The Breakdown Of The State In Lebanon 1967 1976

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The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976

Farid El Khazen
The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967 1976 Book PDF

Author : Farid El Khazen
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 441 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2020-12-10
Category : History
ISBN : 9780755603770

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The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976 by Farid El Khazen Pdf

Why did the Lebanese state, the most open and democratic political system in the Middle East, break down between 1967 and 1976? In this major contribution to the debate, Fazel el-Khazen rejects the standard explanations of the Lebanese Civil War and argues instead that the causes were due to the official state ideology, which recognized diversity, dissent and a highly pluralistic population, and then specific external factors: pressures from the Arab-Israeli Conflict, inter-Arab rivalries, and the Palestine Liberation Organization's close connection to Lebanese politics. Using an historical analysis, el-Khazen sheds light on the political situation of the country in the lead up to the conflict and the major role Lebanon's neighbours had in the events. The detailed and comprehensive account uses interviews with the key protagonists in the civil war and analysis of unpublished sources to reveal how and why the breakdown took place.

Spheres of Intervention

James R. Stocker
Spheres of Intervention Book PDF

Author : James R. Stocker
Publisher : Cornell University Press
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781501704147

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Spheres of Intervention by James R. Stocker Pdf

In Spheres of Intervention, James R. Stocker examines the history of diplomatic relations between the United States and Lebanon during a transformational period for Lebanon and a time of dynamic changes in US policy toward the Middle East. Drawing on tens of thousands of pages of declassified materials from US archives and a variety of Arabic and other non-English sources, Stocker provides a new interpretation of Lebanon’s slide into civil war, as well as insight into the strategy behind US diplomatic initiatives toward the Arab-Israeli conflict. During this period, Stocker argues, Lebanon was often a pawn in the games of larger powers. The stability of Lebanon was an aim of US policy at a time when Israel’s borders with Egypt and Jordan were in active contention. Following the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the internal political situation in Lebanon became increasingly unstable due to the regional military and political stalemate, the radicalization of the country’s domestic politics, and the appearance of Palestinian militias on Lebanese territory. US officials were more deeply involved in Lebanese affairs than most outside the region realized. After a series of internal crises in 1969, 1970, and 1973, civil war broke out in Lebanon in 1975. The conflict reached a temporary halt after a Syrian military intervention the following year, but this was only an end to the first stage of what would be a sixteen-year civil war. During these crises, the US sought to help the Lebanese government in a variety of ways, including providing military aid to the Lebanese military, convincing Arab countries to take measures to help the Lebanese government, mediating Lebanon’s relations with Israel, and even supporting certain militias.

Imperfect Strangers

Salim Yaqub
Imperfect Strangers Book PDF

Author : Salim Yaqub
Publisher : Cornell University Press
Page : 464 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2016-08-10
Category : History
ISBN : 9781501706882

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Imperfect Strangers by Salim Yaqub Pdf

In Imperfect Strangers, Salim Yaqub argues that the 1970s were a pivotal decade for U.S.-Arab relations, whether at the upper levels of diplomacy, in street-level interactions, or in the realm of the imagination. In those years, Americans and Arabs came to know each other as never before. With Western Europe’s imperial legacy fading in the Middle East, American commerce and investment spread throughout the Arab world. The United States strengthened its strategic ties to some Arab states, even as it drew closer to Israel. Maneuvering Moscow to the sidelines, Washington placed itself at the center of Arab-Israeli diplomacy. Meanwhile, the rise of international terrorism, the Arab oil embargo and related increases in the price of oil, and expanding immigration from the Middle East forced Americans to pay closer attention to the Arab world. Yaqub combines insights from diplomatic, political, cultural, and immigration history to chronicle the activities of a wide array of American and Arab actors—political leaders, diplomats, warriors, activists, scholars, businesspeople, novelists, and others. He shows that growing interdependence raised hopes for a broad political accommodation between the two societies. Yet a series of disruptions in the second half of the decade thwarted such prospects. Arabs recoiled from a U.S.-brokered peace process that fortified Israel’s occupation of Arab land. Americans grew increasingly resentful of Arab oil pressures, attitudes dovetailing with broader anti-Muslim sentiments aroused by the Iranian hostage crisis. At the same time, elements of the U.S. intelligentsia became more respectful of Arab perspectives as a newly assertive Arab American community emerged into political life. These patterns left a contradictory legacy of estrangement and accommodation that continued in later decades and remains with us today.

Lebanon

Tom Najem
Lebanon Book PDF

Author : Tom Najem
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 172 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2012-03-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9781134479122

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Lebanon by Tom Najem Pdf

Annotation In a time of great political change and unrest in the Middle East, this highly topical text offers a succinct account of the contemporary political environment in Lebanon. Tom Najem provides both a developed understanding of the pre-civil war system and an analysis of how circumstances resulting from the civil war combined with essential pre-war elements to define politics in Lebanon. Systematically exploring Lebanons history, society and politics, the author stresses the importance of the crucial role of external actors in the Lebanese system. The analysis encompasses:the formation of the stateweaknesses and dynamics of the Lebanese statethe civil warpost-war government and changethe Lebanese economyforeign policy. Written in a clear and accessible manner, this book fills a conspicuous gap in the existing academic literature on Lebanon. It will be of interest not only to students of international politics and Middle East studies, but also to anyone travelling in or wanting to learn more about the region.

Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa

Sean Yom
Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa Book PDF

Author : Sean Yom
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 530 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2019-10-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780429756399

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Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa by Sean Yom Pdf

The latest edition of this renowned textbook explores the states and regimes of the Middle East and North Africa. Presenting heavily revised, fully updated chapters contributed by the world’s leading experts, it analyzes the historical trajectory, political institutions, economic development, and foreign policies of the region’s nearly two dozen countries. The volume can be used in conjunction with its sister volume, The Societies of the Middle East and North Africa, for a comprehensive overview of the region. Chapters are organized and structured identically, giving insightful windows into the nuances of each country’s domestic politics and foreign relations. Data tables and extensive annotated bibliographies orient readers towards further research. Whether used in conjunction with its sister volume or on its own, this book provides the most comprehensive and detailed overview of the region’s varied politics. Five new experts cover the critical country cases of Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. All chapters cover the latest events, including trends that have remarkably changed in just a few years like the gradual end of the Syrian civil war. As such, this textbook is invaluable to students of Middle Eastern politics.. The ninth edition brings substantial changes. All chapters also have a uniform, streamlined structure that explores the historical context, social and economic environment, political institutions, regime dynamics, and foreign policy of each country. Fact boxes and political maps are now far more extensive, and photographs and images also help illustrate key points. Annotated bibliographies are vastly expanded, providing nothing short of the best list of research references for each country.

Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon

Samir Khalaf
Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon Book PDF

Author : Samir Khalaf
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 395 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2002-04-18
Category : History
ISBN : 9780231505369

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Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon by Samir Khalaf Pdf

In this long-awaited work, Samir Khalaf analyzes the history of civil strife and political violence in Lebanon and reveals the inherent contradictions that have plagued that country and made it so vulnerable to both inter-Arab and superpower rivalries. How did a fairly peaceful and resourceful society, with an impressive history of viable pluralism, coexistence, and republicanism, become the site of so much barbarism and incivility? Khalaf argues that historically internal grievances have been magnified or deflected to become the source of international conflict. From the beginning, he shows, foreign interventions have consistently exacerbated internal problems. Lebanon's fragmented political culture is a byproduct of two general features. First, it reflects the traditional forces and political conflicts caused by striking differences in religious beliefs and communal and sectarian loyalties that continue to split the society and reinforce its factional character. Second, and superimposed on these, are new forms of socioeconomic and cultural stress caused by Lebanon's role in the continuing international conflicts in the region. Khalaf concludes that Lebanon is now at a crossroads in its process of political and social transformation, and proposes some strategies to re-create a vibrant civil and political culture that can accommodate profound transformations in the internal, domestic sphere as well as mediate developments taking place internationally. Throughout, Khalaf demonstrates how the internal and external currents must be considered simultaneously in order to understand the complex and tragic history of the country. This deeply considered and subtle analysis of the interplay of complex historical forces helps us to imagine a viable future not only for Lebanon but also for the Middle East as a whole.

The Politics of Militant Group Survival in the Middle East

Ora Szekely
The Politics of Militant Group Survival in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Ora Szekely
Publisher : Springer
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2016-11-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783319401416

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The Politics of Militant Group Survival in the Middle East by Ora Szekely Pdf

This book compares the performances of four key non-state actors in the Arab-Israeli conflict ecosystem: the PLO, Hamas, Hizbullah, and Amal. It argues that it is not the assets a militant group has, but rather how it acquired them that matters in explaining the variation in these actors' abilities to militarily resist and politically recover from confrontations with far more powerful adversaries. Groups that rely on marketing campaigns to secure local support and regional patronage do far better than those that rely on coercion or even barter. The book develops a typology of organizations based on their foreign and domestic policies, which has interesting implications for other non-state actors, such as ISIS. It is based on field research in Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the West Bank, Egypt, and Syria, including interviews with members of a range of Lebanese and Palestinian militant groups, as well as politicians, UN staff, journalists, and members of the Jordanian and Israeli armies.

The Middle East

Ellen Lust
The Middle East Book PDF

Author : Ellen Lust
Publisher : CQ Press
Page : 889 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2019-07-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781544358215

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The Middle East by Ellen Lust Pdf

In the more succinct Fifteenth Edition of The Middle East, editor Ellen Lust brings important new coverage to this comprehensive, balanced, and superbly researched text. In clear prose, Lust and her contributors explain the many complex changes taking place across the region. All country profile chapters now address domestic and regional conflict more explicitly and all tables, figures, boxes, and maps have been fully updated with the most recent data and information. This best-selling text not only helps you comprehend more fully the world around you, but it also enables you to recognize and formulate policies that can more successfully engage the Middle East.

Lebanon after the Syrian Withdrawal

Ohannes Geukjian
Lebanon after the Syrian Withdrawal Book PDF

Author : Ohannes Geukjian
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2016-11-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781317106517

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Lebanon after the Syrian Withdrawal by Ohannes Geukjian Pdf

Lebanon experienced serious instability and ethno-national conflict following the Syrian withdrawal in 2005, compounded by the Arab Spring, which led to regional instability and civil war in Iraq and Syria. Why did consociational democracy fail? Was failure inevitable? What impact could external powers play in creating an environment where consociationalism might be successfully implemented? This book addresses these key questions and provides a comprehensive analysis of how internal and external elite relations influence the chances of a successful regulation of ethno-national conflict through power-sharing. Exploring the roles played by Syria, Qatar, Iran, Saudi Arabia, the United States and France, it argues that external actors in the Lebanese conflict largely determined whether power-sharing was successfully established and shows that the consociational democratic model cannot provide long-term conflict regulation in their absence. The author argues that relationships between internal and external actors determine the prospects for successful conflict regulation and pinpoints the crucial role of the external forces in the creation of power-sharing agreements in Lebanon concluding that future success is dependent on the maintenance of positive, exogenous pressures. This book will be of key interest to students and scholars studying politics, international relations, and Middle East studies.

The Struggle Over Democracy in the Middle East

Nathan J. Brown,Emad Shahin
The Struggle Over Democracy in the Middle East Book PDF

Author : Nathan J. Brown,Emad Shahin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 214 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2013-07-03
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781135198336

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The Struggle Over Democracy in the Middle East by Nathan J. Brown,Emad Shahin Pdf

Many residents of the Middle East - and more recently, Western powers - have placed great hope in democratization in the region. Bringing together a number of experts on the region to provide a broad ranging survey of individual countries, this book examines the experiences of activists, parties, religious groups and governments, the influences exerted on them and the difficulties involved in bringing democracy to the Middle East.

Politics and War in Lebanon

Mordechai Nisan
Politics and War in Lebanon Book PDF

Author : Mordechai Nisan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 258 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781351498340

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Politics and War in Lebanon by Mordechai Nisan Pdf

Lebanon is an exceptionally misunderstood country; its religious politics are typically misrepresented and denigrated in Western political commentary. Politics and War in Lebanon offers a lucid examination of Lebanese society and politics. Mordechai Nisan examines Lebanon in its own termson its own cultural turf. He then points to the causes of political disintegration in 1975 and explores the capacity of Lebanon to recover and retain its unique national poise.Avoiding disorienting Western stereotypes, Nisan presents Lebanon in its own native frame of reference, as a multi-ethnic country that operates according to its immutable and enigmatic political forms. Lebanon is different from other Arab countries, as demonstrated through its very complex electoral system, its tradition of cross-elite cooperation, and its special sense of Lebanese national identity that differentiates it from its overbearing Syrian neighbor.Nisan explores intra-Maronite Christian feuds, identifies Syria's occupation strategy, analyzes the violence of the Palestinians, and studies Israel's failed policy strategy and the role of Hezbollah in the Lebanese power equation. Lebanon is caught between its special historical identity as a country ofpoise, creativity, and liberty and the interminable warfare in the streets and villages of the country. Although its future appears dim, its resilience enabled it to prevail in the past, and may yet continue to do so.

Lebanon

William Harris,William W. Harris
Lebanon Book PDF

Author : William Harris,William W. Harris
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 387 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2014-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9780190217839

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Lebanon by William Harris,William W. Harris Pdf

Offers a perspective on the antecedents of modern multi-communal Lebanon, tracing the consolidation of Lebanon's Christian, Muslim, and Islamic derived sects from their origins between the sixth and eleventh centuries. Modern Lebanon arose out of European and Ottoman intervention in the 1860s to secure sectarian peace. Harris contends that Lebanon has not found a new equilibrium and has not transcended its sects. This book offers readers an understanding of how modern Lebanon acquired its precarious social intricacy and its singular political character

We Are Your Soldiers: How Gamal Abdel Nasser Remade the Arab World

Alex Rowell
We Are Your Soldiers How Gamal Abdel Nasser Remade the Arab World Book PDF

Author : Alex Rowell
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2023-11-14
Category : History
ISBN : 9781324021674

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We Are Your Soldiers: How Gamal Abdel Nasser Remade the Arab World by Alex Rowell Pdf

A searing exploration of authoritarianism in the Middle East through the legacy of Gamal Abdel Nasser’s years in power in Cold War–era Egypt. Gamal Abdel Nasser, the larger-than-life Egyptian president who ruled for eighteen years between the coup d’état he led in 1952 and his death in 1970, is best known for wresting the Suez Canal from the British and French empires and befriending such iconic revolutionaries as Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Yet there is a darker side to Nasser’s regime. He was a brutal authoritarian, whose legacy, Alex Rowell argues, lies at the heart of the violent and repressive order that still prevails throughout the Arab world today. We Are Your Soldiers examines seven countries—Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, and Libya—weaving the epic tale of Nasser’s dramatic encounters with each to reassess his impact in the Arab sphere. These engagements were often drenched in blood and destruction, leaving deep scars that endure to the present. Rowell shows how the Nasser years were crucial to the formation of regimes as varied as Bashar al-Assad’s Syria, Muammar al-Gaddafi’s Libya, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi’s Egypt. Crushing democracy at home while launching wars and slaying opponents abroad, Nasser ushered in the long political winter from which the region is still yet to emerge. Drawing on a deep reading of Arabic sources, extensive interviews, and material never before published in English, Rowell offers a necessary reexamination of Nasser’s rule and a new understanding of the politics of the Middle East.

Historical Dictionary of Lebanon

Tom Najem,Roy C. Amore
Historical Dictionary of Lebanon Book PDF

Author : Tom Najem,Roy C. Amore
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 435 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2021-06-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781538120446

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Historical Dictionary of Lebanon by Tom Najem,Roy C. Amore Pdf

Historical Dictionary of Lebanon, Second Edition covers the long history of Lebanon, from before the Ottoman era through the Ottoman Era, the French Mandate, Independence, the long civil war and the recent protests for democratic reform and the aftermath of the explosion in the port area. It features lengthy entries on major historical/political events as well as the major people, sectarian groups and political parties. It contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has more than 800 cross-referenced entries on important personalities as well as aspects of the country’s politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Lebanon.

Reconstructing our Understanding of State Legitimacy in Post-conflict States

Ruby Dagher
Reconstructing our Understanding of State Legitimacy in Post conflict States Book PDF

Author : Ruby Dagher
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 313 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2021-02-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783030672546

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Reconstructing our Understanding of State Legitimacy in Post-conflict States by Ruby Dagher Pdf

This book reassesses performance legitimacy in the context of statebuilding and identifies the paradox between state institution building and state legitimacy by looking at the interplay between state legitimacy and leaders’ legitimacy The author reviews the significant weaknesses associated with the current measures of state legitimacy and uses this to demonstrate the incompatibility of these measurements with the reality faced by conflict and post-conflict countries. The author uses the Performance Legitimacy Theory of Transition framework to demonstrate the potential legitimacy paths that post-conflict countries can embark on and proposes a new approach for building state legitimacy in post-conflict countries. The author also introduces new indicators to measure performance legitimacy that also reflect its non-exclusive nature. Essential reading for students and researchers of Peace and Conflict Studies and especially of post-conflict development, peacebuilding, statebuilding, intervention, and democracy promotion. Also accessible to policy makers.