The Effects Of Covid 19 Policies On Livelihoods And Food Security Of Smallholder Farm Households In Nigeria Descriptive Results From A Phone Survey

Author : Balana, Bedru B.,Oyeyemi, Motunrayo A.,Ogunniyi, Adebayo I.,Fasoranti, Adetunji,Edeh, Hyacinth,Aiki, Joel,Andam, Kwaw S.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2020-12-08
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The effects of COVID-19 policies on livelihoods and food security of smallholder farm households in Nigeria: Descriptive results from a phone survey by Balana, Bedru B.,Oyeyemi, Motunrayo A.,Ogunniyi, Adebayo I.,Fasoranti, Adetunji,Edeh, Hyacinth,Aiki, Joel,Andam, Kwaw S. Pdf

The Government’s policy measures such as travel restrictions, lockdowns, and restrictions on economic and social activities, aimed at curbing the spread of COVID-19, had affected the livelihoods and food security of smallholders in Nigeria. Using data collected from sample households from four Nigerian states, this study investigated the effects of COVID-19 pandemic policies on the incomes, employment, and food security situation of smallholder farming households. Results show that 88 percent of the households reported that they lost about 50 percent of their income due to the pandemic. As a result, about 66 percent of respondents reported they reduced food consumption. Travel and movement restrictions caused disruptions in agricultural activities and supply chains, as 29 percent of respondents reported planting fewer crops, 24 percent reduced cropping area, and 24 percent reduced fertilizer application. In terms of household’s food security, results show that COVID-19 significantly worsened the food security situation of many households in Nigeria, especially poorer households. More than 80 percent of respondents worried about not having enough food and 77 percent ate less food than they thought they should. Survey households also reported a significant reduction of consumption of proteins (eggs, meat, and dairy products) and fruits since the pandemic struck. Increases in food prices are felt by most households (85 percent). We suggest three key policy priorities: support vulnerable households to mitigate the impacts of income loss through cash transfer or improved credit access; interventions to improve agricultural inputs supply chains to ease the pandemic’s impact on agricultural production; and support food insecure households through direct food distribution.

Author : Bedru Babulo Balana,Motunrayo Ayowumi Oyeyemi,Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi,Adetunji Fasoranti,Hyacinth Edeh,Joel Aiki,Kwaw S. Andam
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1355682507

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The Effects of COVID-19 Policies on Livelihoods and Food Security of Smallholder Farm Households in Nigeria by Bedru Babulo Balana,Motunrayo Ayowumi Oyeyemi,Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi,Adetunji Fasoranti,Hyacinth Edeh,Joel Aiki,Kwaw S. Andam Pdf

Author : Balana, Bedru,Oyeyemi, Motunrayo,Ogunniyi, Adebayo,Fasoranti, Adetunji,Edeh, Hyacinth,Andam, Kwaw S.
Publisher :
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2021-11-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Have households’ livelihoods and food security rebounded from COVID-19 shocks in Nigeria? Results from a follow-up phone survey by Balana, Bedru,Oyeyemi, Motunrayo,Ogunniyi, Adebayo,Fasoranti, Adetunji,Edeh, Hyacinth,Andam, Kwaw S. Pdf

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on households’ income, jobs, and food security have continued despite perceptible reductions in transmission and lifting of restrictive policy measures in several countries. To assess these effects on Nigerian households, we collected household data in the initial three months after the outbreak of the pandemic (July 2020). To track the changes since the first survey, we conducted a follow-up phone survey with the same households a year later (July 2021). We undertook a comparative analysis between the two surveys focusing on key variables such as income loss, job loss, food security, and dietary diversity. The study also investigated how changes in income, wealth/endowments, social capital, safety net programs, and recurrent conflicts affected the severity of food insecurity amid the pandemic. We found that both income and jobs have rebounded significantly (by 50 percentage points) compared to the baseline results. In terms of food insecurity, households with “severely food insecure” situations dropped from 73 percent in the first survey to 65 percent in the follow-up survey. We also found a 5-percentage point improvement in the household dietary diversity scale in the follow-up survey. However, households reported an increase of more than 70 percent in conflicts or insecurity threats amid the pandemic. This affected farm investment decisions in 44 percent of smallholder farmers surveyed. While income loss significantly worsened households’ food insecurity; livestock ownership and social capital cushioned households from falling into a more severe food insecurity situation. However, safety net programs provided by the government and NGOs did not significantly protect households from falling into severe food insecurity amid the pandemic. We suggest four policy propositions: prioritize investment in job creation to curb income loss; enable households to build their wealth base (e.g., land tenure security or livestock) to enhance resilience to shocks; revisit targeting approaches of safety net programs to enhance effectiveness of such programs; and finally, devise and implement conflict resolutions to induce investment and enhance productivity.

Author : McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2022-03-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780896294226

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COVID-19 and global food security: Two years later by McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan Pdf

Two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the health, economic, and social disruptions caused by this global crisis continue to evolve. The impacts of the pandemic are likely to endure for years to come, with poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups the most affected. In COVID-19 & Global Food Security: Two Years Later, the editors bring together contributions from new IFPRI research, blogs, and the CGIAR COVID-19 Hub to examine the pandemic’s effects on poverty, food security, nutrition, and health around the world. This volume presents key lessons learned on food security and food system resilience in 2020 and 2021 and assesses the effectiveness of policy responses to the crisis. Looking forward, the authors consider how the pandemic experience can inform both recovery and longer-term efforts to build more resilient food systems.

Author : Stoian, D.,Marenya, P.,Donovan, J.,Pamerneckyte, G.
Publisher : CIFOR
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Fractures and resilience of agri-food value chains in the context of COVID-19: A review of recent evidence by Stoian, D.,Marenya, P.,Donovan, J.,Pamerneckyte, G. Pdf

Author : Amare, Mulubrhan,Abay, Kibrom A.,Tiberti, Luca,Chamberlin, Jordan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2020-08-11
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Impacts of COVID-19 on food security: Panel data evidence from Nigeria by Amare, Mulubrhan,Abay, Kibrom A.,Tiberti, Luca,Chamberlin, Jordan Pdf

This paper combines pre-pandemic face-to-face survey data with follow up phone surveys collected in April-May 2020 to quantify the overall and differential impacts of COVID-19 on household food security, labor market participation and local food prices in Nigeria. We exploit spatial variation in exposure to COVID-19 related infections and lockdown measures along with temporal differences in our outcomes of interest using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that those households exposed to higher COVID-19 cases or mobility lockdowns experience a significant increase in measures of food insecurity. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that COVID-19 significantly reduces labor market participation and increases food prices. We find that impacts differ by economic activities and households. For instance, lockdown measures increased households' experience of food insecurity by 12 percentage points and reduced the probability of participation in non-farm business activities by 13 percentage points. These lockdown measures have smaller impacts on wage-related activities and farming activities. In terms of food security, households relying on non-farm businesses, poorer households, those with school-aged children, and those living in remote and conflicted-affected zones have experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food insecurity. These findings can help inform immediate and medium-term policy responses, including social protection policies aiming at ameliorating the impacts of the pandemic, as well as guide targeting strategies of governments and international donor agencies by identifying the most impacted sub-populations.

Author : Covey, J., Bolin, A.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2022-09-19
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9789251351833

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Forest communities in the face of COVID-19 crisis by Covey, J., Bolin, A. Pdf

COVID-19 continues to have severe impacts on the societies, economies and environment of forest communities. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on forest communities have been shaped by pre-existing social, economic en environmental vulnerabilities. Despite existing vulnerabilities, forest communities have shwon a great deal of resilience. Forest communities have not been passive in the face of these significant impacts. Key responses have included the use of informal and formal social protection programmes. Reflecting on past crisis and building on the initial COVID-19 responses found in the case studies and lessons from producer organisations, this working paper identifies seven key pathways and 14 strategic actions for forest communities to recover and building back better from COVID-19.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2021-05-19
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251344309

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Agricultural livelihoods and food security in the context of COVID-19 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The assessment presented in this report uses livelihood survey data collected by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) from June to November 2020 in 11 highly food insecure countries. These efforts have led to the assembly of the survey data into one of the largest datasets so far used to look at coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related impacts on rural and agricultural livelihoods. It contributes to the growing body of evidence by focusing specifically on agricultural households, and sheds new light on the impact of COVID-19 and other shocks on the lives and livelihoods of these households. All countries selected appear in the list of “food crisis countries” published annually by the multi-agency Food Security Information Network (FSIN). These countries are Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Yemen and Zimbabwe.This report shows that the enforcement of COVID‑19‑related restrictions has reduced the incomes of agricultural producers as well as their food security with an impact comparable to that of major shocks, such as conflict or natural disasters. The overall decrease in income was particularly high for vegetable and fish producers whose products are highly perishable, highlighting how movement restrictions and consequent transportation delays of agricultural goods affected these groups the most, causing severe losses that could not be compensated once restrictions were lifted. Livestock producers were also among the most severely affected by the restrictions, however the impact for many of them has been cushioned though either delayed sales or through asset depletion, which can lead to a cycle of poverty. As the pandemic and associated restrictions continue, both supply and demand‑side measures are necessary.This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of FAO and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Author : Bedru Babulo Balana,Motunrayo Ayowumi Oyeyemi,Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi,Adetunji Fasoranti,Hyacinth Edeh,Kwaw S. Andam
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1356305683

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Have Households' Livelihoods and Food Security Rebounded from COVID-19 Shocks in Nigeria? by Bedru Babulo Balana,Motunrayo Ayowumi Oyeyemi,Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi,Adetunji Fasoranti,Hyacinth Edeh,Kwaw S. Andam Pdf

Author : Sitko, N., Knowles M., Viberti, F., Bordi, D.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 69 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2022-03-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251353394

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Assessing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of rural people by Sitko, N., Knowles M., Viberti, F., Bordi, D. Pdf

In this paper we focus specifically on differences in the welfare impacts of COVID-19 on rural livelihoods between countries using nationally representative data that we disaggregate by food system typology. This typology captures key structural differences in the organization of rural economies and the vulnerabilities to rural livelihoods due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures. In particular, we draw on household survey data collected from 54 countries through the World Bank’s COVID-19 High Frequency Monitoring Dashboard to generate descriptive data on COVID-19 impacts in rural areas across three dimensions: income, coping strategies and food security. These descriptive data are disaggregated into four food system categories and contextualized and validated through a systematic review of rigorous, survey-based studies of COVID-19 impacts in rural areas. Through this analysis, the report provides insights on how COVID-19 is influencing rural livelihoods, how its impacts vary between countries and food system typologies, and, ultimately, how policymakers and the international community need to respond in order to foster an inclusive and sustainable recovery.

Author : Mulubrhan Amare Reda,Kibrom A. Abay,Luca Tiberti,Jordan Chamberlin
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1196292216

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Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security by Mulubrhan Amare Reda,Kibrom A. Abay,Luca Tiberti,Jordan Chamberlin Pdf

This paper combines pre-pandemic face-to-face survey data with follow up phone surveys collected in April-May 2020 to quantify the overall and differential impacts of COVID-19 on household food security, labor market participation and local food prices in Nigeria. We exploit spatial variation in exposure to COVID-19 related infections and lockdown measures along with temporal differences in our outcomes of interest using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that those households exposed to higher COVID-19 cases or mobility lockdowns experience a significant increase in measures of food insecurity. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that COVID-19 significantly reduces labor market participation and increases food prices. We find that impacts differ by economic activities and households. For instance, lockdown measures increased households' experience of food insecurity by 13 percentage points and reduced the probability of participation in non-farm business activities by 11 percentage points. These lockdown measures have smaller impacts on wage-related activities and farming activities. In terms of food security, households relying on non-farm businesses, poorer households, those with school-aged children, and those living in remote and conflicted-affected zones have experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food security. These findings can help inform immediate and medium-term policy responses, including social protection policies aiming at ameliorating the impacts of the pandemic, as well as guide targeting strategies of governments and international donor agencies by identifying the most impacted sub-populations.

Author : Headey, Derek D.,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel,Oo, Than Zaw,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2020-10-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Telephone survey evidence from mothers in rural and urban Myanmar by Headey, Derek D.,Goudet, Sophie,Lambrecht, Isabel,Oo, Than Zaw,Maffioli, Elisa Maria,Toth, Russell Pdf

Myanmar had one of the lowest confirmed COVID-19 caseloads in the world in mid-2020 and was one of the few developing countries not projected to go into economic recession. However, macroeconomic projections are likely to be a poor guide to individual and household welfare in a fast-moving crisis that has involved disruption to an unusually wide range of sectors and livelihoods. To explore the impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on household poverty and coping strategies, as well as maternal food insecurity experiences, this study used a telephone survey conducted in June and July 2020 covering 2,017 mothers of nutritionally vulnerable young children in urban Yangon and rural villages of Myanmar’s Dry Zone. Stratifying results by location, livelihoods, and asset-levels, and using retrospective questions on pre-COVID-19 incomes and various COVID-19 impacts, we find that the vast majority of households have been adversely affected from loss of income and employment. Over three-quarters cite income/job losses as the main impact of COVID-19 – median incomes declined by one third and $1.90/day income-based poverty rose by around 27 percentage points between January and June 2020. Falling into poverty was most strongly associated with loss of employment (including migrant employment), but also with recent childbirth. The poor commonly coped with income losses through taking loans/credit, while better-off households drew down on savings and reduced non-food expenditures. Self-reported food insecurity experiences were much more common in the urban sample than in the rural sample, even though income-based and asset-based poverty were more prevalent in rural areas. In urban areas, around one quarter of respondents were worried about food quantities and quality, and around 10 percent stated that there were times when they had run out of food or gone hungry. Respondents who stated that their household had lost income or experienced food supply problems due to COVID-19 were more likely to report a variety of different food insecurity experiences. These results raise the concern that the welfare impacts of the COVID-19 crisis are much more serious and widespread than macroeconomic projections would suggest. Loss of employment and casual labor are major drivers of increasing poverty. Consequently, economic recovery strategies must emphasize job creation to revitalize damaged livelihoods. However, a strengthened social protection strategy should also be a critical component of economic recovery to prevent adversely affected households from falling into poverty traps and to avert the worst forms of food insecurity and malnutrition, particularly among households with pregnant women and young children. The recent second wave of COVID-19 infections in Myanmar from mid-August onwards makes the expansion of social protection even more imperative.

Author : Boughton, Duncan,Goeb, Joey,Lambrecht, Isabel,Mather, David,Headey, Derek D.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 11 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2020-04-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Strengthening smallholder agriculture is essential to defend food and nutrition security and rural livelihoods in Myanmar against the COVID-19 threat: Elements for a proactive response by Boughton, Duncan,Goeb, Joey,Lambrecht, Isabel,Mather, David,Headey, Derek D. Pdf

There is an urgent need to anticipate and mitigate the threat posed by COVID-19 to Myanmar’s agricultural sector and to rural households that depend on farming for income and for food and nutrition security. We evaluate options to address the threat and to support farmers to prepare their land and plant their crops on time in the short window before the start of the 2020 monsoon cropping season. Recognizing that no single intervention can address the full range of vulnerabilities faced by rural households, we recommend a combination: • Expansion of access to seasonal farm credit with extended loan repayment schedules; • Limited agricultural input subsidies targeting certified seed; and • Implementation of a cash transfer program to smallholder farmers. Despite the high cost of a cash transfer program, there are good reasons to expect that the benefits of such support to farm households will outweigh program costs in monetary terms – even more so if the economic benefits from the consequent lower incidence of malnutrition to which the program would contribute can be measured.

Author : Alvi, Muzna Fatima,Gupta, Shweta,Barooah, Prapti
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 4 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2022-01-31
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on women and men in Kaduna and Cross River states of Nigeria by Alvi, Muzna Fatima,Gupta, Shweta,Barooah, Prapti Pdf

The study was conducted in Kaduna State and Cross River State in Nigeria. It was designed as a longitudinal panel study with five rounds of data collection. The study used primary quantitative data collected using structured questionnaires administered through phone-based surveys. The study sample was drawn using systematic random sampling from an earlier in-person survey conducted by IFPRI for the Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support’ (APPEALS) project. Figure 1 provides a detailed description on the study timeline and sample size covered in each round.

Author : Ahmed, Akhter,Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab,Gilligan, Daniel,Hoddinott, John F.,Roy, Shalini,Anowar, Sadat,Ghostlaw, Julie,Thai, Giang
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 13 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2021-04-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Signs of recovery: Patterns of livelihoods and food security before and during COVID-19 in rural Bangladesh by Ahmed, Akhter,Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab,Gilligan, Daniel,Hoddinott, John F.,Roy, Shalini,Anowar, Sadat,Ghostlaw, Julie,Thai, Giang Pdf

The COVID-19 pandemic compelled the Government of Bangladesh to impose policy measures to stop the spread of the virus. These efforts were critical for public health, but have led to serious disruptions in the economy and livelihoods. To document the experiences of Bangladeshi households during this time, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Cornell University conducted two rounds of socioeconomic phone surveys in rural areas of Bangladesh in June 2020 and in January 2021, and benchmarked them against data from in-person interviews carried out on the same households in 2019. Together, these surveys have tracked the experiences of Bangladeshi households in terms of unemployment, income loss, food insecurity, and coping mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic.