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The Elusive Aryans by Shrinivas Vasudeo Pradhan Pdf
The question of the original home of the Aryans and their migrations to India is only part of the problem of their “elusiveness.” Their subsequent assimilation and nativization in India also contributed to this elusive quality. This socio-cultural process can be traced through a study of their gods, rituals, and philosophy. Thus changes in the nature and function of Ṛgvedic gods; the appearance of upstart gods in the late Ṛgvedic period; the elaboration of the soma ritual with elaborate supplementary rituals; the introduction of the new ritual of Agnicayana; the rise of the eschatology of “punarjanma” (rebirth) and “saṁsāra” (eternal return) based on “karma”; and the ideal of “mukti”, or liberation from life, in place of the former ideal of a life of “śaradaḥ śatam” (a hundred autumns) are symptoms of, as well as a witness to, the transformation of the original identity of the Aryans as revealed in the Family Books of the Ṛgveda. This cultural transformation is no less significant than the “Yakṣa praṣṇa” (knotty question) of their original home and their “indubitable” archaeological traces. The book addresses itself to both these questions, and, for that purpose, takes another look at some of the archaeological material and Aryan life and thought as reflected in Vedic literature.
Annotation The question of the original home of the Aryans and their migrations to India is only part of the problem of their "elusiveness." Their subsequent assimilation and nativization in India also contributed to this elusive quality. This socio-cultural process can be traced through a study of their gods, rituals, and philosophy. Thus changes in the nature and function of ásgvedic gods; the appearance of upstart gods in the late ásgvedic period; the elaboration of the soma ritual with elaborate supplementary rituals; the introduction of the new ritual of Agnicayana; the rise of the eschatology of "punarjanma" (rebirth) and "saáusÄura" (eternal return) based on "karma"; and the ideal of "mukti", or liberation from life, in place of the former ideal of a life of "Å>aradaá Å>atam" (a hundred autumns) are symptoms of, as well as a witness to, the transformation of the original identity of the Aryans as revealed in the Family Books of the ásgveda. This cultural transformation is no less significant than the "Yaká£a praá£á++a" (knotty question) of their original home and their "indubitable" archaeological traces. The book addresses itself to both these questions, and, for that purpose, takes another look at some of the archaeological material and Aryan life and thought as reflected in Vedic literature.
Illustrations: 20 B/w Illustrations and 8 Maps Description: Book: The Aryans: Myth And Archaeology The Aryan problem is probably the most controversial in human history. Numerous scholars have attempted to trace the homeland of Vedic Aryans but no solutions is in sight in spite of the vast mass of literature. However, archaeological evidence of great significance has recently become available which throws a flood of light on the problem as it corroborates to a considerable extent the literary testimony and is even supported by that of the human skeletal biology. It has therefore become possible to locate the original homeland of the Aryan, the period of their migrations, the data of the composition of Rgveda, the flowering of the Vedic culture and finally their diaspora in different directions, not only in India but beyond its frontiers. The study thus represents a unique blend of the archaeological, literary and anthropological evidence. About Author : M.K. Dhavalikar was formerly Professor of Archaeology and Director, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute, Pune. He has carried out several excavations in different parts of the country and his publications include: Cultural Imperialism: Indus Civilization in Western India (1994), Indian Protohistory (1997), Historical Archaeology of India (1999), Environment and Culture: A Historical Perspective (2002), and Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, Vol. III (in press), besides excavation reports. Contents : List of Figures Preface Abbreviations Elusive Aryans Culture of the Rgveda Archaeological Traces of the Aryans Ancestros of Vedic Aryans Aryan Diaspora Bibliography Index The Aryan problem is probably the most controversial in human history. Numerous scholars have attempted to trace the homeland of Vedic Aryans but no solutions is in sight in spite of the vast mass of literature. However, archaeological evidence of great significance has recently become available which throws a flood of light on the problem as it corroborates to a considerable extent the literary testimony and is even supported by that of the human skeletal biology. It has therefore become possible to locate the original homeland of the Aryan, the period of their migrations, the data of the composition of Rgveda, the flowering of the Vedic culture and finally their diaspora in different directions, not only in India but beyond its frontiers. The study thus represents a unique blend of the archaeological, literary and anthropological evidence. About Author : M.K. Dhavalikar was formerly Professor of Archaeology and Director, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute, Pune. He has carried out several excavations in different parts of the country and his publications include: Cultural Imperialism: Indus Civilization in Western India (1994), Indian Protohistory (1997), Historical Archaeology of India (1999), Environment and Culture: A Historical Perspective (2002), and Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, Vol. III (in press), besides excavation reports. Contents : List of Figures Preface Abbreviations Elusive Aryans Culture of the Rgveda Archaeological Traces of the Aryans Ancestros of Vedic Aryans Aryan Diaspora Bibliography Index
Who were the Aryans? Where did they come from? Did they always live in India? The Aryan problem has been attracting fresh attention in academic, social and political arenas. This book identifies the main traits of Aryan culture and follows the spread of their cultural markers. Using the latest archaeological evidence and the earliest known Indo-European inscriptions on the social and economic features of Aryan society, the distinguished historian, R. S. Sharma, throws fresh light on the current debate on whether or not the Aryans were the indigenous inhabitants of India. This book is essential reading for those interested in the history of India and its culture.
Author : George Erdosy Publisher : Walter de Gruyter Page : 444 pages File Size : 51,9 Mb Release : 2012-10-25 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines ISBN : 9783110816433
Origin of Hindu Second Part Arya Never Was Aryan by Dibyendu Chakraborty Pdf
It has been observed in the previous book titled ‘Origin of Hindu √ The Name’ that the dictum of going, moving forward became the central tenet of a huge number of human beings who essentially were the residents of India. Those people were termed as Hindu. Even when the root of that concept is logically proven, then also a question crops up and remains unanswered. Why did the act of going, moving forward become so important that a large number of people needed to accept it as the guiding principle of their lives? No tangible evidence has been found of any coercive actions on the part of the propagators of that way of life, not even in the folklores or in the legends. The adherence in all probability was voluntary and self-imposed. For that happening, two broad categories of influences may be credited to: physical and/or cerebral. The physical environment of the land in reference was set by the actions and interactions of the geological forces. Cerebral input must have come from some knowledge base. Structured and recorded knowledge base that is unique to India is found in the Vedas and its annotations. The period, during which the geological timeline shows that that land was becoming ready for human inhabitation, was the time around which the trace of the oldest literature of that land may be found. A little later, the world came to know about the existence of a human settlement in that land, which was more splendorous than anything known to the Greeks, who were the most advanced ones in the known world up to that time. This book finds the relationship between the geological formation of the Ganga Plain and the propagation of a new way of life that would be known as ‘Hindu’ religion in later time. It has been established that the word ‘Arya’ is a Sanskrit word that means ‘the son of the Rishi’ and no large human movement that may be termed as invasion, migration etc. needed to be introduced to explain what have happened in that land duri
Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History by Mukhtar Ahmed Pdf
This is the fourth volume of the Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History. It deals with a number of issues of the Indus Civilization, which are primarily of theoretical importance. The main topics that have been discussed are the social and political organization of the Harappan society, the Harappan religion, the Indus script and language, the beginning and the end of this vast civilization, and the recent attempts in creating some myths around the Indus Civilization. Since this volume is primarily dedicated to the theoretical and the abstract, descriptive material is kept to a minimum.
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture by Edwin Bryant Pdf
Western scholars have argued that Indian civilization was the joint product of an invading Indo-European people--the "Indo-Aryans"--and indigenous non-Indo European peoples. Although Indian scholars reject this European reconstruction of their country's history, Western scholarship gives little heed to their argument. In this book, Edwin Bryant explores the nature and origins of this fascinating debate.
The Indian subcontinent was the scene of dramatic upheavals a few thousand years ago. The Northwest region entered an arid phase, and erosion coupled with tectonic events played havoc with river courses. One of them disappeared. Celebrated as -Sarasvati' in the Rig Veda and the Mahabharata, this river was rediscovered in the early nineteenth century through topographic explorations by British officials. Recently, geological and climatological studies have probed its evolution and disappearance, while satellite imagery has traced the river's buried courses and isotope analyses have dated ancient waters still stored under the Thar Desert. In the same Northwest, the subcontinent's first urban society"the Indus civilization"flourished and declined. But it was not watered by the Indus alone: since Aurel Stein's expedition in the 1940s, hundreds of Harappan sites have been identified in the now dry Sarasvati's basin. The rich Harappan legacy in technologies, arts and culture sowed the seeds of Indian civilization as we know it now. Drawing from recent research in a wide range of disciplines, this book discusses differing viewpoints and proposes a harmonious synthesis"a fascinating tale of exploration that brings to life the vital role the -lost river of the Indian desert' played before its waters gurgled to a stop.
Madhav M. Deshpande,Peter Edwin Hook,Peter E. Hook
Author : Madhav M. Deshpande,Peter Edwin Hook,Peter E. Hook Publisher : U OF M CENTER FOR SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES Page : 329 pages File Size : 44,6 Mb Release : 1979-01-01 Category : Social Science ISBN : 9780891480143
Aryan and Non-Aryan in India by Madhav M. Deshpande,Peter Edwin Hook,Peter E. Hook Pdf
The history and mechanisms of the convergence of ancient Aryan and non-Aryan cultures has been a subject of continuing fascination in many fields of Indology. The contributions to Aryan and Non-Aryan in India are the fruit of a conference on that topic held in December 1976 at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, under the auspices of the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies. The express object of the conference was to examine the latest findings from a variety of disciplines as they relate to the formation and integration of a unified Indian culture from many disparate cultural and ethnic elements.
Author : Dorothy M. Figueira Publisher : State University of New York Press Page : 218 pages File Size : 51,5 Mb Release : 2012-02-01 Category : Religion ISBN : 9780791487839
Chaldeans, Hierophants of the Aryan Root-Race by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky Pdf
Who were those dark-skinned, mysterious Chaldeans? Were they Chaldean Vedas or Vedic Chaldees? The Chaldeans were a pastoral nation and a priestly caste initiated in and entirely devoted to the sciences of Astrology and Magic. They were the aborigines of Western Europe and our distant ancestors — black and far blacker, perchance, than any of those we now look upon as the races to us inferior — the Asiatic Ethiopians! Eusebius declares that the Ethiopians came from India. Arabia was the ancient Ethiopia, and Arabi were placed at the mouth of the Indus, on the western bank. They preceded the Turano-Akkadians, who themselves anticipated the Hamitic nation brought along by Nimrod. Though dark-skinned, the Chaldeans were not necessarily Negroes, nor even Hamites. The dead letter of Chaldean Magic — useless and absurd incantations, ceremonial prayers and talismans — have passed part and parcel under the guise of exorcisms, holy water, ceremonies, pope-blessed amulets, and images of angels and saints, into the Catholic Church. The Chaldeans were a pre-Babylonian Brotherhood of Hierophants from Kashmir, Tibet, Mongolia, Tartary, China, and India. They spread westward, from the plateau of Pamir, cradle of the Elect of humanity’s Fifth Race. Occultism is intimately connected with Chaldean Wisdom, and its records show the forefathers of the Aryan Brahmans at the head of arts and sciences as Astronomers and Seers, confabulating with the stars, and receiving instructions from the concealed deity. Their sanctity of life and great learning made their name for long ages a synonym of Divine Science. The sublime profundity of the Magian precepts being beyond the reach of modern materialistic thought, the Chaldeans are accused of Sabaeanism and Sun-worship, cults which were simply those of the uneducated masses. Clemens Alexandrinus testifies to the existence of 30,000 additional volumes of the Books of Thoth, placed in the library of the tomb of Ozymandias, over the entrance of which were inscribed the words, “A Cure for the Soul.” Extant fragments of works by Mercury Trismegistus, Berosus, Pherecydes of Syros, etc., are rolls that escaped the holocaust of the great Alexandrian Library. More! The writings of the elusive Hermes Trismegistus spring from the same fountain and source: for they are the faithful echo and expression of the most ancient verities. Scattered fragments are being discovered in the sanctuaries of Chaldea, India, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Central Asia. The Aryan Chaldeo-Tibetan Wisdom-Religion and the trans-Himalayan Esoteric Doctrine are one and the same. The Chaldeans were a hieratic caste of Hindu-Brahmans, now called Aryans; their vernacular language was the Sanskrit of the Vedas; they instructed the Babylonians in the Mysteries and taught them the sacerdotal or Mystery-language which, even today, is used by Hindu fakirs and initiated Brahmans in their magical evocations. The population of Ur of the Chaldeans, where Magism flourished before the days of Abraham, is related with those of Central and North America. The cauldron of Christian Trinity has always been North-East of the Indus River, where the Chaldeans worshipped the trinity of Deus-Lunus manifesting in three phases, and completing the quaternary with the fourth. And since Babylonia was situated on the way of the great stream of the Hindu emigration, its peoples were the first to benefit. The Chaldæan Moon-Worship, however, is likely to mislead the profane student who fails to grasp the esoteric dimensions of archaic symbols. The pioneers of humanity’s Fifth Root-Race, the Aryan, came out of Central Asia. The so-called “Akkadians” were no more a “Turanian” race than any of the modern British people are the mythical ten tribes of Israel, so conspicuously present in the Bible and yet absent from history. Belonging virtually through their original connection with the Aryan, Central Asian stock, the old Aeolians were Atlanteans, not only in virtue of their long residence in the now submerged continent, but also by intermarriage with them. The classification of ancient nations into Akkadians, Turanians, Semites, etc., is at best arbitrary. The word “Chaldean” does not refer merely to a native or an inhabitant of Chaldea, but to “Chaldeism” itself, the oldest science of Astrology and Occultism. The Zoroastrians are the true heirs to Chaldean wisdom, “the light which shineth in darkness,” though modern “darkness comprehended it not,” though today’s Parsis know nothing of it now. The Aryan and Arhat doctrines agree perfectly in substance. The secret doctrine of the Jewish Kabbalists is merely a late offshoot of these, suggests Subba Row. As the Vedas came from the Manasarovara Lake in Tibet, and the Brahmans from the far North, the trans-Himalayan esoteric doctrine is Aryan Chaldeo-Tibetan Universal Wisdom-Religion, confirms Blavatsky. The country called Si-dzang by the Chinese, and Tibet by Western geographers, is mentioned in the oldest books preserved in the province of Fokien, as the great seat of occult learning in archaic ages. Emperor Yu the Great established a system of theocracy, the first one in China to unite ecclesiastical power with temporal authority from Si-dzang. That system was the same as that of the old Egyptians and Chaldees, has existed in the Br?hmanical period in India, and exists now in Tibet. Nebu is an abstract quality personified. It is man’s seventh and highest principle, and the synthetic attribute of Seven Chaldean Gods — the Planetary Spirits. By the powers of goodness in man and nature, the Chaldean Magi performed the most wonderful miracles. Unlike the Roman Catholics, who invented a Devil endowed with a power equalling that of the Supreme Deity, and who allegedly transforms himself into wolves, snakes, and dogs to satisfy his lust and procreate monsters. Chaldean Magic was based upon a profound knowledge of the powers of simples and minerals. It was only when the Theurgist needed divine help in spiritual and earthly matters that he sought direct communication with pure spiritual beings. To dare, to know, to will, and to remain silent, were their constant rules; to be beneficent, unselfish, and unpretending, were some of their spontaneous impulses. All the discoveries of modern Astronomy were contained within the secret observatories and Initiation Halls of the temples of old India and Egypt. It is in them that the Chaldean made his calculations, revealing to the world of the profane no more than it was fit to receive. Cyprian of Antioch, a penitent sorcerer, had studied in Chaldea the true power of the air, saw the planets as dissimilar as the plants on earth, understood that stars that were like armies ranged in battle order, and learnt the Chaldean division of Ether into 365 parts. The Kabbalah of the Jews is but the distorted echo of the Secret Doctrine of the Chaldeans, The Mysteries of the Jews are identical with those of the Pagan Greeks, who took them from the Egyptians, who borrowed them from the Chaldeans, who got them from the Aryans, from the Atlanteans, and so on, far beyond the misty days of the Fourth Race. The Greeks learned Occult Cosmology from the Egyptians, and the latter from the Chaldeans, who had been the pupils of Brahmans of the Esoteric School. A small tribe of presumably Egyptian runaway slaves obtained their primitive ideas about creation from Moses, who compiled their Genesis and first cosmogonic traditions from the Chaldeo-Akkadian account. Their Kabbalistic literature can be traced only from the time of the Captivity, yet from the Pentateuch down to the Talmud the documents of that literature were always written in a kind of Mystery-language — a series of symbolical records which the Jews had copied from the Egyptian and the Chaldean Sanctuaries, only adapting them to their own national history, if history it can be called. Hebrew is considered to be a very old language, and yet there exists no trace of it anywhere on the old monuments, not even in Chaldea. The Hebrew known to the philologists does not date earlier than 500 BC and its characters belong to a far later period still. The original and authentic Gospel of Matthew was written in the Chaldaic language but with Hebrew letters, says Jerome. The Jewish Talmudists and the Christian Fathers borrowed many occult terms, such as Virtue, Iao, Abraxas, etc., from the Chaldeans. In the Chaldean or Jewish Kabbalah, Kosmos is divided into seven worlds: Original, Intelligible, Celestial, Elementary, Lesser (Astral), Infernal (Kama-loka or Hades), and Temporal (of man). The old Chaldeans were a Brotherhood of pre-Babylonian Philosophers and Theurgists. Their knowledge and teachings emerged much later in a caste of learned Kabbalists. To sum up, the Kabbalah of the profane Jews is but the distorted echo of the Secret Doctrine of the Chaldeans. The Chaldean Book of Numbers, now in the possession of some Persian Sufis, is the only key to the real Kabbalah. If Moses knew the primitive and universal language of the Initiates, as did every Egyptian priest, and was thus acquainted with the numerical system on which it was based, he is most likely the author of Genesis and other “scrolls.” When the Asmonean period began, the chief supporters of Law were called Asideans or Kasdim (Chaldeans), and afterward Pharisees or Pharsi (Parsis). Following successive Assyrian and Persian colonisations, the early plebeian Israelites (originally Canaanites and Phoenicians) were modified to Asideans and Pharisees, and then to asserters of sacerdotal rule (Sadducees) as contradistinguished from rabbinical. The Pharisees were lenient and intellectual; the Sadducees, bigoted and cruel. With two Appendices, on “The Testimony of Theodas,” and “ Searching for the Lost Word.”
History of Physical Anthropology by Frank Spencer Pdf
The comparative study of humans as biological organisms, their evolution, and their physiological and anatomical functions and ecology of primates surveys the entire field and summarizes and organizes the basic knowledge, fundamental principles and development.
