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Author : Stanley Fischer,Banco Mundial
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Budget deficits
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Jiadong Xu
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 220 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1978
Category : Budget
ISBN : UCSD:31822003010683
Author : Elhanan Helpman,Assaf Razin,Efraim Sadka
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1988
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0262081725
The original contributions in this book analyze all of the budget's components expenditures, revenues, the deficit - with a special emphasis on issues that have assumed increasing importance over the last decade or so, such as intergenerational transfers of debt and declines in corporate tax revenues.
Author : K. Abayasiri-Silva
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 1990
Category : Expenditure, Public
ISBN : 0646030175
Author : Assaf Razin,Helga Zichner
Publisher : Springer
Page : 583 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 1987-03-02
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781349185849
Author : Steven Durlauf,L. Blume
Publisher : Springer
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2016-04-30
Category : Performing Arts
ISBN : 9780230280854
Specially selected from The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2nd edition, each article within this compendium covers the fundamental themes within the discipline and is written by a leading practitioner in the field. A handy reference tool.
Author : Patrick M. Emerson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Economics
ISBN : OCLC:1235769692
Author : Jonathan Rodden,Gunnar S. Eskeland,Jennie Ilene Litvack
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 502 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0262182297
A multi-country study of the conditions under which decentralized countries might ensure fiscal discipline.
Author : James E. Anderson,Will Martin
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Capital costs
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
September 1998 This paper offers simple, robust operational rules for evaluating public spending in distorted economies-rules that are more complex than the border price rule but involve only one additional parameter: the marginal cost of funds. Anderson and Martin provide simple, robust rules for evaluating public spending in distorted economies. Their analysis integrates within a clean, unified framework previous treatments of project evaluation as special cases. Until recently it was widely believed that government projects could be evaluated without reference to the cost of raising tax revenues. The classic border price rule provided a simple and apparently robust procedure for project evaluation. But the border price rule developed in shadow pricing literature requires very strong assumptions to be valid when governments must rely on distortionary taxation and are unable or unwilling to cover the costs of the project through user charges. Anderson and Martin use a rigorous formal model in which governments must rely on distortionary taxation to explore the welfare consequences of governments providing different types of goods. They show that the border price rule is accurate only in one rather special case: when project outputs are sold at their full value to consumers - something that is difficult to do with a public good such as a lighthouse or a functioning judicial system. When a publicly provided good is sold for less than its full value to consumers, one must take into account the implications for government revenues of providing public goods. Anderson and Martin present project evaluation rules that are more complex than the border price rule but involve only one additional parameter: the compensated marginal cost of funds for the taxes on which the government relies. The rules suggested involve adjusting the fiscal revenues the project generates (or destroys) by the marginal cost of funds before comparing them with the assessed benefits to project producers and consumers. In the case of a protected but tradable good provided by the government, the result is a shadow price that is below the world market price. Where projects produce output that is sold without charge, the costs of the project inputs must also be adjusted using the marginal cost of funds. In intermediate cases where the government levies user charges that fall below the full value of the goods to the private sector, the revenue shortfall from the project must be adjusted by the marginal cost of funds. This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the consequences of policy interventions. Will Martin may be contacted at [email protected].
Author : John T. Cuddington,José Viñals
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 1984
Category : Balance of payments
ISBN : WISC:89018206425
Se trata de explicar los efectos del deficit publico en la balanza de pagos por cuenta corriente, el tipo de cambio real y el nivel de renta. Para ello, se construye un modelo intertemporal de desequilibrio de una economia monetaria abierta con tipo de cambio flexible.
Author : Gun Eriksson Skoog
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 414 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2000-11-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0792379101
The soft budget constraint - today a popular metaphor - is a paradox. In socialist economies, it implies that the state tends to bail out state-owned firms in financial trouble, in spite of the tremendous performance problems of the entire system that result. When the socialist system broke down, the soft budget constraint was expected to disappear. However, it seems to persist, and its persistence appears to hamper the transition process itself. The Soft Budget Constraint The Emergence, Persistence and Logic of an Institution seeks an answer to this paradox. It aims at increasing our understanding of why the soft budget constraint exists. By investigating state-owned enterprises in Tanzania before, during and after socialism, the prevalence of the soft budget constraint is examined and an explanation of its existence is suggested. The approach is institutional. The soft budget constraint is defined as an informal institution and an invisible-hand explanation of its emergence, persistence and logic is applied. The book shows that the soft budget constraint emerged as an unintended consequence of the establishment of the Tanzania socialist system in the 1970s. A behavioral solution to recurrent systemic problems was offered, and thus the soft budget constraint performed several functions. Once established, its very existence set off a cumulative process of self-generation. Four reinforcement mechanisms that accounted for its maintenance during Tanzanian socialism are identified. Its character as an informal rule helps to explain why it persisted during market-oriented reform, initiated in the mid-1980s. The soft budget constraint was part of the socialist heritage, was adapted to systemic change, and influenced the direction and character of this change.
Author : S. Rao Aiyagari,Dan Peled,University of Western Ontario. Department of Economics
Publisher : London : Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Capital levy
ISBN : UCSD:31822007649510
Author : Raymond G. Batina,Toshihiro Ihori
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 429 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2006-01-19
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783540276388
A wide-ranging survey of the theory and evidence on public goods, presenting the main literature on public goods, both theoretical and empirical, in a systematic manner. The breadth and depth of the book's coverage extends the existing literature in many ways.
Author : David Onditi
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 33 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2019-12-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783346078964
Essay from the year 2019 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: A, University of Nairobi (School of Business), course: PhD Economics, language: English, abstract: The author aims to study the impacts of fiscal decentralization and soft budget constraint on the scale of local government debts. Moreover, the effect of soft budget constraint on the scale of local government debt under the different extent of fiscal decentralization will be discussed. Due to the linkage between economic growth and the fiscal decentralization, the expansion in the local government debt is closely related to the fiscal decentralization and the soft budget constraint (SBC) – the expectation that the local governments would be bailed out by the central government if they face debt challenges. Based on the literature fiscal decentralization is linked to local government debts as literature indicates that fiscal decentralization leads to the decentralization of the expenditure without the revenue collection powers. The Chinese local governments have increased expenditure budgets on public services but the powers of taxation are centralized. To bridge the revenue gaps, the local governments take up debts that are sunk into infrastructure and other low revenue generating investments. Soft budget constraints are thus a product of fiscal decentralization as they are based on the principal – agent relationship between the politicians and the voters, central government and local government and the local governments and the SOEs within the local jurisdictions.
Author : Stephanie Kelton
Publisher : PublicAffairs
Page : 311 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2020-06-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781541736207
A New York Times Bestseller The leading thinker and most visible public advocate of modern monetary theory -- the freshest and most important idea about economics in decades -- delivers a radically different, bold, new understanding for how to build a just and prosperous society. Stephanie Kelton's brilliant exploration of modern monetary theory (MMT) dramatically changes our understanding of how we can best deal with crucial issues ranging from poverty and inequality to creating jobs, expanding health care coverage, climate change, and building resilient infrastructure. Any ambitious proposal, however, inevitably runs into the buzz saw of how to find the money to pay for it, rooted in myths about deficits that are hobbling us as a country. Kelton busts through the myths that prevent us from taking action: that the federal government should budget like a household, that deficits will harm the next generation, crowd out private investment, and undermine long-term growth, and that entitlements are propelling us toward a grave fiscal crisis. MMT, as Kelton shows, shifts the terrain from narrow budgetary questions to one of broader economic and social benefits. With its important new ways of understanding money, taxes, and the critical role of deficit spending, MMT redefines how to responsibly use our resources so that we can maximize our potential as a society. MMT gives us the power to imagine a new politics and a new economy and move from a narrative of scarcity to one of opportunity.