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The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry by D. M.Y. Sommerville Pdf
Renowned for its lucid yet meticulous exposition, this classic allows students to follow the development of non-Euclidean geometry from a fundamental analysis of the concept of parallelism to more advanced topics. 1914 edition. Includes 133 figures.
The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry by Julian Lowell Coolidge, PhD Pdf
In this book Dr. Coolidge explains non-Euclidean geometry which consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry. As Euclidean geometry lies at the intersection of metric geometry and affine geometry, non-Euclidean geometry arises when either the metric requirement is relaxed, or the parallel postulate is replaced with an alternative one. In the latter case one obtains hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry, the traditional non-Euclidean geometries. When the metric requirement is relaxed, then there are affine planes associated with the planar algebras which give rise to kinematic geometries that have also been called non-Euclidean geometry. The essential difference between the metric geometries is the nature of parallel lines. Euclid's fifth postulate, the parallel postulate, is equivalent to Playfair's postulate, which states that, within a two-dimensional plane, for any given line l and a point A, which is not on l, there is exactly one line through A that does not intersect l. In hyperbolic geometry, by contrast, there are infinitely many lines through A not intersecting l, while in elliptic geometry, any line through A intersects l. Another way to describe the differences between these geometries is to consider two straight lines indefinitely extended in a two-dimensional plane that are both perpendicular to a third line: In Euclidean geometry, the lines remain at a constant distance from each other (meaning that a line drawn perpendicular to one line at any point will intersect the other line and the length of the line segment joining the points of intersection remains constant) and are known as parallels. In hyperbolic geometry, they "curve away" from each other, increasing in distance as one moves further from the points of intersection with the common perpendicular; these lines are often called ultraparallels. In elliptic geometry, the lines "curve toward" each other and intersect.
The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry by Julian Lowell Coolidge Pdf
Excerpt from The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry The heroic age of non-euclidean geometry is passed. It is long since the days when Lobachevsky timidly referred to his system as an 'imaginary geometry', and the new subject appeared as a dangerous lapse from the orthodox doctrine of Euclid. The attempt to prove the parallel axiom by means of the other usual assumptions is now seldom undertaken, and those who do undertake it, are considered in the class with circle-squarers and searchers for perpetual motion - sad by-products of the creative activity of modern science. In this, as in all other changes, there is subject both for rejoicing and regret. It is a satisfaction to a writer on non-euclidean geometry that he may proceed at once to his subject, without feeling any need to justify himself, or, at least, any more need than any other who adds to our supply of books. On the other hand, he will miss the stimulus that comes to one who feels that he is bringing out something entirely now and strange. The subject of non-euclidean geometry is, to the mathematician, quite as well established as any other branch of mathematical science; and, in fact, it may lay claim to a decidedly more solid basis than some branches, such as the theory of assemblages, or the analysis situs. Recent books dealing with non-euclidean geometry fall naturally into two classes. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry (Classic Reprint) by Duncan M'Laren Young Sommerville Pdf
Excerpt from The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry The present work is an extension and elaboration of a course of lectures on non-euclidean Geometry which I delivered at the Colloquium held under the auspices of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society in August, 1913. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry by Duncan M'Laren Young Sommerville Pdf
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Simple Non-Euclidean Geometry and Its Physical Basis by I.M. Yaglom Pdf
There are many technical and popular accounts, both in Russian and in other languages, of the non-Euclidean geometry of Lobachevsky and Bolyai, a few of which are listed in the Bibliography. This geometry, also called hyperbolic geometry, is part of the required subject matter of many mathematics departments in universities and teachers' colleges-a reflec tion of the view that familiarity with the elements of hyperbolic geometry is a useful part of the background of future high school teachers. Much attention is paid to hyperbolic geometry by school mathematics clubs. Some mathematicians and educators concerned with reform of the high school curriculum believe that the required part of the curriculum should include elements of hyperbolic geometry, and that the optional part of the curriculum should include a topic related to hyperbolic geometry. I The broad interest in hyperbolic geometry is not surprising. This interest has little to do with mathematical and scientific applications of hyperbolic geometry, since the applications (for instance, in the theory of automorphic functions) are rather specialized, and are likely to be encountered by very few of the many students who conscientiously study (and then present to examiners) the definition of parallels in hyperbolic geometry and the special features of configurations of lines in the hyperbolic plane. The principal reason for the interest in hyperbolic geometry is the important fact of "non-uniqueness" of geometry; of the existence of many geometric systems.
Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry by Harold E. Wolfe Pdf
College-level text for elementary courses covers the fifth postulate, hyperbolic plane geometry and trigonometry, and elliptic plane geometry and trigonometry. Appendixes offer background on Euclidean geometry. Numerous exercises. 1945 edition.
The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry by Julian Lowell Coolidge Pdf
The Elements of non-Euclidean Geometry: Large Print By Julian Lowell Coolidge Chapters Include: Foundation For Metrical Geometry In A Limited Region - Congruent Transformations - The Three Hypotheses - The Introduction Of Trigonometric Formulae - Analytic Formulae - Consistency And Significance Of The Axioms - The Geometric And Analytic Extension Of Space - The Groups Of Congruent Transformations - Point, Line, And Plane Treated Analytically - The Higher Line Geometry - The Circle And The Sphere - Conic Sections - Quadric Surfaces - Areas And Volumes - Introduction To Differential Geometry - Differential Line-Geometry - Multiply Connected Spaces - The Projective Basis Of Non-Euclidean Geometry - The Differential Basis For Euclidean And Non-Euclidean Geometry - Comprehensive Index We are delighted to publish this classic book as part of our extensive Classic Library collection. Many of the books in our collection have been out of print for decades, and therefore have not been accessible to the general public. The aim of our publishing program is to facilitate rapid access to this vast reservoir of literature, and our view is that this is a significant literary work, which deserves to be brought back into print after many decades. The contents of the vast majority of titles in the Classic Library have been scanned from the original works. To ensure a high quality product, each title has been meticulously hand curated by our staff. Our philosophy has been guided by a desire to provide the reader with a book that is as close as possible to ownership of the original work. We hope that you will enjoy this wonderful classic work, and that for you it becomes an enriching experience.
The Elements of Non-Euclidean Plane Geometry and Trigonometry (Classic Reprint) by Horatio Scott Carslaw Pdf
Excerpt from The Elements of Non-Euclidean Plane Geometry and Trigonometry IN this little book I have attempted to treat the Elements of non-euclidean Plane Geometry and Trigonometry in such a way as to prove useful to teachers of Elementary Geometry in schools and colleges. Recent changes in the teaching of Geometry in England and America have made it more than ever necessary that the teachers should have some knowledge of the hypotheses on which Euclidean Geometry is built, and especially of that hypothesis on which Euclid's Theory of Parallels rests. The historical treatment of the Theory of Parallels leads naturally to a discussion of the non-euclidean Geometries and it is only when the logical possibility of these non-euclidean Geometries is properly understood that a teacher is entitled to form an independent Opinion upon the teaching of Elementary Geometry. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
