The Efficiency Of Government Expenditure

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The Efficiency of Government Expenditure

Author : Ms.Keiko Honjo,Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Marijn Verhoeven
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 61 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 1997-11-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781451922400

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The Efficiency of Government Expenditure by Ms.Keiko Honjo,Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Marijn Verhoeven Pdf

This paper assesses the efficiency of government expenditure on education and health in 38 countries in Africa in 1984-95, both in relation to each other and compared with countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere. The results show that, on average, countries in Africa are less efficient than countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere; however, education and health spending in Africa became more efficient during that period. The assessment further suggests that improvements in educational attainment and health output in African countries require more than just higher budgetary allocations.

Efficiency of Public Spending in Developing Countries

Author : Santiago Herrera,Gaobo Pang
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 69 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Children
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Efficiency of Public Spending in Developing Countries by Santiago Herrera,Gaobo Pang Pdf

Abstract: Government spending in developing countries typically account for between 15 and 30 percent of GDP. Hence, small changes in the efficiency of public spending could have a major impact on GDP and on the attainment of the government ' s objectives. The first challenge that stakeholders face is measuring efficiency. This paper attempts such quantification and has two major parts. The first part estimates efficiency as the distance between observed input-output combinations and an efficiency frontier (defined as the maximum attainable output for a given level of inputs). This frontier is estimated for several health and education output indicators by means of the Free Disposable Hull (FDH) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Both input-inefficiency (excess input consumption to achieve a level of output) and output-inefficiency (output shortfall for a given level of inputs) are scored in a sample of 140 countries using data from 1996 to 2002. The second part of the paper seeks to verify empirical regularities of the cross-country variation in efficiency. Results show that countries with higher expenditure levels register lower efficiency scores, as well as countries where the wage bill is a larger share of the government ' s budget. Similarly, countries with higher ratios of public to private financing of the service provision score lower efficiency, as do countries plagued by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and those with higher income inequality. Countries with higher aid-dependency ratios also tend to score lower in efficiency, probably due to the volatility of this type of funding that impedes medium term planning and budgeting. Though no causality may be inferred from this exercise, it points at different factors to understand why some countries might need more resources than others to achieve similar educational and health outcomes.

Measuring Government in the Twenty-First Century

Author : Livio Di Matteo,Fraser Institute (Vancouver, B.C.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Canada
ISBN : 0889752745

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Measuring Government in the Twenty-First Century by Livio Di Matteo,Fraser Institute (Vancouver, B.C.) Pdf

Government is the single most pervasive institution of modern life, with all facets affected by public sector activities. Over the last 100 years, government spending around the world has grown in terms of both spending percapita and share of national output. During the twentieth century, the relative size of government grew steadily, with surges during the two world wars. Figure 1.1 shows general government expenditure as a share of national output for the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom from 1948 to 2011. In 1870, government spending to GDP ratios in these countries were well below 10 percent (Tanzi, 2011: 8), but those ratios had more than tripled by the end of the twentieth century and have continued to grow in the first decade of the twenty-first century.

Public Spending and the Role of the State

Author : Ludger Schuknecht
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 305 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2020-11-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781108496230

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Public Spending and the Role of the State by Ludger Schuknecht Pdf

Up-to-date, holistic and comprehensive discussion of public expenditure, its history, value for money, risks and remedies.

The Efficiency of Government Expenditure

Author : Sanjeev Gupta
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1291214437

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The Efficiency of Government Expenditure by Sanjeev Gupta Pdf

This paper assesses the efficiency of government expenditure on education and health in 38 countries in Africa in 1984-95, both in relation to each other and compared with countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere. The results show that, on average, countries in Africa are less efficient than countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere; however, education and health spending in Africa became more efficient during that period. The assessment further suggests that improvements in educational attainment and health output in African countries require more than just higher budgetary allocations.

Efficiency and Equity in Social Spending

Author : Nancy Birdsall,Estelle James
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 1990
Category : Desarrollo social
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Efficiency and Equity in Social Spending by Nancy Birdsall,Estelle James Pdf

In most countries it is easy to identify reallocations of public spending for social programs that would improve efficiency and simultaneously improve the distribution of income and better serve the poor. The authors suggest why these reallocations are difficult but not impossible to bring about.

Public Expenditure Handbook

Author : Mr.Ke-young Chu,Mr.Richard Hemming
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 196 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1991-09-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1557752222

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Public Expenditure Handbook by Mr.Ke-young Chu,Mr.Richard Hemming Pdf

This handbook, edited by Ke-young Chu and Richard Hemming, offers guidance to officials formulating public policy recommendations, so that the aggregate level of public spending conforms with the economy's overall resource capacity. The handbook looks at the impact of public spending on the efficiency of resource use and explores the basis for distinguishing between productive and unproductive spending.

The Control and Management of Government Expenditure

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 188 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2009-05-18
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264076822

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The Control and Management of Government Expenditure by OECD Pdf

Public expenditure control has become a central element of economic policy in many countries. This report analyses budget practices and some recent innovations from the point of view of senior public servants in the central budget offices of ...

public expenditure and growth

Author : Santiago Herrera
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Access to Finance
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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public expenditure and growth by Santiago Herrera Pdf

Abstract: Given that public spending will have a positive impact on GDP if the benefits exceed the marginal cost of public funds, the present paper deals with measuring costs and benefits of public spending. The paper discusses one cost seldom considered in the literature and in policy debates, namely, the volatility derived from additional public spending. The paper identifies a relationship between public spending volatility and consumption volatility, which implies a direct welfare loss to society. This loss is substantial in developing countries, estimated at 8 percent of consumption. If welfare losses due to volatility are this sizeable, then measuring the benefits of public spending is critical. Gauging benefits based on macro aggregate data requires three caveats: a) considering of the impact of the funding (taxation) required for the additional public spending; b) differentiating between investment and capital formation; c) allowing for heterogeneous response of output to different types of capital and differences in network development. It is essential to go beyond country-specificity to project-level evaluation of the benefits and costs of public projects. From the micro viewpoint, the rate of return of a project must exceed the marginal cost of public funds, determined by tax levels and structure. Credible evaluations require microeconomic evidence and careful specification of counterfactuals. On this, the impact evaluation literature and methods play a critical role. From individual project evaluation, the analyst must contemplate the general equilibrium impacts. In general, the paper advocates for project evaluation as a central piece of any development platform. By increasing the efficiency of public spending, the government can permanently increase the rate of productivity growth and, hence, affect the growth rate of GDP.

Quality of Government and Living Standards

Author : Francesco Grigoli,Mr.Eduardo Ley
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 21 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2012-07-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475505306

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Quality of Government and Living Standards by Francesco Grigoli,Mr.Eduardo Ley Pdf

It is generally acknowledged that the government’s output is difficult to define and its value is hard to measure. The practical solution, adopted by national accounts systems, is to equate output to input costs. However, several studies estimate significant inefficiencies in government activities (i.e., same output could be achieved with less inputs), implying that inputs are not a good approximation for outputs. If taken seriously, the next logical step is to purge from GDP the fraction of government inputs that is wasted. As differences in the quality of the public sector have a direct impact on citizens’ effective consumption of public and private goods and services, we must take them into account when computing a measure of living standards. We illustrate such a correction computing corrected per capita GDPs on the basis of two studies that estimate efficiency scores for several dimensions of government activities. We show that the correction could be significant, and rankings of living standards could be re-ordered as a result.

Efficiency of Public Spending in Developing Countries

Author : Santiago Herrera,Gaobo Pang
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:931674742

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Efficiency of Public Spending in Developing Countries by Santiago Herrera,Gaobo Pang Pdf

Government spending in developing countries typically account for between 15 and 30 percent of GDP. Hence, small changes in the efficiency of public spending could have a major impact on GDP and on the attainment of the government's objectives. The first challenge that stakeholders face is measuring efficiency. This paper attempts such quantification and has two major parts. The first part estimates efficiency as the distance between observed input-output combinations and an efficiency frontier (defined as the maximum attainable output for a given level of inputs). This frontier is estimated for several health and education output indicators by means of the Free Disposable Hull (FDH) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Both input-inefficiency (excess input consumption to achieve a level of output) and output-inefficiency (output shortfall for a given level of inputs) are scored in a sample of 140 countries using data from 1996 to 2002. The second part of the paper seeks to verify empirical regularities of the cross-country variation in efficiency. Results show that countries with higher expenditure levels register lower efficiency scores, as well as countries where the wage bill is a larger share of the government's budget. Similarly, countries with higher ratios of public to private financing of the service provision score lower efficiency, as do countries plagued by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and those with higher income inequality. Countries with higher aid-dependency ratios also tend to score lower in efficiency, probably due to the volatility of this type of funding that impedes medium term planning and budgeting. Though no causality may be inferred from this exercise, it points at different factors to understand why some countries might need more resources than others to achieve similar educational and health outcomes.

Unproductive Public Expenditures

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2005-04-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781557755414

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Unproductive Public Expenditures by International Monetary Fund Pdf

Public expenditure policy, together with efforts to raise revenue,is at the core of efficient and equitable adjustment. Public expenditureproductivity has critical implications for fiscal adjustment, particularly as the competition for limited public resources intensifies.By providing a framework for defining and analyzing public expenditureproductivity and unproductive expenditures, this pamphlet discusseshow economic policymakers may approach these issues.

Benchmarking the Efficiency of Public Expenditure in the Russian Federation

Author : David Hauner
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2007-10
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UCSD:31822034557983

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Benchmarking the Efficiency of Public Expenditure in the Russian Federation by David Hauner Pdf

This paper benchmarks the efficiency of public expenditure in the social sectors in the Russian Federation relative to other countries and among the country's regions. It finds that there is substantial room for efficiency gains, particularly in health care and social protection, although less so in education. An econometric analysis of efficiency differences between the regions suggests that they are positively related to per capita income and the quality of governance and democratic control, while they are negatively related to the share of federal transfers in the respective region's government revenue and the level of spending relative to gross regional product.

Government expenditures on education, health, and infrastructure : a naive look at levels, outcomes, and efficiency

Author : Lourdes Trujillo, Marianela González, Antonio Estache
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 27 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Government expenditures on education, health, and infrastructure : a naive look at levels, outcomes, and efficiency by Lourdes Trujillo, Marianela González, Antonio Estache Pdf

Abstract: All interested parties seem to agree that it is important to be able to monitor public sector performance at the sectoral level, but most current work based on multi-country databases does not lend itself to country-specific conclusions. This is due to a large extent to major data limitations both on sectoral expenditures and on sectoral outcomes. This paper discusses the related issues and shows what we can do with the current data inspite of the drastic limitations. The main conclusions of the paper are that any efforts to assess country-specific performances in relative terms are likely to be difficult in view of the data problems. A rough sense of performance across sectors can be estimated for groups of countries, allowing some modest benchmarking exercises. These estimates show that low-income countries generally lag significantly behind higher-income countries. Efficiency has improved during the 1990s in energy and education but has not improved significantly in transport.

From Containment to Rationalization

Author : Mr.Jean-Jacques Hallaert,Mr.Maximilien Queyranne
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 65 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2016-01-21
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513540139

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From Containment to Rationalization by Mr.Jean-Jacques Hallaert,Mr.Maximilien Queyranne Pdf

Achieving France’s medium-term fiscal targets will require significant expenditure efforts. This paper identifies areas where there is scope for increasing expenditure efficiency, with a view to achieving higher quality and more sustainable fiscal consolidation. The methodology is based on a triple benchmarking. First, the level of public expenditure in different categories is compared to other European countries. Second, the impact of spending is assessed against other European countries. Third, the input mix is analyzed to understand what components are responsible for the level of spending and for the quality of outcomes This is done for various categories of spending and policies. Based on these results, the paper then provides policy options for expenditure reform in each of these areas, drawing on successful reform episodes in other countries.