The Human Brain Circulation

Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2016-07-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615047239

Get Book

The Cerebral Circulation by Marilyn J. Cipolla Pdf

This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.

Author : Marcus E. Raichle,Gordon M. Shepherd
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2014-09-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199359004

Get Book

Angelo Mosso's Circulation of Blood in the Human Brain by Marcus E. Raichle,Gordon M. Shepherd Pdf

Modern brain imaging is revolutionizing the study of brain function in health and disease. However, few realize that its origins began in the nineteenth century with Dr. Angelo Mosso's pioneering experiments. A foremost Italian physiologist and scientist, Angelo Mosso studied several patients brought to him with head injuries that exposed their live brains to direct, long-term observation. He took advantage of these rare opportunities to document, for the first time, changes in cerebral blood flow in response to different stimuli, behaviors, and emotions, the very same changes that are now the basis for the measurements underlying modern functional brain imaging. Mosso was widely recognized by his contemporaries for his highly original studies, published both in Italian in 1878 and in German in 1881. Yet there has never been a translation through which this groundbreaking work could be appreciated by the English-speaking world. Indeed, Angelo Mosso's sophisticated experiments were to neuroscience what surgeon William Beaumont's in vivo observations were to gastric physiology fifty years earlier. This unique monograph establishes Mosso's rightful role as the pioneer of brain imaging. Through it, the modern reader, whether expert neuroscientist or interested student, can gain a new perspective on the author's remarkable insights: how behaviors as subtle as thinking about a subject or feeling an emotion produce the changes in pulsations of the brain that he observed and recorded for posterity. Special features of this volume include first a brief summary of Mosso's life. Two pioneers of modern brain imaging, Marcus E. Raichle (winner of the Kavli Prize for Neuroscience) and Gordon M. Shepherd (Yale University Professor of Neurobiology) then review Mosso's work and provide extensive commentary to explain its relevance to modern brain science. The authors not only emphasize Mosso's pioneering role in brain imaging, but also his fundamental contribution to the rise of cognitive neuroscience. The English translation (by historian of medicine Christiane Nockels Fabbri) follows, together with all of the plates and illustrations of the original volume. The result is a classic of neuroscience, now available for wide appreciation by neuroscientists, neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, historians of science and medicine, and the general public.

Author : Rosemary D. Bevan,John A. Bevan
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 455 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781461203032

Get Book

The Human Brain Circulation by Rosemary D. Bevan,John A. Bevan Pdf

Much of our knowledge of the cerebral circulation has been derived from studies of species other than human. There is increas ing recognition of species differences and concern that studies in animals may be misleading if unquestioningly applied to the human. A dramatic example of this occurred in the early his tory of the study of the circulation of the brain. Galen of Pergamo (131-201 AD) described a rete mirabile or "marvelous network" of blood vessels at the base of the human skull that he must have derived from observations of certain animals. This vascular structure was supplied by the carotid arteries which, after penetrating the cranium,"are divided into a large number of very small and thin branches in the region between the cranium and the dura matter. Then . . . intersecting one another they give the impression of having forgotten their way in the brain. But this is not the case. In fact, these numerous arteries rejoin and unite like the roots of a tree trunk. . . . " The authority of Galen's writings dominated scientific thought for about 1500 years. His description of a rete was unques tioned by Leonardo de Vinci, who included it in his anatomical sketches. William Harvey's remarkable observations led to his definitive account of the circulation of blood.

Author : Rosemary D. Bevan,John A. Bevan
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Brain
ISBN : 0860932710

Get Book

The Human Brain Circulation by Rosemary D. Bevan,John A. Bevan Pdf

Author : Roland N. Pittman
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 117 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2016-08-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615047215

Get Book

Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation, Second Edition by Roland N. Pittman Pdf

This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.

Author : National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,Sandra Ackerman
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1992-01-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309045292

Get Book

Discovering the Brain by National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,Sandra Ackerman Pdf

The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."

Author : Rudolph C Hatfield
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2013-05-18
Category : Reference
ISBN : 9781440559235

Get Book

The Everything Guide to the Human Brain by Rudolph C Hatfield Pdf

An essential guide for understanding the inner workings of your brain! Do you really only use 10 percent of your brain? Can a bump to the head really restore memories? Does your brain ever lie to you? Why do you always forget where your glasses are, but never how to read? The brain makes you who you are. This fascinating organ creates your personality and controls your reactions and emotions. It's responsible for how you perceive the world around you--all while controlling hundreds of physical functions like breathing, moving, circulation, and digestion. The brain is simply amazing! The Everything Guide to the Human Brain will help you to unlock the mysteries of the brain. You'll learn how the brain communicates with each part of the body, how it affects your emotional life, why you dream, and how you remember things. And you'll also get in-depth descriptions of brain disorders and how science and medicine are working to heal or reverse them. Written in plain English, this ultimate user's guide will help you learn about the most influential part of your body!

Author : J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2013-04-25
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1947172808

Get Book

Anatomy and Physiology by J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young Pdf

Author : G. Szikla,G. Bouvier,T. Hori,V. Petrov
Publisher : Springer
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 1978-11-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 3642811477

Get Book

Angiography of the Human Brain Cortex by G. Szikla,G. Bouvier,T. Hori,V. Petrov Pdf

Considering the numerous works dealing with the angiography of the human brain, the book presented by SZIKLA et al. might seem to some to be devoted to superfluous precision, especially as it is inspired by "stereotactic" thinking. The large arterial trunks and their branches were described by anatomists for a long time, then were restudied by neuroradiologists for recognition in a more and more detailed manner on arteriograms. However, until now no encompassing work has been done to specify precisely the relationship of the blood vessels to that large and important organ, the human brain cortex, thereby permitting the recognition of the sulci and gyri as a function of the successive curves imposed on the various vessels by the deep infoldings of the cortex. Insofar as the radiologic evaluation of the cerebral cortex is concerned, fractional pneumoencephalography allows the injection of a number of sulci and fissures via the subarachnoid spaces. It should be pointed out, however, that sufficiently complete and interpretable images are obtained only under favorable circumstances (successful technique, cerebral atrophy, absence of cerebral edema, absence of arachnoid symphysis, etc. ). In addition a large number of sulci cannot be made visible by pneumography for strictly anatomic reasons such as the level of their opening into cisternal spaces.

Author : A. Mosso
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0199374554

Get Book

Angelo Mosso's Circulation of Blood in the Human Brain by A. Mosso Pdf

The pioneer in studies of changes in brain flow that underlie modern brain imaging was Angelo Mosso. This volume provides an English translation of his historic 1881 volume, together with a rich commentary by two leaders of modern brain imaging, Marcus Raichle and Gordon M. Shepherd. The text offers unique insights into the origins of brain imaging and also the rise of modern cognitive neuroscience.

Author : Gert Fricker,Melanie Ott,Anne Mahringer
Publisher : Springer
Page : 163 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2014-10-24
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783662437872

Get Book

The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) by Gert Fricker,Melanie Ott,Anne Mahringer Pdf

Medicinal chemistry is both science and art. The science of medicinal chemistry offers mankind one of its best hopes for improving the quality of life. The art of medicinal chemistry continues to challenge its practitioners with the need for both intuition and experience to discover new drugs. Hence sharing the experience of drug research is uniquely beneficial to the field of medicinal chemistry. Drug research requires interdisciplinary team-work at the interface between chemistry, biology and medicine. Therefore, the topic-related series Topics in Medicinal Chemistry covers all relevant aspects of drug research, e.g. pathobiochemistry of diseases, identification and validation of (emerging) drug targets, structural biology, drugability of targets, drug design approaches, chemogenomics, synthetic chemistry including combinatorial methods, bioorganic chemistry, natural compounds, high-throughput screening, pharmacological in vitro and in vivo investigations, drug-receptor interactions on the molecular level, structure-activity relationships, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicology and pharmacogenomics. In general, special volumes are edited by well known guest editors.

Author : Biological Engineering Society. Scientific Conference
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Medical
ISBN : UOM:39015014488491

Get Book

Blood Flow in the Brain by Biological Engineering Society. Scientific Conference Pdf

Based on the 26th Annual Scientific Conference of the Biological Engineering Society, this book brings together specialists' discussions of recent developments in techniques for studying the cerebral circulation and their application to clinical problems. Its contents reflect the pre-eminence of radioactive tracer methods for tissue perfusion measurements and Doppler ultrasound for non-invasive assessment of major blood vessels, and highlight new developments of great promise within both of these fields. These findings have a direct impact on a vital area of medical practice. Because even a temporary interruption of blood supply to parts of the brain can have disastrous consequences, the measurement of blood flow and early detection of disease in the supply of vessels are key concerns to clinicians and scientists.

Author : R. Gilberto González,Joshua A. Hirsch,Michael H. Lev,Pamela W. Schaefer,Lee H. Schwamm
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 299 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2010-10-05
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642127519

Get Book

Acute Ischemic Stroke by R. Gilberto González,Joshua A. Hirsch,Michael H. Lev,Pamela W. Schaefer,Lee H. Schwamm Pdf

This updated second edition of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Imaging and Intervention provides a comprehensive account of the state of the art in the diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The basic format of the first edition has been retained, with sections on fundamentals such as pathophysiology and causes, imaging techniques and interventions. However, each chapter has been revised to reflect the important recent progress in advanced neuroimaging and the use of interventional tools. In addition, a new chapter is included on the classification instruments for ischemic stroke and their use in predicting outcomes and therapeutic triage. All of the authors are internationally recognized experts and members of the interdisciplinary stroke team at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. The text is supported by numerous informative illustrations, and ease of reference is ensured through the inclusion of suitable tables. This book will serve as a unique source of up-to-date information for neurologists, emergency physicians, radiologists and other health care providers who care for the patient with acute ischemic stroke.

Author : Georgiĭ Iosifovich Mchedlishvili
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : Medical
ISBN : UOM:39015011452664

Get Book

Arterial Behavior and Blood Circulation in the Brain by Georgiĭ Iosifovich Mchedlishvili Pdf

Author : Basil F. Matta,David K. Menon,Martin Smith
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2011-10-13
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781139499859

Get Book

Core Topics in Neuroanaesthesia and Neurointensive Care by Basil F. Matta,David K. Menon,Martin Smith Pdf

Core Topics in Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care is an authoritative and practical clinical text that offers clear diagnostic and management guidance for a wide range of neuroanesthesia and neurocritical care problems. With coverage of every aspect of the discipline by outstanding world experts, this should be the first book to which practitioners turn for easily accessible and definitive advice. Initial sections cover relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, intraoperative and critical care monitoring and neuroimaging. These are followed by detailed sections covering all aspects of neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care in both adult and pediatric patients. The final chapter discusses ethical and legal issues. Each chapter delivers a state-of-the art review of clinical practice, including outcome data when available. Enhanced throughout with numerous clinical photographs and line drawings, this practical and accessible text is key reading for trainee and consultant anesthetists and critical care specialists.