayana LRA. You'll then delve into cloud-native application x-rays, understanding the MicroProfile specification and the implementation/testing of microservices. As you progress further, you'll focus on continuous integration and continuous delivery, in addition to learning how to dockerize your services. You'll also cover concepts and techniques relating to security, monitoring, and troubleshooting problems that might occur with applications after you've written them. By the end of this book, you will be equipped with the skills you need to build highly resilient applications using cloud-native microservice architecture. What you will learnIntegrate reactive principles in MicroProfile microservices architectureExplore the 12-factors-app paradigm and its implicationsGet the best out of Java versions 8 and 9 to implement a microservice based on ThorntailUnderstand what OpenShift is and why it is so important for an elastic architectureBuild a Linux container image using Docker and scale the application using KubernetesImplement various patterns such as, Circuit Breaker and bulkheadsGet to grips with the DevOps methodology using continuous integration (CI) and continuous deployment (CD)Who this book is for This book is for developers with basic knowledge of Java EE and HTTP-based application principles who want to learn how to build, test and scale Java EE microservices. No prior experience of writing microservices in Java EE is required.
Michael E. Selzer,Stephanie Clarke,Leonardo G. Cohen,Gert Kwakkel (Professor),Robert H. Miller (Professor)
Author : Michael E. Selzer,Stephanie Clarke,Leonardo G. Cohen,Gert Kwakkel (Professor),Robert H. Miller (Professor) Publisher : Cambridge University Press Page : 693 pages File Size : 54,7 Mb Release : 2014 Category : Nervous system ISBN : 9781107011670
Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation by Michael E. Selzer,Stephanie Clarke,Leonardo G. Cohen,Gert Kwakkel (Professor),Robert H. Miller (Professor) Pdf
In two freestanding volumes, the Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation provides comprehensive coverage of the science and practice of neurological rehabilitation. Revised throughout, bringing the book fully up to date, this volume, Neural Repair and Plasticity, covers the basic sciences relevant to recovery of function following injury to the nervous system, reviewing anatomical and physiological plasticity in the normal central nervous system, mechanisms of neuronal death, axonal regeneration, stem cell biology, and research strategies targeted at axon regeneration and neuron replacement. New chapters have been added covering pathophysiology and plasticity in cerebral palsy, stem cell therapies for brain disorders and neurotrophin repair of spinal cord damage, along with numerous others. Edited and written by leading international authorities, it is an essential resource for neuroscientists and provides a foundation for the work of clinical rehabilitation professionals.
This book is a collection of classical as well as innovative methods used to investigate axon degeneration with a particular focus on addressing the common challenges encountered while performing these procedures. Particular attention is devoted to the study of axon loss in several model organisms, as each poses unique challenges and provides powerful advantages. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Axon Degeneration: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for facilitating the application and further development of these protocols, which will help the scientific community tackle important questions regarding axon degeneration. Chapters 2, 3, and 20 are available Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young
Author : J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young Publisher : Unknown Page : 0 pages File Size : 49,5 Mb Release : 2013-04-25 Category : Electronic ISBN : 1947172808
Anatomy and Physiology by J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young Pdf
Basic Neurochemistry by Scott Brady,George Siegel,R. Wayne Albers,Donald Price Pdf
Basic Neurochemistry: Principles of Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Neurobiology, the outstanding and comprehensive classic text on neurochemistry, is now newly updated and revised in its Eighth Edition. For more than forty years, this text has been the worldwide standard for information on the biochemistry of the nervous system, serving as a resource for postgraduate trainees and teachers in neurology, psychiatry, and basic neuroscience, as well as for medical, graduate, and postgraduate students and instructors in the neurosciences. The text has evolved, as intended, with the science. It is also an excellent source of current information on basic biochemical and cellular processes in brain function and neurological diseases for continuing medical education and qualifying examinations. This text continues to be the standard reference and textbook for exploring the translational nature of neuroscience, bringing basic and clinical neuroscience together in one authoritative volume. Our book title reflects the expanded attention to these links between neurochemistry and neurologic disease. This new edition continues to cover the basics of neurochemistry as in the earlier editions, along with expanded and additional coverage of new research from: Intracellular trafficking; Stem cells, adult neurogenesis, regeneration; Lipid messengers; Expanded coverage of all major neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders; Neurochemistry of addiction; Neurochemistry of pain; Neurochemistry of hearing and balance; Neurobiology of learning and memory; Sleep; Myelin structure, development, and disease; Autism; and Neuroimmunology. Completely updated text with new authors and material, and many entirely new chapters Over 400 fully revised figures in splendid color 61 chapters covering the range of cellular, molecular and medical neuroscience Translational science boxes emphasizing the connections between basic and clinical neuroscience Companion website at http://elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780123749475
Axon Neurobiology: Fine-Scale Dynamics of Microstructure and Function by Haruyuki Kamiya,Dominique Debanne Pdf
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
