The Fortifications Of Gibraltar 1068 1945

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The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945

Darren Fa,Clive Finlayson
The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068 1945 Book PDF

Author : Darren Fa,Clive Finlayson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 143 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2013-09-20
Category : History
ISBN : 9781472806338

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The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945 by Darren Fa,Clive Finlayson Pdf

Gibraltar, located at the meeting points of Europe and Africa, preserves within its fortifications a rich testament to human conflict spanning 600 years. In 1068 the ruling Spanish Muslims built a large fort there. Between 1309 and 1374 Gibraltar underwent a period of intensive building and fortification, and following the Spanish reconquest of 1462 the inhabitants carried out further works. In 1704 the latest, uninterrupted period of British rule began. The 18th century saw three sieges including the most severe, known as the Great Siege, which lasted from 1779 to 1783. During World War II the 'Rock' served as a vital stop for supply convoys and naval staging base, complete with a veritable warren of secret tunnels. This book documents Gibraltar's rich history, and charts the development of these fascinating fortifications.

The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945

Fa & Finlayson
The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068 1945 Book PDF

Author : Fa & Finlayson
Publisher : Osprey Publishing
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : History
ISBN : 1846030161

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The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945 by Fa & Finlayson Pdf

Gibraltar is not only an archetypal fortress, preserving in its dominating topography and walls, bastions and emplacements a rich testament to extended periods of human conflict, but it is also a unique record of the evolution of the sciences of fortification and associated defensive structures over a period of more than six centuries. Gibraltar has a complex and varied military history, lying as it does at the gateway to the Mediterranean and the meeting points of the continents of Europe and Africa. Its history, always shaped by its unique combination of strategic position and topography, begins in ancient times with successive occupations by Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans. It then passed through Arab, Castilian and Spanish hands, and has been a British possession since 1704. The Rock served as a base for Nelson's fleet in the Napoleonic Wars and, in World War II, for the Royal Navy's Task Force 'H' and as as a vital stopping place for supply convoys plying to and from the East through the Suez Canal and supporting the Allied effort in the Mediterranean Theater. An unprecedented amount of tunnelling took place on Gibraltar, making it a veritable warren that housed aircraft hangars, ammunition stores, hospitals and even a secret chamber (the Stay-Behind Cave) that was to be manned as an observation post in the event of a hostile takeover.

The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945

Darren Fa,Clive Finlayson
The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068 1945 Book PDF

Author : Darren Fa,Clive Finlayson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2013-09-20
Category : History
ISBN : 9781849080514

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The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945 by Darren Fa,Clive Finlayson Pdf

Gibraltar, located at the meeting points of Europe and Africa, preserves within its fortifications a rich testament to human conflict spanning 600 years. In 1068 the ruling Spanish Muslims built a large fort there. Between 1309 and 1374 Gibraltar underwent a period of intensive building and fortification, and following the Spanish reconquest of 1462 the inhabitants carried out further works. In 1704 the latest, uninterrupted period of British rule began. The 18th century saw three sieges including the most severe, known as the Great Siege, which lasted from 1779 to 1783. During World War II the 'Rock' served as a vital stop for supply convoys and naval staging base, complete with a veritable warren of secret tunnels. This book documents Gibraltar's rich history, and charts the development of these fascinating fortifications.

British Fortifications, 1485-1945

Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage
British Fortifications 1485 1945 Book PDF

Author : Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage
Publisher : McFarland
Page : 273 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2023-07-20
Category : History
ISBN : 9781476689715

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British Fortifications, 1485-1945 by Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage Pdf

This book details British fortifications used from the Tudor period beginning in 1485 through the end of World War II in 1945. With the advent of firearms, the Tudor period indeed opened a new chapter in the histories of Britain, fortification and warfare. By 1500 AD, Britain and Europe at large entered a new phase, marked by the foundation of colonial empires and a broadened sphere of influence and rule. During the following centuries, British sailors, ruthless adventurers, fighting men, and greedy merchants laid foundations to fortify the most widespread and most prosperous colonial Empire the world had ever seen. This text focuses on British coastal fortifications and on combinations of fortresses used for more general strategic purposes. Featured structures have protected points of vital importance, such as capital cities, military depots, ports, harbors and dockyards at essential locations in Britain and throughout the British Empire.

Britain's Soldiers

Kevin Linch,Matthew McCormack
Britain s Soldiers Book PDF

Author : Kevin Linch,Matthew McCormack
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : History
ISBN : 9781846319556

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Britain's Soldiers by Kevin Linch,Matthew McCormack Pdf

Britains Soldiers explores the complex figure of the Georgian soldier and rethinks current approaches to military history.

Fortress Europe

J.E. Kaufmann,H.W. Kaufmann
Fortress Europe Book PDF

Author : J.E. Kaufmann,H.W. Kaufmann
Publisher : Pen and Sword Military
Page : 791 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2022-06-02
Category : History
ISBN : 9781399002738

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Fortress Europe by J.E. Kaufmann,H.W. Kaufmann Pdf

A few of the fortifications and fortified lines of the world wars are well known and have often been written about, illustrated and studied. But they tend to distract attention from the wide range of fixed defenses constructed across Europe on an enormous scale after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, during a period of insecurity and aggression. That is why this new, highly illustrated study, which covers the entire continent, is so valuable. The authors examine the major fortified positions and describe their strategic purpose, their design and construction, and the role they played in military planning and operations. The outstanding contribution of the major military architects of the time is a key theme. The work of Séré de Rivières, Brialmont and others had a major influence on the course of the First World War and on the fortifications built before and during the Second World War. Their approach is visible in the designs for the Maginot Line, the East and West walls of Germany, the Vallo Alpino in Italy, the Soviet Stalin and Molotov lines, the Mannerheim and Salpa lines of Finland, the Greek Metaxas Line, the Beneš Line of Czechoslovakia as well as the defenses built by the Dutch and Scandinavians. The breadth of the coverage, the degree of detail and the numerous illustrations make the book essential reading and reference for anyone who has a special interest in the world wars and the history of fortifications.

Fortifications and Siegecraft

Jeremy Black
Fortifications and Siegecraft Book PDF

Author : Jeremy Black
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 327 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2018-05-25
Category : History
ISBN : 9781538109694

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Fortifications and Siegecraft by Jeremy Black Pdf

As centers for defense and bases for attack since ancient times, fortifications are a crucial aspect of military history. Indeed, as Jeremy Black shows, the history of fortifications is a global history of humanity itself. Moreover, their remains offer a still potent, often dramatic testimony to the past, notably through the strength of the sites, the power of the works, and the vast resources they required. This compelling book explores not only the history of fortifications themselves, but also the real and potential threat to them posed by siegecraft. Tracing the interaction of attack and defense over time, Black situates the evolution of fortifications within the wider development of governments, societies, and cultures. Moreover, his examination of the future of these installations, as well as of potential methods of destroying them, only reaffirms their omnipresence in human history—and their continued importance. Fortifications are not simply relics of the past, but rather elements fundamental to military and social interaction across the world today.

The Guarded Age

David J. Betz
The Guarded Age Book PDF

Author : David J. Betz
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2023-10-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781509544066

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The Guarded Age by David J. Betz Pdf

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 came to symbolize the dawn of a new era of openness and connectivity. Yet today, the world is ever more divided, demarcated, and – quite literally – fortified. We are living in a guarded age. Why and how has this happened? Where will it take us? In this book, David J. Betz explores the expansion of fortified physical infrastructure at every level of the global political economy. In cities, where security is increasingly ‘designed in’ to public buildings and spaces as they are reshaped to mitigate mass terror attacks. Within corporations, who are burying their electronic assets in deep underground caverns and behind the leaded walls of ex-nuclear war bunkers against a range of threats and feared contingencies. In many urban areas, where the default condition of civil life is to be walled, gated, watched, and guarded. Year after year, hundreds of miles of linear obstacles – walls, ditches, and watchtowers – are added to national borders. Practically everywhere you look there are signs of innovative fortification, often designed to be overlooked. The Guarded Age reveals the barriers which most have observed but few – until reading this book – have truly seen.

The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation

Nicholas Marquez-Grant,Linda Fibiger
The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation Book PDF

Author : Nicholas Marquez-Grant,Linda Fibiger
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 1064 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2011-03-21
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781136879555

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The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation by Nicholas Marquez-Grant,Linda Fibiger Pdf

Methodologies and legislative frameworks regarding the archaeological excavation, retrieval, analysis, curation and potential reburial of human skeletal remains differ throughout the world. As work forces have become increasingly mobile and international research collaborations are steadily increasing, the need for a more comprehensive understanding of different national research traditions, methodologies and legislative structures within the academic and commercial sector of physical anthropology has arisen. The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation provides comprehensive information on the excavation of archaeological human remains and the law through 62 individual country contributions from Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America and Australasia. More specifically, the volume discusses the following: What is the current situation (including a brief history) of physical anthropology in the country? What happens on discovering human remains (who is notified, etc.)? What is the current legislation regarding the excavation of archaeological human skeletal remains? Is a license needed to excavate human remains? Is there any specific legislation regarding excavation in churchyards? Any specific legislation regarding war graves? Are physical anthropologists involved in the excavation process? Where is the cut-off point between forensic and archaeological human remains (e.g. 100 years, 50 years, 25 years...)? Can human remains be transported abroad for research purposes? What methods of anthropological analysis are mostly used in the country? Are there any methods created in that country which are population-specific? Are there particular ethical issues that need to be considered when excavating human remains, such as religious groups or tribal groups? In addition, an overview of landmark anthropological studies and important collections are provided where appropriate. The entries are contained by an introductory chapter by the editors which establish the objectives and structure of the book, setting it within a wider archaeological framework, and a conclusion which explores the current European and world-wide trends and perspectives in the study of archaeological human remains. The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation makes a timely, much-needed contribution to the field of physical anthropology and is unique as it combines information on the excavation of human remains and the legislation that guides it, alongside information on the current state of physical anthropology across several continents. It is an indispensible tool for archaeologists involved in the excavation of human remains around the world.

Fire Over the Rock

James Falkner
Fire Over the Rock Book PDF

Author : James Falkner
Publisher : Pen and Sword
Page : 190 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2009-05-21
Category : History
ISBN : 9781844159154

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Fire Over the Rock by James Falkner Pdf

The great siege of Gibraltar was the longest recorded in the annals of the British army. Between 1779 and 1783 a small British force defended the Rock against the Spanish and the French who were determined take this strategically vital point guarding the entrance to the Mediterranean. The tenacity and endurance shown by the attackers and defenders alike, and the sheer ingenuity of the siege operations mounted by both sides, make the episode an epic of military history, and the story gives us a fascinating insight into the realities of siege warfare. In this, the first full study of the siege for over 40 years, James Falkner draws on a wide range of contemporary sources to tell the exciting tale of a huge and complex operation.

World War II at Sea [2 volumes]

Spencer C. Tucker
World War II at Sea 2 volumes Book PDF

Author : Spencer C. Tucker
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 970 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2011-11-10
Category : History
ISBN : 9781598844580

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World War II at Sea [2 volumes] by Spencer C. Tucker Pdf

The war at sea was a key aspect of World War II, one that is too-often under-studied. This comprehensive encyclopedia shares current understandings of the struggle to control the seas during that conflict—and it opens our eyes to the reasons sea power continues to be of critical importance today. Scholarly treatment of World War II is constantly changing as new materials inform new interpretations. At the same time, current military operations lead to reevaluation of the tactics and technologies of the past. Marshalling the latest information and insights into this epic conflict, World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia will enable students and other interested readers to explore specific naval engagements, while also charting the transformation of naval history through innovations in ordnance. In treating the naval aspects of World War II, this two-volume ready reference enhances the understanding of a part of the war that is often overshadowed by the fighting on land and in the air. The encyclopedia focuses on the events, individuals, organizations, and ideas that shaped the world's navies during World War II, as well as the resultant battles that changed naval history. It also covers the numerous innovations that occurred during the conflict and shows how strategies evolved and were executed.

World War I [5 volumes]

Spencer C. Tucker
World War I 5 volumes Book PDF

Author : Spencer C. Tucker
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 5784 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2014-10-28
Category : History
ISBN : 9798216168706

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World War I [5 volumes] by Spencer C. Tucker Pdf

Offering exhaustive coverage, detailed analyses, and the latest historical interpretations of events, this expansive, five-volume encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and detailed reference source on the First World War available today. One hundred years after the beginning of World War I in 1914, this conflict still stands as perhaps the most important event of the 20th century. World War I toppled all of the existing empires at the time, transformed the Middle East, and vaulted the United States to becoming the world's leading economic power. Its effects were profound and lasting—and included outcomes that led to World War II. This multivolume encyclopedia provides a wide-ranging examination of World War I that covers all of the important battles; key individuals, both civilian and military; weapons and technologies; and diplomatic, social, political, cultural, military, and economic developments. Suitable as a reference tool for high school and undergraduate students as well as faculty members and graduate-level researchers, World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection offers accessible, in-depth information and up-to-date analyses in a format that lends itself to quick and easy use. The set comprises alphabetically arranged, cross-referenced entries accompanied by further reading selections as well as a comprehensive bibliography. A fifth volume provides chronologically arranged documents and an A–Z index.

Imponderable but Not Inevitable

Malcolm H. Murfett
Imponderable but Not Inevitable Book PDF

Author : Malcolm H. Murfett
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2009-11-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9780313378836

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Imponderable but Not Inevitable by Malcolm H. Murfett Pdf

This book fills an important gap in the literature of modern warfare by focusing on random elements in warfare often overlooked in both the planning and execution of military operations—factors that can turn certain success into devastating failure. By definition, the unforeseeable cannot be seen, but one way to bring more variables under consideration when planning a military action is to review those instances where the unforeseeable changed everything. For professionals and enthusiasts alike, Imponderable But Not Inevitable: Warfare in the 20th Century does just that, reviewing specific instances in 20th-century warfare when things did not go according to plan. Imponderable but Not Inevitable uses case studies to expose the "Inevitability Syndrome," exploring the role of luck, fate, and randomness in influencing both victory and defeat. In essays drawn from World War II, Konfrontasi, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War, a distinguished set of military experts looks at real scenarios of inexplicable losses, illustrating why nothing—nothing—should be taken for granted in war.

World War II [5 volumes]

Spencer C. Tucker
World War II 5 volumes Book PDF

Author : Spencer C. Tucker
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 4723 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2016-09-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9798216168836

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World War II [5 volumes] by Spencer C. Tucker Pdf

With more than 1,700 cross-referenced entries covering every aspect of World War II, the events and developments of the era, and myriad related subjects as well as a documents volume, this is the most comprehensive reference work available on the war. This encyclopedia represents a single source of authoritative information on World War II that provides accessible coverage of the causes, course, and consequences of the war. Its introductory overview essays and cross-referenced A–Z entries explain how various sources of friction culminated in a second worldwide conflict, document the events of the war and why individual battles were won and lost, and identify numerous ways the war has permanently changed the world. The coverage addresses the individuals, campaigns, battles, key weapons systems, strategic decisions, and technological developments of the conflict, as well as the diplomatic, economic, and cultural aspects of World War II. The five-volume set provides comprehensive information that gives readers insight into the reasons for the war's direction and outcome. Readers will understand the motivations behind Japan's decision to attack the United States, appreciate how the concentration of German military resources on the Eastern Front affected the war's outcome, understand the major strategic decisions of the war and the factors behind them, grasp how the Second Sino-Japanese War contributed to the start of World War II, and see the direct impact of new military technology on the outcomes of the battles during the conflict. The lengthy documents volume represents a valuable repository of additional information for student research.

Charles Warren

Kevin Shillington
Charles Warren Book PDF

Author : Kevin Shillington
Publisher : eBook Partnership
Page : 648 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2021-08-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9781839523496

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Charles Warren by Kevin Shillington Pdf

The life of Charles Warren Royal Engineer is a compelling story, full of action, conflict, triumph and disaster, with reputations gained and lost. All set against the background of an expanding British Empire. It is a tale of secrecy, Freemasonry and pioneering archaeology as the young Lt Warren, still only in his twenties, tunnelled under the Holy City of Jerusalem in search of evidence of the Temple of Solomon and Herod the Great. A man of high principle and dogged determination Warren thrived on a challenge: searching for lost British spies in the desert of the Exodus, or publically calling out the rapacious colonialism of Cecil Rhodes. Later, in different circumstances, he ordered the arrest of Winston Churchill. Although thrice knighted for his many achievements, Warren is most widely remembered as the controversial Metropolitan Police Commissioner who failed to catch Jack the Ripper . In the end he faced the supreme challenge in the Anglo-Boer War, becoming the scapegoat for one of Britain's greatest military disasters, the Battle of Spion Kop. In this new biography, the first for 80 years, historian and biographer Kevin Shillington delves into the records and presents a reassessment of Warren's reputation.