The Cyber Deterrence Problem

Author : Aaron F. Brantly
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 203 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2020-06-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781786615664

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The Cyber Deterrence Problem by Aaron F. Brantly Pdf

The national security of the United States depends on a secure, reliable and resilient cyberspace. The inclusion of digital systems into every aspect of US national security has been underway since World War II and has increased with the proliferation of Internet-enabled devices. There is an increasing need to develop a robust deterrence framework within which the United States and its allies can dissuade would-be adversaries from engaging in various cyber activities. Yet despite a desire to deter adversaries, the problems associated with dissuasion remain complex, multifaceted, poorly understood and imprecisely specified. Challenges, including credibility, attribution, escalation and conflict management, remain ever-present and challenge the United States in its efforts to foster security in cyberspace. These challenges need to be addressed in a deliberate and multidisciplinary approach that combines political and technical realities to provide a robust set of policy options to decision makers. The Cyber Deterrence Problem brings together a multidisciplinary team of scholars with expertise in computer science, deterrence theory, cognitive psychology, intelligence studies and conflict management to analyze and develop a robust assessment of the necessary requirements and attributes for achieving deterrence in cyberspace. Beyond simply addressing the base challenges associated with deterrence, many of the chapters also propose strategies and tactics to enhance deterrence in cyberspace and emphasize conceptualizing how the United States deters adversaries.

Author : Franklin D. Kramer,Stuart H. Starr,Larry K. Wentz
Publisher : Potomac Books, Inc.
Page : 666 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781597979337

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Cyberpower and National Security by Franklin D. Kramer,Stuart H. Starr,Larry K. Wentz Pdf

This book creates a framework for understanding and using cyberpower in support of national security. Cyberspace and cyberpower are now critical elements of international security. United States needs a national policy which employs cyberpower to support its national security interests.

Author : Martin C. Libicki
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780833047342

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Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar by Martin C. Libicki Pdf

The protection of cyberspace, the information medium, has become a vital national interest because of its importance both to the economy and to military power. An attacker may tamper with networks to steal information for the money or to disrupt operations. Future wars are likely to be carried out, in part or perhaps entirely, in cyberspace. It might therefore seem obvious that maneuvering in cyberspace is like maneuvering in other media, but nothing would be more misleading. Cyberspace has its own laws; for instance, it is easy to hide identities and difficult to predict or even understand battle damage, and attacks deplete themselves quickly. Cyberwar is nothing so much as the manipulation of ambiguity. The author explores these in detail and uses the results to address such issues as the pros and cons of counterattack, the value of deterrence and vigilance, and other actions the United States and the U.S. Air Force can take to protect itself in the face of deliberate cyberattack. --Publisher description.

Author : Timothy M. McKenzie
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2017-06-29
Category : Cyber intelligence (Computer security)
ISBN : 1548455369

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Is Cyber Deterrence Possible? by Timothy M. McKenzie Pdf

In recent years, the importance of operating in and protecting the cyber domain has gained much attention. As long as our nation relies on computer networks as a foundation for military and economic power, our national and economic security are at risk through the cyber domain. Cyber attacks on US industry and government systems severely impact our economy and ability to execute modern network-centric warfare. Our reliance on networked systems and the high costs associated with cyber attacks have led many leaders in the US government and Department of Defense to focus resources toward developing a strategy for deterring adversaries from attacking our networks in the first place. This effort has led to much debate about the question, is cyber deterrence possible? Deterrence in the cyber domain is drastically different and far more complicated than in other military domains (air, land, sea, and space). Cyber weapons and offensive cyber techniques are relatively inexpensive and easily obtained or developed. The number of adversary groups capable of attacking US networks is large, and our ability to deter each group will vary based on its motives and levels of risk tolerance. An effective cyber deterrence strategy must be multilayered and use all instruments of US national power. This paper discusses the difficulties of deterring unwanted cyber activities, provides some realistic expectations for a deterrence strategy, and offers proposals to help mitigate the problems.

Author : National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 400 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2010-10-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309160353

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Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks by National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy Pdf

In a world of increasing dependence on information technology, the prevention of cyberattacks on a nation's important computer and communications systems and networks is a problem that looms large. Given the demonstrated limitations of passive cybersecurity defense measures, it is natural to consider the possibility that deterrence might play a useful role in preventing cyberattacks against the United States and its vital interests. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Research Council undertook a two-phase project aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary examination of strategies for deterring cyberattacks on the United States and of the possible utility of these strategies for the U.S. government. The first phase produced a letter report providing basic information needed to understand the nature of the problem and to articulate important questions that can drive research regarding ways of more effectively preventing, discouraging, and inhibiting hostile activity against important U.S. information systems and networks. The second phase of the project entailed selecting appropriate experts to write papers on questions raised in the letter report. A number of experts, identified by the committee, were commissioned to write these papers under contract with the National Academy of Sciences. Commissioned papers were discussed at a public workshop held June 10-11, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and authors revised their papers after the workshop. Although the authors were selected and the papers reviewed and discussed by the committee, the individually authored papers do not reflect consensus views of the committee, and the reader should view these papers as offering points of departure that can stimulate further work on the topics discussed. The papers presented in this volume are published essentially as received from the authors, with some proofreading corrections made as limited time allowed.

Author : Erik Gartzke,Jon R. Lindsay
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2019-02-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190908669

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Cross-Domain Deterrence by Erik Gartzke,Jon R. Lindsay Pdf

The complexity of the twenty-first century threat landscape contrasts markedly with the bilateral nuclear bargaining context envisioned by classical deterrence theory. Nuclear and conventional arsenals continue to develop alongside anti-satellite programs, autonomous robotics or drones, cyber operations, biotechnology, and other innovations barely imagined in the early nuclear age. The concept of cross-domain deterrence (CDD) emerged near the end of the George W. Bush administration as policymakers and commanders confronted emerging threats to vital military systems in space and cyberspace. The Pentagon now recognizes five operational environments or so-called domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace), and CDD poses serious problems in practice. In Cross-Domain Deterrence, Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay assess the theoretical relevance of CDD for the field of International Relations. As a general concept, CDD posits that how actors choose to deter affects the quality of the deterrence they achieve. Contributors to this volume include senior and junior scholars and national security practitioners. Their chapters probe the analytical utility of CDD by examining how differences across, and combinations of, different military and non-military instruments can affect choices and outcomes in coercive policy in historical and contemporary cases.

Author : Thomas Rid
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 235 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780199330638

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Cyber War Will Not Take Place by Thomas Rid Pdf

"Published in the United Kingdom in 2013 by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd"--Title page verso.

Author : United States. Department of Homeland Security
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Civil defense
ISBN : 016051309X

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National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets by United States. Department of Homeland Security Pdf

The National Strategy for Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets serves as a critical bridge between the National Strategy for Homeland Security and a national protection plan to be developed by the Department of Homeland Security.

Author : Department of Defense (US),Defense Science Board
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2017-06-27
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 154840277X

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Department of Defense Defense Science Board Task Force on Cyber Deterrence by Department of Defense (US),Defense Science Board Pdf

The United States gains tremendous economic, social, and military advantages from cyberspace. However, our pursuit of these advantages has created extensive dependencies on highly vulnerable information technologies and industrial control systems. As a result, U.S. national security is at unacceptable and growing risk. Over the past several years, the United States has been subjected to cyber attacks and costly cyber intrusions by various actors, including the four most cyber-capable adversary states identified by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in 2016.1 For example: During 2012-2013, Iran conducted distributed denial of services attacks on Wall Street firms, disrupting operations and imposing tens of millions of dollars in remediation and cyber hardening costs.2 In 2014, North Korea hacked Sony Pictures in an effort to suppress the release of a movie depicting a plot to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, causing direct and indirect financial damage in the process.3 For at least 10 years,4 China conducted a massive cyber theft of U.S. firms' intellectual property (IP); since President Xi Jingping committed in September 2015 that China would not undertake such theft; reportedly Chinese cyber IP theft has reduced but not stopped. In 2016, Russia hacked into several U.S. institutions and used the resulting stolen information in an attempt to undermine voter confidence and affect the outcome of the U.S. presidential election. Non-state actors, though generally less capable than nation-states, also have conducted cyber attacks. A recent example is the October 2016 distributed denial of service attacks on the internet domain name system (DNS) provider Dyn, for which the hacker groups Anonymous and New World Hackers claimed responsibility. Each of the above examples stands out from the constant barrage of cyber intrusions that occur in the United States and globally on a daily basis, including those conducted by nations as part of their cyber espionage programs. Such actions qualify as cyber "attacks" (Iran's Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack (DDoS) and North Korea's Sony hack) or costly cyber intrusions (China's intellectual property (IP) theft and Russia's hack of political parties to facilitate information operations) because their impact goes beyond data collection, to impose some form of harm on the United States. Of critical importance, known cyber attacks on the United States to date do not represent the "high-end" threats that could be conducted by U.S. adversaries today - let alone the much more daunting threats of cyber attack the Nation will face in coming years as adversary capabilities continue to grow rapidly. A large-scale cyber attack on civilian critical infrastructure could cause chaos by disrupting the flow of electricity, money, communications, fuel, and water. Thus far, we have only seen the virtual tip of the cyber attack iceberg.

Author : Kenneth Geers
Publisher : Kenneth Geers
Page : 169 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Cyberterrorism
ISBN : 9789949904051

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Strategic Cyber Security by Kenneth Geers Pdf

Author : Derek S. Reveron
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
Page : 258 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2012-09-11
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781589019195

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Cyberspace and National Security by Derek S. Reveron Pdf

In a very short time, individuals and companies have harnessed cyberspace to create new industries, a vibrant social space, and a new economic sphere that are intertwined with our everyday lives. At the same time, individuals, subnational groups, and governments are using cyberspace to advance interests through malicious activity. Terrorists recruit, train, and target through the Internet, hackers steal data, and intelligence services conduct espionage. Still, the vast majority of cyberspace is civilian space used by individuals, businesses, and governments for legitimate purposes. Cyberspace and National Security brings together scholars, policy analysts, and information technology executives to examine current and future threats to cyberspace. They discuss various approaches to advance and defend national interests, contrast the US approach with European, Russian, and Chinese approaches, and offer new ways and means to defend interests in cyberspace and develop offensive capabilities to compete there. Policymakers and strategists will find this book to be an invaluable resource in their efforts to ensure national security and answer concerns about future cyberwarfare.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Naval Studies Board
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 243 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1997-04-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780309175104

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Post-Cold War Conflict Deterrence by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Naval Studies Board Pdf

Deterrence as a strategic concept evolved during the Cold War. During that period, deterrence strategy was aimed mainly at preventing aggression against the United States and its close allies by the hostile Communist power centersâ€"the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its allies, Communist China and North Korea. In particular, the strategy was devised to prevent aggression involving nuclear attack by the USSR or China. Since the end of the Cold War, the risk of war among the major powers has subsided to the lowest point in modern history. Still, the changing nature of the threats to American and allied security interests has stimulated a considerable broadening of the deterrence concept. Post-Cold War Conflict Deterrence examines the meaning of deterrence in this new environment and identifies key elements of a post-Cold War deterrence strategy and the critical issues in devising such a strategy. It further examines the significance of these findings for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Quantitative and qualitative measures to support judgments about the potential success or failure of deterrence are identified. Such measures will bear on the suitability of the naval forces to meet the deterrence objectives. The capabilities of U.S. naval forces that especially bear on the deterrence objectives also are examined. Finally, the book examines the utility of models, games, and simulations as decision aids in improving the naval forces' understanding of situations in which deterrence must be used and in improving the potential success of deterrence actions.

Author : Lucas Kello
Publisher : Yale University Press
Page : 333 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2017-09-26
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780300226294

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The Virtual Weapon and International Order by Lucas Kello Pdf

An urgently needed examination of the current cyber revolution that draws on case studies to develop conceptual frameworks for understanding its effects on international order The cyber revolution is the revolution of our time. The rapid expansion of cyberspace brings both promise and peril. It promotes new modes of political interaction, but it also disrupts interstate dealings and empowers non-state actors who may instigate diplomatic and military crises. Despite significant experience with cyber phenomena, the conceptual apparatus to analyze, understand, and address their effects on international order remains primitive. Here, Lucas Kello adapts and applies international relations theory to create new ways of thinking about cyber strategy. Kello draws on a broad range of case studies, including the Estonian crisis, the Olympic Games operation against Iran, and the cyber attack against Sony Pictures. Synthesizing qualitative data from government documents, forensic reports of major incidents and interviews with senior officials from around the globe, this important work establishes new conceptual benchmarks to help security experts adapt strategy and policy to the unprecedented challenges of our times.

Author : Air Univeristy Press
Publisher : Military Bookshop
Page : 344 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2014-09-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1782667105

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Thinking about Deterrence by Air Univeristy Press Pdf

With many scholars and analysts questioning the relevance of deterrence as a valid strategic concept, this volume moves beyond Cold War nuclear deterrence to show the many ways in which deterrence is applicable to contemporary security. It examines the possibility of applying deterrence theory and practice to space, to cyberspace, and against non-state actors. It also examines the role of nuclear deterrence in the twenty-first century and reaches surprising conclusions.

Author : Frans Osinga,Tim Sweijs
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 538 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2020-12-03
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789462654198

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NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2020 by Frans Osinga,Tim Sweijs Pdf

This open access volume surveys the state of the field to examine whether a fifth wave of deterrence theory is emerging. Bringing together insights from world-leading experts from three continents, the volume identifies the most pressing strategic challenges, frames theoretical concepts, and describes new strategies. The use and utility of deterrence in today’s strategic environment is a topic of paramount concern to scholars, strategists and policymakers. Ours is a period of considerable strategic turbulence, which in recent years has featured a renewed emphasis on nuclear weapons used in defence postures across different theatres; a dramatic growth in the scale of military cyber capabilities and the frequency with which these are used; and rapid technological progress including the proliferation of long-range strike and unmanned systems. These military-strategic developments occur in a polarized international system, where cooperation between leading powers on arms control regimes is breaking down, states widely make use of hybrid conflict strategies, and the number of internationalized intrastate proxy conflicts has quintupled over the past two decades. Contemporary conflict actors exploit a wider gamut of coercive instruments, which they apply across a wider range of domains. The prevalence of multi-domain coercion across but also beyond traditional dimensions of armed conflict raises an important question: what does effective deterrence look like in the 21st century? Answering that question requires a re-appraisal of key theoretical concepts and dominant strategies of Western and non-Western actors in order to assess how they hold up in today’s world. Air Commodore Professor Dr. Frans Osinga is the Chair of the War Studies Department of the Netherlands Defence Academy and the Special Chair in War Studies at the University Leiden. Dr. Tim Sweijs is the Director of Research at The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies and a Research Fellow at the Faculty of Military Sciences of the Netherlands Defence Academy in Breda.