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The Egyptian Pyramids: How Did They Get Built? by Megan Cooley Peterson Pdf
The past is full of mysterious events. How did ancient people build pyramids. What is Stonehenge for? Maybe the explanations for these events are simple ... or maybe there's something strange going on. Explore history's mysteries through closely level text, dynamic imagery, and visual infographics.
This book examines the architectural achievements of the Egyptian pyramid builders and how they may have accomplished those deeds. Many of their building techniques we today cannot explain. The baffling puzzle of how the stones were raised is one of these. The big puzzle aside, many minor mysteries are for the first time explained. Egyptologists agree that those performing the heavy labor were conscripted citizens, not slaves. The builders were inventive, motivated, daring, and superbly organized. They made mistakes, the price of innovation. Still, they persevered, and created some of the most impressive monuments in history. This book should help the reader understand the problems the builders faced, and instill admiration of their work.
This engaging account is the result of Massey's pool-side ponderings, in which he gives a detailed alternative theory of how the ancient Egyptians could have used water to their advantage to make pyramid building much easier.
How the Great Pyramid Was Built by Craig B. Smith Pdf
Going beyond even the expertise of archaeologists and historians, world-class engineer Craig B. Smith explores the planning and engineering behind the incredible Great Pyramid of Giza. How would the ancient Egyptians have developed their building plans, devised work schedules, managed laborers, solved specific design and engineering problems, or even improvised on the job? The answers are here, along with dazzling, one-of-a-kind color photographs and beautiful hand-drawn illustrations of tools, materials, and building techniques the ancient masters used. In his foreword to the book, Egypt's Undersecretary of State for the Giza Monuments Zahi Hawass explains the importance of understanding the Great Pyramid as a straightforward construction project.
Mysteries of the Egyptian Pyramids by Karen Latchana Kenney Pdf
Massive pyramids tower over the Giza Plateau near Cairo, Egypt. Built in the Bronze Age, these immense stone structures were engineered with remarkable precision. How did the ancient Egyptians construct them without the use of modern tools? Why were they built? Throughout the centuries, historians and archaeologists have studied the pyramids and other Egyptian artifacts in search of possible answers to these questions. The pyramids are filled with mysterious doors and passageways—what other secrets and treasures might lie inside? Find out more about the myths, science, and technology surrounding the creation and exploration of the Egyptian pyramids.
“The mystery of the pyramids is solved before our eyes” in this illustrated YA guide to their construction by the Caldecott Medal-winning author (Kirkus). In Pyramid, acclaimed author and illustrator David Macaulay explores the construction of ancient Egyptian pyramids from the initial planning stages to the methods used to lift stones up to the structure’s highest level. Through concise text and richly detailed black and white illustrations your readers are introduced not only to ancient Egyptian engineering, tools, and labor practices, but also the philosophy of life, death, and afterlife that made these awe-inspiring monuments necessary as a pharaoh’s final resting place. "Macaulay's brilliant Pyramid shows, detail by detail, how the great pharaohs' burial places were conceived and constructed… His draftsmanship is unexcelled, and his book is pharaonic in opulence and design."—Time
The Secret of the Great Pyramid by Bob Brier,Jean-Pierre Houdin Pdf
A decade ago, French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin became obsessed by the centuriesold question: How was the Great Pyramid built? How, in a nation of farmers only recently emerged from the Stone Age, could such a massive, complex, and enduring structure have been envisioned and constructed? Laboring at his computer ten hours a day for five years—creating exquisitely detailed 3-D models of the Pyramid's interior—Houdin finally had his answer. It was a startling revelation that cast a fresh light on the minds that conceived one of the wonders of the ancient world. Written by world-renowned Egyptologist Bob Brier in collaboration with Houdin, The Secret of the Great Pyramid moves deftly between the ancient and the modern, chronicling two equally fascinating interrelated histories. It is a remarkable account of the step-by-step planning and assembling of the magnificent edifice—the brainchild of an innovative genius, the Egyptian architect Hemienu, who imagined, organized, and oversaw a monumental construction project that took more than two decades to complete and that employed the services of hundreds of architects, mathematicians, boatbuilders, stonemasons, and metallurgists. Here also is the riveting story of Jean-Pierre Houdin's single-minded search for solutions to the mysteries that have bedeviled Egyptologists for centuries, such as the purpose of the enigmatic Grand Gallery and the Pyramid's crack.
Why the Pharaohs Built the Pyramids with Fake Stones by Joseph Davidovits Pdf
In this book, Professor Joseph Davidovits explains the intriguing theory that made him famous. He shows how the Pyramids were built by using re-agglomerated stone (a natural limestone treated like a concrete), and not with huge carved blocks, hauled on fragile ramps. Archaeology bears him out, as well as hieroglyphic texts, scientific analysis, religious and historical facts. Several independant scientific studies reveal the ultimate proofs that the pyramids blocks are not natural. You may find various papers or opinions challenging the theory, but all prefer ignoring these analysis. Believing or not in the artificial stone theory is now simply irrelevant. It is a fact, a truth that is still fought by some people for irrational purposes. Here we finally have the first complete presentation on how and why the Egyptian pyramids were built. We discover its brilliant creator, the great scribe and architect, Imhotep. Joseph Davidovits sweeps aside the conventional image which cripples Egyptology and delivers a captivating and surprising view of Egyptian civilisation. He charts the rise of this technology, its apogee with the Pyramids at Giza, and the decline. Everything is logical and brilliant, everything fits into place. Chapter by chapter, the revelations are sensational, especially when Joseph Davidovits explains why the pharaohs stopped building great pyramids because of an over-exploitation of raw materials and a likely environmental disaster. We understand why Cheops and Ramses II represent two Egyptian civilisations completely different in their beliefs. On the one hand, the God Khnum mandates Cheops to build his pyramid in agglomerated stone, while on the other hand, the God Amun orders Ramses to carve stone for the temples of Luxor and Karnak. 30 years after the best seller book: The Pyramids: an enigma solved, after 30 years of new research, and new discoveries, you will understand why the theory is more alive than ever, why more and more scientists and archaeologists agree, simply because it is the truth.
When the Pyramids Were Built by Dorothea Arnold Pdf
Masterworks from a golden era of ancient Egyptian culture are gathered in this volume, which accompanies a landmark exhibition organized by The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, running from September 16, 1999 through January 9, 2000. 130 color illustrations.
What do the pyramids of Egypt really represent? What could have driven so many to so great, and often so dangerous, an effort? Was the motivation religious or practical? Illustrated with more than 300 photographs and drawings, this book presents an original approach to the subject of pyramid building. It reveals the connection between devices that served both a practical need for survival and a spiritual belief in gods and goddesses. It examines Egyptian technologies and techniques from the origins of pyramid development to the step-by-step details of how the ground was leveled, how the site was oriented, and how the stone was raised and placed to meet at a distant point in the sky. Here the author also asks and answers questions virtually ignored for the last century. He discloses, for example, the ancient use of shadows, now denigrated to the ornamental back-yard sundial, but once an important tool for telling the height of an object, geographical directions, the seasons of the year, and the time of day. He also reinterprets the ancient "stretching of the cord" ceremony, which once was thought to have only religious significance but here is shown as the means of establishing the sides of a pyramid.
Ancient Egypt is one of the most widely studied historical civilizations. Readers are introduced to important facts about ancient Egypt and the ways ancient Egyptians influenced the world for thousands of years. Readers explore this complex culture through accessible text, annotated quotations from historians, vibrant photographs and historical images, and enlightening sidebars. Readers may know about Egypt’s pyramids and pharaohs from their history classes, but they will enjoy learning lesser-known stories of this amazing part of the ancient world.
Egyptian Pyramid Escalator-Elevator Theory by Antoine Khai Nguyen Pdf
This is my theory of pyramid building which may surprise Egyptologists and scholars. My research and imagination have lead me to believe that the ancient Egyptians did in fact invent escalators, elevators, travelators and semi-vehicles long before the modern people as we are. The forms, shapes and mechanisms of these hypothetical ancient escalators, elevators, travelators and semi-vehicles come from my imagination of course, since, as far as I know, there were no such artifacts from Ancient Egypt to prove their existence. What I have done was to imagine myself as the architect of the Khufu pyramid then try to figure out what techniques and tools should I invent to achieve my task: It does not matter it is a modern person like myself or an ancient Egyptian as long as we must take our starting point as the technical knowledge of the old Kingdom era of pharaoh Khufu.You will find in my book, how these hypothetical ancient Egyptians were made and look like, and also their possible indirect evidences. It is well known that the ancient Egyptians left abundant drawing or writing records about their daily life, their religious practices and other mundane things but not a single one on how they built their magnificent pyramids and temples. The only somewhat related artifact that survives so far to this day was the wooden sledge displayed in the Cairo museum. It is obviously too slim an evidence to build a theory on. As a result, one has to rely on the constraints, difficulties of the construction task: Limit timeframe of 23 years, extraordinary challenge from the Earth's gravity, limit manpower, hot and windy weather of the desert combined with annual flood, no relevant tools, etc. From this starting point, any undertaker of the project has likely to think it through before he begins to tackle any concrete task. There was however an important help: successes and failures from previous experiences. From there, the architect of Khufu pyramid could start but the new challenge is much different: the pyramid type has changed: the steps are no longer allowed, and the pyramid must go higher. Under such extraordinary requirements, I believe that the ancient architects would have asked for help: some new tools must be invented to tackle the challenge. That is why, when I tried myself to invent any relevant tools, I realized that the ancient Egyptians would have been forced to do the same. And obviously they succeeded. What I believe is that the ancient Egyptians did use the gravity against itself because this is the cheapest way to defeat the Earth's gravity. By the same token, the ramps theories have difficulty to prove since they make the challenge bigger along the way: the higher the pyramid goes, the harder the Earth's gravity becomes.Now, how could one prove that a new theory regarding the pyramid building techniques, is valid when no records exist? As far as I'm concerned, the simpler the theory goes, the better it can prove. My theory, you will find out, is based on a set of elements which all are easy to assemble at the time of Khufu. Moreover I have found also many indirect evidences from Ancient Egypt that could back up my theory, whether in the hieroglyphs themselves, or the architectural elements inside the pyramids, or tools left behind on the surroundings of pyramids and temples. You will see if they are valid or not.
