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Author : Sonja C. Grover
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 158 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1981
Category : Psychology
ISBN : STANFORD:36105039264838
Author : Lauren B. Resnick
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 379 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2024-03-08
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781003827504
In the 1960s and early 1970s, converging scientific and social movements had generated increasing concern over the meaning of the term intelligence. Traditional definitions, rooted in the history of intelligence testing and school selection practices, had come under challenge as experimental psychology turned increasingly to the study of human cognitive processes and as understanding of the influence of culture on patterns of thinking grew. Originally published in 1976, the theme of the book is an examination of cognitive and adaptive processes involved in intelligent behavior and a look at how these processes might be related to tested intelligence. The book contains sections on intelligence from the psychometric viewpoint, computer simulations of intelligent behavior, studies of intelligence as social and biological adaptation, and intelligence analyzed in terms of basic cognitive processes. In a number of the chapters the constructs and methods of modern information-processing psychology are used in their analyses of intelligence. As the reader will discover, the divisions of the book do not necessarily represent competing viewpoints, but rather multiple windows on the phenomenon of human intelligence. Today it can be read and enjoyed in its historical context.
Author : National Academy of Sciences
Publisher : Sackler Colloquium
Page : 388 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Science
ISBN : UOM:39015073872999
The Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia of the National Academy of Sciences address scientific topics of broad and current interest, cutting across the boundaries of traditional disciplines. Each year, four or five such colloquia are scheduled, typically two days in length and international in scope. Colloquia are organized by a member of the Academy, often with the assistance of an organizing committee, and feature presentations by leading scientists in the field and discussions with a hundred or more researchers with an interest in the topic. Colloquia presentations are recorded and posted on the National Academy of Sciences Sackler colloquia website and published on CD-ROM. These Colloquia are made possible by a generous gift from Mrs. Jill Sackler, in memory of her husband, Arthur M. Sackler.
Author : James Georgas
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2003-05-30
Category : Computers
ISBN : 0122800559
Table of contents
Author : Robert J. Sternberg
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 366 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 1990-07-27
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0521386330
Metaphors of Mind seeks to help readers understand human intelligence as viewed from a variety of standpoints, such as those of psychology, anthropology, computational science, sociology, and philosophy. Much of the present confusion surrounding the concept of intelligence stems from our having looked at it from these different standpoints without considering how they relate to each other or how they might be combined into a unified view that goes beyond the boundaries of a particular discipline. Readers of Metaphors of Mind will come away with a comprehensive understanding of the concept of intelligence and how ideas about it have evolved and are continuing to evolve.
Author : Stephen J. Ceci
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 313 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2009-07-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780674029316
Ceci argues that traditional conceptions of intelligence ignore the role of society in shaping intelligence and underestimate the intelligence of non-Western societies. He puts forth a "bio-ecological" framework of individual differences in intellectual development that is intended to address some of the major deficiencies of extant theories of intelligence. The focus is on alternative interpretations of phenomena that emerge when implicit assumptions of intelligence researchers are challenged.
Author : Maria Nowakowska
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 392 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2014-05-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781483219004
Cognitive Sciences: Basic Problems, New Perspectives, and Implications for Artificial Intelligence presents models and theories that describe and analyze some selected topics in the cognitive sciences and their implications for artificial intelligence (AI). These topics range from problems of observability and its restrictions or distortions of the subjective perception of time, to visual perception, memory, and communication. Extensive use is made of fuzzy set theory. Comprised of six chapters, this volume begins with an introduction to the distortion of time perception and the relationship between objective and subjective time. An explanatory concept used here is that of a pre-event (being a candidate for an event to be stored in memory) and the concept of a dynamic event-representation of an object (events on events) generated by the perceiver in the process of perceptual work. The discussion then turns to the notion of an event that underlies the theory of time; the semantics of multimedial languages of verbal and non-verbal communication; and problems of the mechanisms underlying the formation of judgments, as well as the problems of expression of these judgments in forms ranging from simple answers to binary questions and the generation of texts or discourses. The book also considers memory and perception before concluding with a description of stochastic models of expertise formation, opinion change, and learning. This monograph will appeal to specialists in the fields of cognitive sciences and AI.
Author : A. Mark Smith
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 470 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2017-11-16
Category : History
ISBN : 9780226528571
From its inception in Greek antiquity, the science of optics was aimed primarily at explaining sight and accounting for why things look as they do. By the end of the seventeenth century, however, the analytic focus of optics had shifted to light: its fundamental properties and such physical behaviors as reflection, refraction, and diffraction. This dramatic shift—which A. Mark Smith characterizes as the “Keplerian turn”—lies at the heart of this fascinating and pioneering study. Breaking from previous scholarship that sees Johannes Kepler as the culmination of a long-evolving optical tradition that traced back to Greek antiquity via the Muslim Middle Ages, Smith presents Kepler instead as marking a rupture with this tradition, arguing that his theory of retinal imaging, which was published in 1604, was instrumental in prompting the turn from sight to light. Kepler’s new theory of sight, Smith reveals, thus takes on true historical significance: by treating the eye as a mere light-focusing device rather than an image-producing instrument—as traditionally understood—Kepler’s account of retinal imaging helped spur the shift in analytic focus that eventually led to modern optics. A sweeping survey, From Sight to Light is poised to become the standard reference for historians of optics as well as those interested more broadly in the history of science, the history of art, and cultural and intellectual history.
Author : S.H Irvine,S.K. Newstead
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 480 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 1987-06-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 902473522X
In Decembe,r, 1984 a NATO-sponsored Advanced Study Institute entitled "Human Asessment:Cognition and Motivation" took place in Athens. It succeeded in attracting a great many of the most eminent scholars and researchers in this area, both as lecturers and participants. The contributors to this book are mostly members of staff who taught at the Institute. The chapters they have written are designed to provide an introduction to the principal issues that arise in the study of the assessment of intelligence and cognition. Since most of the protagonists are represented in this book the student is provided with an excellent overview. Many different people are responsible for preparation of a book such as this. We would like to express particular thanks to Siobhan Breslin and Julie Coleman, who typed the text despite an unfriendly and unreliable word-processing system. Thanks are also due to Steve Gill who helped with the preparation of the figures. Finally, as a mark of respect for his achievements and leadership in the field of mental measurement, we dedicate this volume to Norman Frederiksen. Sidney H. Irvine Stephen E. Newstead Plymouth, September 1985. -VII- CONTENTS Preface VII Contributors to this volume XI Functions and constants in mental measurement: Chapter 1 A taxonomic approach. 1 Sidney H. Irvine Human cognition and intelligence: Towards an Chapter 2 integrated theoretical perspective. 27 John M. Verster Chapter 3 Synopsis of a triarchic theory of human intelligence.
Author : S. Payne
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789400920071
Among Anglo-American philosophers, interest in mysticism has typically been limited to the question of whether or not mystical and religious experi ences provide evidence for, or knowledge of, the existence and nature of God. Most authors conclude that they do not, because such experiences lack certain qualities needed in order to be counted as cognitive. In this study I examine some current philosophical opinions about mysticism and objec tions to its epistemic significance in the context of a detailed study of the writings of a single mystical author, the Spanish Carmelite Saint John of the Cross (1542-1591). I argue that from his works one can draw a coherent theory of what takes place in the Christian mystical life, and will indicate how acceptance of this theory might be defended as rational through a type of inference often referred to as the "Argument to the Best Explanation. " In this way I hope to show that mysticism still has a significant bearing on the justification of religious faith even if it cannot be used to "prove" the exis tence of God. The nature and advantages of my own somewhat unusual approach to mysticism can perhaps best be explained by contrasting it with the way other authors have dealt with the subject. One of the most striking develop ments in recent decades has been the growing fascination with mysticism, meditation, and the experiential aspects of religion.
Author : Rob Johnston
Publisher : Central Intelligence Agency
Page : 188 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Political Science
ISBN : UCBK:C098777627
Identifies and describes conditions and variables that negatively affect intelligence analysis. Investigates analytic culture, methodology, error, and failure within the Intelligence Community. Uses an applied anthropological methodology that includes interviews, direct and participant observation, and focus groups. Contains a bibliography.
Author : Brian Davies,Eleonore Stump
Publisher : OUP USA
Page : 606 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2012-01-25
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780195326093
This volume collects 38 essays on the life, work, and influence of Thomas Aquinas, undoubtedly the greatest Christian theologian-philosopher in the medieval tradition. The two editors have divided their work into eight parts, each focusing on a major area or theme. In addition to the expected chapters on Thomas's metaphysics, natural theology, epistemology, and ethics, readers will find sections devoted to Thomas's theory of language, the historical background to his thought (Greek philosophy; Augustinian theology; Jewish and Islamic sources), and a consideration of the influence of his writings on later philosophical and theological traditions.
Author : Christopher Mole
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 197 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2016-02-22
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781317294672
The relationship between intelligent systems and their environment is at the forefront of research in cognitive science. The Unexplained Intellect: Complexity, Time, and the Metaphysics of Embodied Thought shows how computational complexity theory and analytic metaphysics can together illuminate long-standing questions about the importance of that relationship. It argues that the most basic facts about a mind cannot just be facts about mental states, but must include facts about the dynamic, interactive mental occurrences that take place when a creature encounters its environment. In a discussion that is organised into four clear parts, Christopher Mole begins by examining the mathematics of computational complexity, arguing that the results from complexity theory create a puzzle about how human intelligence could possibly be explained. Mole then uses the tools of analytic metaphysics to draw a distinction between mental states and dynamic mental entities, and shows that, in order to answer the complexity-theoretic puzzle, dynamic entities must be understood to be among the most basic of mental phenomena. The picture of the mind that emerges has important implications for our understanding of intelligence, of action, and of the mind’s relationship to the passage of time. The Unexplained Intellect is the first book to bring insights from the mathematics of computational complexity to bear in an enquiry into the metaphysics of the mind. It will be essential reading for scholars and researchers in the philosophy of mind and psychology, for cognitive scientists, and for those interested in the philosophical importance of complexity.
Author : Allan Collins,Edward E. Smith
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 672 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2013-10-02
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781483214467
Readings in Cognitive Science: A Perspective from Psychology and Artificial Intelligence brings together important studies that fall in the intersection between artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology. This book is composed of six chapters, and begins with the complex anatomy and physiology of the human brain. The next chapters deal with the components of cognitive science, such as the semantic memory, similarity and analogy, and learning. These chapters also consider the application of mental models, which represent the domain-specific knowledge needed to understand a dynamic system or natural physical phenomena. The remaining chapters discuss the concept of reasoning, problem solving, planning, vision, and imagery. This book is of value to psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and researchers who are interested in cognition.
Author : Ralph Morelli
Publisher : Intellect Books
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 1992
Category : Computers
ISBN : UOM:39015029195826
The basic questions addressed in this book are: what is the computational nature of cognition, and what role does it play in language and other mental processes?; What are the main characteristics of contemporary computational paradigms for describing cognition and how do they differ from each other?; What are the prospects for building cognition and how do they differ from each other?; and what are the prospects for building an artificial intelligence?
