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Author : M. Teper,D. F. Hemming,J. M. Holmes
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 85 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1984
Category : Coal liquefaction
ISBN : 9290291036
Author : James T. Bartis,Frank A. Camm,David Santana Ortiz
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 199 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780833045119
Record-high world oil prices have prompted renewed interest in producing liquid fuels from coal. The United States leads the world in recoverable coal reserves. Moreover, the technology for converting coal to liquid fuels already exists, and production costs appear competitive at world oil prices well below current levels. Yet, despite its promise, private investment in coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology is being impeded by three uncertainties: where oil prices are heading, what it actually costs to produce coal-derived fuels, and how greenhouse-gas emissions will be regulated. A domestic CTL industry could produce as much as three million barrels per day of transportation fuels by 2030. Having such an industry would yield important energy security benefits, most notably a lowering of world oil prices and a decrease in wealth transfers from oil users to oil producers. But establishing a large CTL industry also raises important policy and environmental issues associated with climate change, coal mining, and water consumption. Weighing both benefits and costs, it makes sense for the United States to pursue an insurance or hedge strategy that promotes the early construction and operation of a limited number of commercial CTL plants. This book presents an in-depth review of the prospects of and policy, governance, and environmental issues associated with establishing a CTL industry in the United States. -- provided by publisher.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Energy and Environment
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105050481030
Author : André Steynberg,Mark Dry
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 722 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2004-10-30
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780080472799
Fischer-Tropsch Technology is a unique book for its state-of-the-art approach to Fischer Tropsch (FT) technology. This book provides an explanation of the basic principles and terminology that are required to understand the application of FT technology. It also contains comprehensive references to patents and previous publications. As the first publication to focus on theory and application, it is a contemporary reference source for students studying chemistry and chemical engineering. Researchers and engineers active in the development of FT technology will also find this book an invaluable source of information. * Is the first publication to cover the theory and application for modern Fischer Tropsch technology * Contains comprehensive knowledge on all aspects relevant to the application of Fischer Tropsch technology* No other publication looks at past, present and future applications
Author : M. Teper,D. F. Hemming,J. M. Holmes
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1983
Category : Coal
ISBN : 929029096X
Author : M. Teper,D. F. Hemming,J. M. Holmes
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1983
Category : Coal liquefaction
ISBN : 9290290927
Author : Bureau of Mines Bituminous Coal staff,United States. Bureau of Mines
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Coal liquefaction
ISBN : OSU:32435055810584
Author : H. R. Batchelder
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 1951
Category : Coal
ISBN : UOM:39015078493049
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Carbon monoxide
ISBN : OCLC:227790090
As the price of crude oil sets a record high, liquid transportation fuels synthesized from coal, natural gas, and biomass are proposed as one solution to reducing dependency on imported petroleum and strained refinery capacity. The technology to do so developed from processes that directly and indirectly convert coal into liquid fuel. Congress now faces decisions on whether, and to what extent, it should support such a solution. Lacking domestic petroleum resources, but abundant in coal, Germany built synthetic fuel plants during World War II that employed the Bergius coal hydrogenation process (direct liquefaction), and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (indirect). The United States attempted to capitalize on the German experience after World War II. Despite considerable investment in synthetic fuel research and development, the United States cut support for commercialization when crude oil prices dropped and supplies stabilized in the mid-1980s. Since then, several synthetic fuels plants have been constructed around the world that convert coal, natural gas, or biomass to liquid fuels using the Fischer-Tropsch process. Several private ventures in the United States are now studying the feasibility of constructing Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel plants based on coal, natural gas, and biomass. Proposals to expand the use of coal to synthesize transportation fuels have generated much opposition, particularly because the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process is a greenhouse gas associated with global warming. Also, opponents claim that coal-based synthesis, in particular, is inefficient and thus prohibitively expensive. Proponents counter that Fischer-Tropsch technology provides a means of capturing carbon dioxide for geological sequestration (though a promising solution, sequestration remains unproven on an industrial scale) and that it appears economically viable in a sustained crude oil price range above $40 to $45 per barrel. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is well suited to producing middle-distillate range fuels like diesel and jet. The diesel produced is superior to conventionally refined diesel in terms of higher cetane-number and low sulfur content. Overall, middle distillate fuels represent roughly a quarter of U.S. refinery production, which is primarily driven by the demand for gasoline. In order for a synthetic fuels industry (whether coal, natural gas, or biomass based) to begin rivaling or even supplanting conventional petroleum refining, a major shift in transportation mode toward diesel engine light-passenger vehicles would have to occur. Coal-to-liquids would also compete for the same resources needed for electric power generation, and the rail capacity currently supporting their demand. Recent energy legislation promotes research on capturing and storing greenhouse gas emissions and improving vehicle fuel efficiency, among other goals. Fisher-Tropsch fuels present the paradox of high carbon emissions associated with production versus lower carbon emissions associated with their use.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 1950
Category : Anthracite coal industry
ISBN : UOM:39015078487389
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 1951
Category : Oil-shales
ISBN : UOM:39015078491373
Author : United States. Bureau of Mines
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 1954
Category : Coal liquefication
ISBN : UOM:39015078470435
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 216 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 1949
Category : Fuel
ISBN : UOM:39015078490912
Author : Norma R. Golumbic
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 1946
Category : Coal liquefaction
ISBN : UOM:39015074127989
Author : Frederick Edward Pederson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 630 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 1949
Category : Coal liquefaction
ISBN : CORNELL:31924004426049
