The Body And Military Masculinity In Late Qing And Early Republican China

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The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China

Nicolas Schillinger
The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China Book PDF

Author : Nicolas Schillinger
Publisher : Lexington Books
Page : 429 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2016-12-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9781498531696

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The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China by Nicolas Schillinger Pdf

In 1894–1895, after suffering defeat against Japan in a war primarily fought over the control of Korea, the Qing government initiated fundamental military reforms and established “New Armies“ modeled after the German and Japanese military. Besides reorganizing the structure of the army and improving military training, the goal was to overcome the alleged physical weakness and lack of martial spirit attributed to Chinese soldiers in particular and to Chinese men in general. Intellectuals, government officials, and military circles criticized the pacifist and civil orientation of Chinese culture, which had resulted in a negative attitude towards its armed forces and martial values throughout society and a lack of interest in martial deeds, glory on the battlefield, and military achievements among men. The book examines the cultivation of new soldiers, officers, and civilians through new techniques intended to discipline their bodies and reconfigure their identities as military men and citizens. The book shows how the establishment of German-style “New Armies” in China between 1895 and 1916 led to the re‐creation of a militarized version of masculinity that stressed physical strength, discipline, professionalism, martial spirit, and “Western” military appearance and conduct. Although the military reforms did not prevent the downfall of the Qing Dynasty or provide stable military clout to subsequent regimes, they left a lasting legacy by reconfiguring Chinese military culture and re‐creating military masculinity and the image of men in China.

The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945

Yan Xu
The Soldier Image and State Building in Modern China 1924 1945 Book PDF

Author : Yan Xu
Publisher : Asia in the New Millennium
Page : 258 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : History
ISBN : 0813176743

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The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945 by Yan Xu Pdf

"The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945 is the first study in English to explore the ways in which the figure of the soldier was employed to advance the ideological and cultural agendas of a variety of citizen groups during the first half of the twentieth century in China. Government authorities, cadets at the Whampoa Military Academy (the "West Point of China"), elites, urban professionals, intellectuals, activists, writers and students resisted, collaborated with, or questioned the heroic ideal of the soldier promoted by the Nationalist government. Author Yan Xu casts a wide net, examining military training records, political propaganda, field reports, newspapers, magazines, government documents, memoirs, and novels. In novels and articles, women and teachers worked against the heroic ideal without openly challenging the military, emphasizing the soldier's suffering, emotional needs, and poor education and thereby promoting their own importance as caretakers and educators. Students and young people urged enlistment and idealized the warrior-hero, but also managed to effectively criticize the government by organizing soldier relief work to combat government corruption. Xu demonstrates how the CCP's strategy of building bonds between soldiers and peasants and humanizing heroes was ultimately a more successful political strategy than the GMD's approach of elevating soldiers as model citizens"--

The Phony Reformer

Anonim
The Phony Reformer Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 181 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2018-06-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781538112410

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The Phony Reformer by Anonim Pdf

This engaging translation presents an authentic period document that reflects aspects of Chinese life and society as seen through a contemporary's eyes. Portraying a "phony" reformer who rode the tide of the Qing court's post-Boxer reform initiatives to career success and personal wealth, this satire conveys the author's hope for a new, improved China, one that could stand proudly alongside Western nations and Meiji Japan in the modern world. His vivid descriptions of various situations shed light on late Qing elite behavior and Chinese foreign relations capture the clash between tradition and modernity, the old and new, as educated Chinese stood at a cultural and political crossroads.

Making China Modern

Klaus Mühlhahn
Making China Modern Book PDF

Author : Klaus Mühlhahn
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 400 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2019-01-14
Category : History
ISBN : 9780674916074

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Making China Modern by Klaus Mühlhahn Pdf

“Chronicles reforms, revolutions, and wars through the lens of institutions, often rebutting Western impressions...[And] warns against thinking of China’s economic success as proof of a unique path without contextualizing it in historical specifics.” —New Yorker “This thoughtful, probing interpretation is a worthy successor to the famous histories of Fairbank and Spence and will be read by all students and scholars of modern China.” —William C. Kirby, coauthor of Can China Lead? It is tempting to attribute the rise of China’s to recent changes in political leadership and economic policy. But China has had a long history of creative adaptation and it would be a mistake to think that its current trajectory began with Deng Xiaoping. In the mid-eighteenth century, when the Qing Empire reached the height of its power, China dominated a third of the world’s population. Then, as the Opium Wars threatened the nation’s sovereignty and the Taiping Rebellion ripped the country apart, China found itself verging on free fall. In the twentieth century China managed a surprising recovery, rapidly undergoing profound economic and social change, buttressed by technological progress. A dynamic story of crisis and recovery, failures and triumphs, Making China Modern explores the versatility and resourcefulness that has guaranteed China’s survival in the past, and is now fueling its future.

China's Borderlands under the Qing, 1644–1912

Daniel McMahon
China s Borderlands under the Qing 1644 1912 Book PDF

Author : Daniel McMahon
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2020-12-30
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781000343458

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China's Borderlands under the Qing, 1644–1912 by Daniel McMahon Pdf

This book explores new directions in the study of China’s borderlands. In addition to assessing the influential perspectives of other historians, it engages innovative approaches in the author’s own research. These studies probe regional accommodations, the intersections of borderland management, martial fortification, and imperial culture, as well as the role of governmental discourse in defining and preserving restive boundary regions. As the issue of China’s management of its borderlands grows more pressing, the work presents key information and insights into how that nation’s contested fringes have been governed in the past.

The History of Physical Culture in Ireland

Conor Heffernan
The History of Physical Culture in Ireland Book PDF

Author : Conor Heffernan
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2021-01-24
Category : History
ISBN : 9783030637279

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The History of Physical Culture in Ireland by Conor Heffernan Pdf

This book is the first to deal with physical culture in an Irish context, covering educational, martial and recreational histories. Deemed by many to be a precursor to the modern interest in health and gym cultures, physical culture was a late nineteenth and early twentieth century interest in personal health which spanned national and transnational histories. It encompassed gymnasiums, homes, classrooms, depots and military barracks. Prior to this work, physical culture’s emergence in Ireland has not received thorough academic attention. Addressing issues of gender, childhood, nationalism, and commerce, this book is unique within an Irish context in studying an Irish manifestation of a global phenomenon. Tracing four decades of Irish history, the work also examines the influence of foreign fitness entrepreneurs in Ireland and contrasts them with their Irish counterparts.

Mastery of Words and Swords

Jun Lei
Mastery of Words and Swords Book PDF

Author : Jun Lei
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
Page : 233 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2021-11-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9789888528745

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Mastery of Words and Swords by Jun Lei Pdf

The crisis of masculinity surfaced and converged with the crisis of the nation in the late Qing, after the doors of China were forced open by Opium Wars. The power of physical aggression increasingly overshadowed literary attainments and became a new imperative of male honor in the late Qing and early Republican China. Afflicted with anxiety and indignation about their increasingly effeminate image as perceived by Western colonial powers, Chinese intellectuals strategically distanced themselves from the old literati and reassessed their positions vis-à-vis violence. In Mastery of Words and Swords: Negotiating Intellectual Masculinities in Modern China, 1890s–1930s, Jun Lei explores the formation and evolution of modern Chinese intellectual masculinities as constituted in racial, gender, and class discourses mediated by the West and Japan. This book brings to light a new area of interest in the “Man Question” within gender studies in which women have typically been the focus. To fully reveal the evolving masculine models of a “scholar-warrior,” this book employs an innovative methodology that combines theoretical vigor, archival research, and analysis of literary texts and visuals. Situating the changing inter- and intra-gender relations in modern Chinese history and Chinese literary and cultural modernism, the book engages critically with male subjectivity in relation to other pivotal issues such as semi-coloniality, psychoanalysis, modern love, feminism, and urbanization. “Jun Lei’s brilliant book offers a wealth of information and insights on how intellectuals such as Liang Qichao and Lu Xun shaped notions of Chinese masculinity in the tumultuous late Qing and May Fourth periods. Its account of how China’s interactions with the West and Japan impacted ideas of masculinity in modern times is compelling reading.” —Kam Louie, author of Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China and Chinese Masculinities in a Globalizing World “What are political and cultural consequences when a Chinese man looks and behaves like a woman? Jun Lei probes the psychic, intellectual, and nationalist underpinnings of that question. This provocative book offers an engaging story and insightful analyses about how male writers grappled with the effeminate look and strove to revitalize manliness.” —Ban Wan

Discourses of Weakness in Modern China

Iwo Amelung
Discourses of Weakness in Modern China Book PDF

Author : Iwo Amelung
Publisher : Campus Verlag
Page : 587 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2020-06-24
Category : History
ISBN : 9783593438955

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Discourses of Weakness in Modern China by Iwo Amelung Pdf

Die Vorstellung, China sei ein "schwacher Staat", der in einer zunehmend darwinistisch konzipierten Welt nicht konkurrenzfähig sei, beherrschte vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, besonders seit dem verlorenen Krieg gegen Japan (1894/95), bis in die 1930er-Jahre den politischen Diskurs in China selbst wie auch in anderen Ländern der Welt. Der Band zeichnet diese "Untergangsgeschichte" des "kranken Mannes Asiens" nach und hilft somit, das Selbstverständnis und die Identität des heutigen China zu verstehen.

Rebel Men

Pamela Hunt
Rebel Men Book PDF

Author : Pamela Hunt
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2022-05-10
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9789888754052

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Rebel Men by Pamela Hunt Pdf

Masculinity, fast-changing and regularly declared to be in the throes of crisis, is attracting more popular and scholarly debate in China than ever before. At the same time, Chinese literature since 1989 has been characterized as brimming with countercultural ‘attitude’. This book probes the link between literary rebellion and manhood in China, showing how, as male writers critique the outcomes of decades of market reform, they also ask the same question: how best to be a man in the new postsocialist order? In this first full-length discussion of masculinity in post-1989 Chinese literature, Pamela Hunt offers a detailed analysis of four contemporary authors in particular: Zhu Wen, Feng Tang, Xu Zechen, and Han Han. In a series of insightful readings, she explores how all four writers show the same preoccupation with the figure of the man on the edges of society. Drawing on longstanding Chinese and global models of maverick, as well as marginal masculinity, and responding to a desire to retain a measure of masculine authority, their characters all engage in forms of transgression that still rely heavily on heteronormative and patriarchal values. Rebel Men argues that masculinity, so often overlooked in literary analysis of contemporary China, continues to be renegotiated, debated, and agonized over, and is ultimately reconstructed as more powerful than before. ‘An exceptionally lucid, elegant study of masculinity in mainland Chinese fiction of the 1990s and 2000s. Both historically and theoretically informed, Rebel Men: Masculinity and Attitude in Postsocialist Chinese Literature offers a major new perspective on post-1989 Chinese counterculture.’ —Julia Lovell, Birkbeck, University of London

Learning to Rule

Daniel Barish
Learning to Rule Book PDF

Author : Daniel Barish
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2022-02-08
Category : History
ISBN : 9780231554961

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Learning to Rule by Daniel Barish Pdf

In the second half of the nineteenth century, local leaders around the Qing empire attempted to rebuild in the aftermath of domestic rebellion and imperialist aggression. At the same time, the enthronement of a series of children brought the question of reconstruction into the heart of the capital. Chinese scholars, Manchu and Mongolian officials, and writers in the press all competed to have their ideas included in the education of young rulers. Each group hoped to use the power of the emperor—both his functional role within the bureaucracy and his symbolic role as an exemplar for the people—to promote reform. Daniel Barish explores debates surrounding the education of the final three Qing emperors, showing how imperial curricula became proxy battles for divergent visions of how to restabilize the country. He sheds light on the efforts of rival figures, who drew on China’s dynastic history, Manchu traditions, and the statecraft tools of imperial powers as they sought to remake the state. Barish traces how court education reflected arguments over the introduction of Western learning, the fate of the Manchu Way, the place of women in society, notions of constitutionalism, and emergent conceptions of national identity. He emphasizes how changing ideas of education intersected with a push for a renewed imperial center and national unity, helping create a model of rulership for postimperial regimes. Through the lens of the education of young emperors, Learning to Rule develops a new understanding of the late Qing era and the relationship between the monarchy and the nation in modern China.

War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars

Mischa Honeck,James Marten
War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars Book PDF

Author : Mischa Honeck,James Marten
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 311 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2019-02-21
Category : History
ISBN : 9781108478533

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War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars by Mischa Honeck,James Marten Pdf

This innovative book reveals children's experiences and how they became victims and actors during the twentieth century's biggest conflicts.

The Suicide of Miss Xi

Bryna Goodman
The Suicide of Miss Xi Book PDF

Author : Bryna Goodman
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 353 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2021-07-13
Category : History
ISBN : 9780674259133

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The Suicide of Miss Xi by Bryna Goodman Pdf

A suicide scandal in Shanghai reveals the social fault lines of democratic visions in China’s troubled Republic in the early 1920s. On September 8, 1922, the body of Xi Shangzhen was found hanging in the Shanghai newspaper office where she worked. Although her death occurred outside of Chinese jurisdiction, her US-educated employer, Tang Jiezhi, was kidnapped by Chinese authorities and put on trial. In the unfolding scandal, novelists, filmmakers, suffragists, reformers, and even a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party seized upon the case as emblematic of deep social problems. Xi’s family claimed that Tang had pressured her to be his concubine; his conviction instead for financial fraud only stirred further controversy. The creation of a republic ten years earlier had inspired a vision of popular sovereignty and citizenship premised upon gender equality and legal reform. After the quick suppression of the first Chinese parliament, commercial circles took up the banner of democracy in their pursuit of wealth. But, Bryna Goodman shows, the suicide of an educated “new woman” exposed the emptiness of republican democracy after a flash of speculative finance gripped the city. In the shadow of economic crisis, Tang’s trial also exposed the frailty of legal mechanisms in a political landscape fragmented by warlords and enclaves of foreign colonial rule. The Suicide of Miss Xi opens a window onto how urban Chinese in the early twentieth century navigated China’s early passage through democratic populism, in an ill-fated moment of possibility between empire and party dictatorship. Xi Shangzhen became a symbol of the failures of the Chinese Republic as well as the broken promises of citizen’s rights, gender equality, and financial prosperity betokened by liberal democracy and capitalism.

Negotiating Masculinities in Late Imperial China

Martin W. Huang
Negotiating Masculinities in Late Imperial China Book PDF

Author : Martin W. Huang
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2006-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780824828967

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Negotiating Masculinities in Late Imperial China by Martin W. Huang Pdf

Why did traditional Chinese literati so often identify themselves with women in their writing? What can this tell us about how they viewed themselves as men and how they understood masculinity? How did their attitudes in turn shape the martial heroes and other masculine models they constructed? Martin Huang attempts to answer these questions in this valuable work on manhood in late imperial China. He focuses on the ambivalent and often paradoxical role played by women and the feminine in the intricate negotiating process of male gender identity in late imperial cultural discourses. Two common strategies for constructing and negotiating masculinity were adopted in many of the works examined here. The first, what Huang calls the strategy of analogy, constructs masculinity in close association with the feminine; the second, the strategy of differentiation, defines it in sharp contrast to the feminine. In both cases women bear the burden as the defining "other." In this study, "feminine" is a rather broad concept denoting a wide range of gender phenomena associated with women, from the politically and socially destabilizing to the exemplary wives and daughters celebrated in Confucian chastity discourse.

Engineering Trouble: US–Chinese Experiences of Professional Discontent, 1905–1945

Thorben Pelzer
Engineering Trouble US Chinese Experiences of Professional Discontent 1905 1945 Book PDF

Author : Thorben Pelzer
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 293 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2023-07-31
Category : History
ISBN : 9789004549555

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Engineering Trouble: US–Chinese Experiences of Professional Discontent, 1905–1945 by Thorben Pelzer Pdf

In the early twentieth century, the first large batch of Chinese civil engineers had graduated from the USA, and together with their American senior colleagues returned to China. They were enthusiastic about reconstructing the young republic by building new railways, highways, and canals, but what the engineers experienced in China, including mismanaged railways, useless highways, and silted canals, did not always meet their expectations and ideals. In this book, Thorben Pelzer makes the stories of these Chinese and American engineers come to life through exploring previously unpublished letters, rare images, maps, and a rich biographical dataset. He argues that the experiences of these engineers include a myriad of contradictions, disillusionment, and discontent, keeping the engineering profession in a constant flux of searching for its meaning and its place in Republican China.

Children’s Literature and Transnational Knowledge in Modern China

Shih-Wen Sue Chen
Children s Literature and Transnational Knowledge in Modern China Book PDF

Author : Shih-Wen Sue Chen
Publisher : Springer
Page : 251 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2019-04-29
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9789811360831

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Children’s Literature and Transnational Knowledge in Modern China by Shih-Wen Sue Chen Pdf

This book examines the development of Chinese children’s literature from the late Qing to early Republican era. It highlights the transnational flows of knowledge, texts, and cultures during a time when children’s literature in China and the West was developing rapidly. Drawing from a rich archive of periodicals, novels, tracts, primers, and textbooks, the author analyzes how Chinese children’s literature published by Protestant missionaries and Chinese educators in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries presented varying notions of childhood. In this period of dramatic transition from the dynastic Qing empire to the new Republican China, young readers were offered different models of childhood, some of which challenged dominant Confucian ideas of what it meant to be a child. This volume sheds new light on a little-explored aspect of Chinese literary history. Through its contributions to the fields of children’s literature, book history, missionary history, and translation studies, it enhances our understanding of the negotiations between Chinese and Western cultures that shaped the publication and reception of Chinese texts for children.